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Ilyenko LI, Muradyan TG, Orlova NV, Nechmir MA, Nekrasova AM. Donorship as a component of humanistic education of medical students. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2022. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2022-3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. Humanistic education of students through involvement in blood donation.Material and methods. A survey of 4020 participants of the Donor Day was conducted at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University with subsequent analysis and statistical processing of the data obtained.Results. The development of donation within the educational extracurricular activities has made it possible to increase the number of donors in the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University to 2000 people. According to the survey, 88,6% of respondents put forward the motivation to help those in need in the first place, while 44,2% consider donation to be beneficial for health, and 24,4% consider donation to be their civic duty. In addition, 9,2% donate blood due to the fact that friends or relatives benefited from blood transfusions. Departure of a team of specialists from blood service institutions to the university was recognized as the best format. There were following reasons for refusing to participate in the donorship: 17,5% do not know where and how to become a donor, 16,0% are sure that health will worsen during donation, 14,4% do not find free time, 11,4% are not satisfied the location of blood service institutions, and 13,7% avoid problems with the employer or the university. Since 2020, our own register of bone marrow donors has been created, which is part of the Federal Register of Bone Marrow Donors. More than 1000 students entered the Register, while 9 donated bone marrow for patients.Conclusion. Educational work with medical students should include the popularization of donation, as the formation of a moral and ethical standard and civic duty. It is necessary to inform students about donation, create comfortable conditions and route donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. I. Ilyenko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | | | - N. V. Orlova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - M. A. Nechmir
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
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Shaw R, Webb R. Ka mura ka muri: understandings of organ donation and transplantation in Aotearoa New Zealand. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2021; 47:456-465. [PMID: 33753461 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2020-012038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we refer to the separation of solid organs from the body as bio-objects. We suggest that the transfer of these bio-objects is connected to emotions and affects that carry a range of different social and cultural meanings specific to the context of Aotearoa New Zealand. The discussion draws on research findings from a series of qualitative indepth interview studies conducted from 2008 to 2013 with Māori (the Indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand) and Pākehā (European settler New Zealanders) concerning their views on organ donation and transplantation. Our findings show both differences and similarities between Māori and Pākehā understandings of transplantation. Nevertheless, while many Māori draw on traditional principles, values and beliefs to reflect on their experiences in relation to embodiment, gift-giving, identity and well-being, Pākehā tend to subscribe to more Western understandings of identity in terms of health and well-being, in line with international literature on the topic. Rather than reflecting individualistic notions of the body and transplantation as the endpoint of healthcare as do Pākehā, Māori views are linked to wider conceptions of family, ancestry and belonging, demonstrating how different rationalities and ontologies affect practices and understandings surrounding organ transfer technology. In the article, we focus predominantly on Māori perspectives of organ transfer, contextualising the accounts and experiences of our research participants against the backdrop of a long history of settler colonialism and health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Shaw
- Sociology, School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Robert Webb
- Criminology, Social Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Tsosie KS, Yracheta JM, Kolopenuk JA, Geary J. We Have "Gifted" Enough: Indigenous Genomic Data Sovereignty in Precision Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2021; 21:72-75. [PMID: 33825628 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janis Geary
- University of Alberta
- Arizona State University
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Sterri AB. Prize, not price: reframing rewards for kidney donors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 47:medethics-2020-106172. [PMID: 33310741 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide 1.2 million people are dying from kidney failure each year, and in the USA alone, approximately 100 000 people are currently on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. One possible solution to the kidney shortage is for governments to pay donors for one of their healthy kidneys and distribute these kidneys according to need. There are, however, compelling objections to this government-monopsony model. To avoid these objections, I propose a small adjustment to the model. I suggest we reward kidney sellers with both money and a ceremony that celebrates their noble act. They should, in other words, receive a prize rather than a price.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksel Braanen Sterri
- Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Ralefala D, Kasule M, Wonkam A, Matshaba M, de Vries J. Do solidarity and reciprocity obligations compel African researchers to feedback individual genetic results in genomics research? BMC Med Ethics 2020; 21:112. [PMID: 33148222 PMCID: PMC7640670 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-020-00549-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A key ethical question in genomics research relates to whether individual genetic research results should be disclosed to research participants and if so, which results are to be disclosed, by whom and when. Whilst this issue has received only scarce attention in African bioethics discourse, the extension of genomics research to the African continent has brought it into sharp focus. Methods In this qualitative study, we examined the views of adolescents, parents and caregivers participating in a paediatric and adolescent HIV-TB genomic study in Botswana on how solidarity and reciprocity obligations could guide decisions about feedback of individual genetic research results. Data were collected using deliberative focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. Results Findings from 93 participants (44 adolescents and 49 parents and caregivers) demonstrated the importance of considering solidarity and reciprocity obligations in decisions about the return of individual genetic research results to participants. Participants viewed research participation as a mutual relationship and expressed that return of research results would be one way in which research participation could be reciprocated. They noted that when reciprocity obligations are respected, participants feel valued and not respecting reciprocity expectations could undermine participant trust and participation in future studies. Conclusions We conclude that expectations of solidarity and reciprocity could translate into an obligation to feedback selected individual genetic research results in African genomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpho Ralefala
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. .,Office of Research and Development, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
| | - Mary Kasule
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,Deputy Dean's Office, Faculty of Health Sciences, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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Dual consent? Donors' and recipients' views about involvement in decision-making on the use of embryos created by gamete donation in research. BMC Med Ethics 2019; 20:90. [PMID: 31791312 PMCID: PMC6889541 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-019-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reasonable disagreement about the role awarded to gamete donors in decision-making on the use of embryos created by gamete donation (EGDs) for research purposes emphasises the importance of considering the implementation of participatory, adaptive, and trustworthy policies and guidelines for consent procedures. However, the perspectives of gamete donors and recipients about decision-making regarding research with EGDs are still under-researched, which precludes the development of policies and guidelines informed by evidence. This study seeks to explore the views of donors and recipients about who should take part in consent processes for the use of EGDs in research. METHODS From July 2017 to June 2018, 72 gamete donors and 175 recipients completed a self-report structured questionnaire at the Portuguese Public Bank of Gametes (response rate: 76%). Agreement with dual consent was defined as the belief that the use of EGDs in research should be consented by both donors and recipients. RESULTS The majority of participants (74.6% of donors and 65.7% of recipients) were willing to donate embryos for research. Almost half of the donors (48.6%) and half of the recipients (46.9%) considered that a dual consent procedure is desirable. This view was more frequent among employed recipients (49.7%) than among non-employed (21.4%). Donors were less likely to believe that only recipients should be involved in giving consent for the use of EGDs in research (25.0% vs. 41.7% among recipients) and were more frequently favourable to the idea of exclusive donors' consent (26.4% vs. 11.4% among recipients). CONCLUSIONS Divergent views on dual consent among donors and recipients indicate the need to develop evidence-based and ethically sustainable policies and guidelines to protect well-being, autonomy and reproductive rights of both stakeholder groups. More empirical research and further theoretical normative analyses are needed to inform people-centred policy and guidelines for shared decision-making concerning the use of EGDs for research.
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Eassey D, Reddel HK, Ryan K, Smith L. Barriers to belonging: the need for relatedness amongst people living with severe asthma. J Asthma 2019; 58:1-9. [PMID: 31448976 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2019.1656230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe asthma, that is, asthma that is relatively refractory to conventional therapy, affects 3-10% of the asthma population. It is associated with a significant burden affecting social and working life. Supporting the need for relatedness facilitates health behavior change and improves overall well-being. However, this has not been closely examined from the patients' perspective. This study examines relatedness in patients' narratives about their experiences of living with and managing severe asthma. METHODS Rigorous and systematic qualitative research methods were used to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were included if they were ≥18 years old and diagnosed with severe asthma. Interviews were video and/or audio recorded, transcribed, and analyzed inductively and deductively informed by the self-determination theory construct of relatedness. Thirty-eight face-to-face interviews, lasting 1.5 - 4 hours, were conducted around Australia. RESULTS Our findings show that living with a debilitating and unpredictable illness challenged participants' sense of relatedness. Two themes emerged: 1) the desire to be understood: feeling isolated and 2) the desire to be accepted: 'I'm supposed to be like everybody else'. For people living with severe asthma, feeling cared for, understood, connected to others and having a sense of belonging was valued. Their overall psychological well-being was dependent upon their sense of connection to others. CONCLUSION Future research should consider our findings of the challenges faced to preserve their sense of relatedness, when developing and implementing patient-driven self-management interventions for those living with severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Eassey
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen K Reddel
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kath Ryan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK
| | - Lorraine Smith
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Bredenoord AL. Organoids as hybrids: ethical implications for the exchange of human tissues. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 45:131-139. [PMID: 30367014 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in biotechnology allow for the generation of increasingly complex products out of human tissues, for example, human stem cell lines, synthetic embryo-like structures and organoids. These developments are coupled with growing commercial interests. Although commercialisation can spark the scientific and clinical promises, profit-making out of human tissues is ethically contentious and known to raise public concern. The traditional bioethical frames of gift versus market are inapt to capture the resulting practical and ethical complexities. Therefore, we propose an alternative approach to identify, evaluate and deal with the ethical challenges that are raised by the increasing commercialisation of the exchange of sophisticated human tissue products. We use organoid technology, a cutting-edge stem cell technology that enables the cultivation of 'mini-organs' in a dish, as an example. First, we examine the moral value of organoids and recognise them as hybrids that relate to persons and their bodies as well as to technologies and markets in ambiguous ways. Second, we show that commercialisation of organoids is legitimised by a detachment of the instrumental and commercial value of organoids from their associations with persons and their bodies. This detachment is enacted in steps of disentanglement, among which consent and commodification. Third, we contend that far-reaching disentanglement is ethically challenging: (1) Societal interests could be put under pressure, because the rationale for commercialising organoid technology, that is, to stimulate biomedical innovation for the good of society, may not be fulfilled; (2) The interests of donors are made subordinate to those of third parties and the relational moral value of organoids may be insufficiently recognised. Fourth, we propose a 'consent for governance' model that contributes to responsible innovation and clinical translation in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Boers
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J M van Delden
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Gilman L. Toxic money or paid altruism: the meaning of payments for identity-release gamete donors. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2018; 40:702-717. [PMID: 29573423 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Public discourses commonly frame gamete, organ and other forms of bodily donation as altruistic 'gifts'. However, despite on-going debates about the ethics of payments to donors, few studies have examined the views of donors themselves regarding the meaning of payments and their compatibility (or not) with understandings of these practices as gifts. This article addresses this issue, analysing 24 in-depth interviews with UK identity-release gamete donors. It was crucial to all participants that their donation be viewed as fundamentally other-oriented, motivated by the desire to help others. However, whilst egg donors often accommodated payment within this narrative, male participants explained that any money would taint the gift they had given. I argue that sperm donors faced particular challenges to incorporating payment within a gift narrative for two key reasons: first, sperm donors relied on a discourse of 'pure altruism', including absolute opposition between gifts and market exchange, in order to present their donation as other-oriented. In contrast, egg donors were also able to mobilise a discourse of relational giving to present their donations as a personal gift. Second, according to a continued stereotype of sperm donors as financially motivated students, their payments have already been culturally earmarked as side-line earnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Gilman
- School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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10
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Abstract
In jurisdictions where the sale of body tissue and organs is illegal, organ transplantation is often spoken of as a gift of life. In the social sciences and bioethics this concept has been subject to critique over the course of the last two decades for failing to reflect the complexities of organ and tissue exchange. I suggest that a new ethical model of organ donation and transplantation is needed to capture the range of experiences in this domain. The proposed model is both analytical and empirically oriented, and draws on research findings linking a series of qualitative sociological studies undertaken in New Zealand between 2007 and 2013. The studies were based on document analysis, field notes and 127 semi-structured in-depth interviews with people from different cultural and constituent groups directly involved in organ transfer processes. The aim of the article is to contribute to sociological knowledge about organ exchange and to expand the conceptual toolkit of organ donation to include the unconditional gift, the gift relation, gift exchange, body project, and body work. The rationale for the proposed model is to provide an explanatory framework for organ donors and transplant recipients and to assist the development of ethical guidelines and health policy discourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Shaw
- School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
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Shaw RM, Webb R. Multiple meanings of "gift" and its value for organ donation. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2015; 25:600-611. [PMID: 25274624 DOI: 10.1177/1049732314553853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The "gift of life" metaphor is used to promote organ donation where commercialization is prohibited. In this article, we explore how multiple parties involved in organ transfer procedures think of gift terminology by drawing on interview data with transplantation specialists, organ transplant recipients, living directed donors and living nondirected donors. The interviews took place across New Zealand between October 2008 and May 2012, in participants' homes and hospital workplaces. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded manually, and thematically analyzed. Although gift language is often viewed as clear-cut, the gift trope has multiple meanings for different constituent and cultural groups, ranging from positive descriptors to obscuring and romanticizing the complexities of transplantation processes. To account for these multiple perspectives, we suggest new ethical models to capture the nuanced phenomenon of organ transfer in ways that recognize the full range of donation and reception experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Shaw
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Robert Webb
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Zeiler K. A phenomenological approach to the ethics of transplantation medicine: sociality and sharing when living-with and dying-with others. THEORETICAL MEDICINE AND BIOETHICS 2014; 35:369-388. [PMID: 25227276 DOI: 10.1007/s11017-014-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rise in the number of sociological, anthropological, and ethnological works on the gift metaphor in organ donation contexts, as well as in the number of philosophical and theological analyses of giving and generosity, which has been mirrored in the ethical debate on organ donation. In order to capture the breadth of this field, four frameworks for thinking about bodily exchanges in medicine have been distinguished: property rights, heroic gift-giving, sacrifice, and gift-giving as aporia. Unfortunately, they all run into difficulties in terms of both making sense of the relational dimensions of postmortem and live organ donations and being normatively adequate in the sense of shedding light and providing guidance on ethical concerns when body parts are donated. For this reason, this article presents a phenomenological framework of giving-through-sharing, based on Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. This framework makes sense of relational dimensions of postmortem and live organ donation. It also sheds light on three highly debated concerns in organ donation ethics: indebtedness on the part of recipients, the fact that some live donors do not experience donation as a matter of choice, and the potentially painful experience of donors' relatives, who need to make decisions about postmortem organ donation at a time of bereavement. It can indirectly support what may be called a normalization of bodily exchanges in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Zeiler
- Department of Thematic Studies - Technology and Social Change, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden,
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ten Have H, Gordijn B. The significance of relatedness in healthcare. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2014; 17:169-170. [PMID: 24522620 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-014-9549-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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