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Šachlevičiūtė U, Gonzalez G, Kvasnicová M, Štěpánková Š, Kleizienė N, Bieliauskas A, Zatloukal M, Strnad M, Sløk FA, Kvasnica M, Šačkus A, Žukauskaitė A. Synthesis and neuroprotective activity of 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid methyl ester derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300378. [PMID: 37797174 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A library of 3-aryl-3-azetidinyl acetic acid methyl ester derivatives was prepared from N-Boc-3-azetidinone employing the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, rhodium(I)-catalyzed conjugate addition of arylboronic acids, and subsequent elaborations to obtain N-unprotected hydrochlorides, N-alkylated and N-acylated azetidine derivatives. The compounds were evaluated for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, revealing several derivatives to possess AChE inhibition comparable to that of the AChE inhibitor rivastigmine. The binding mode of the AChE inhibitor donepezil and selected active compounds 26 and 27 within the active site of AChE was studied using molecular docking. Furthermore, the neuroprotective activity of the prepared compounds was evaluated in models associated with Parkinson's disease (salsolinol-induced) and aspects of Alzheimer's disease (glutamate-induced oxidative damage). Compound 28 showed the highest neuroprotective effect in both salsolinol- and glutamate-induced neurodegeneration models, and its protective effect in the glutamate model was revealed to be driven by a reduction in oxidative stress and caspase-3/7 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urtė Šachlevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kvasnicová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Neringa Kleizienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marek Zatloukal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Miroslav Kvasnica
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Dzedulionytė K, Fuxreiter N, Schreiber-Brynzak E, Žukauskaitė A, Šačkus A, Pichler V, Arbačiauskienė E. Pyrazole-based lamellarin O analogues: synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7897-7912. [PMID: 36909769 PMCID: PMC9999251 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A library of pyrazole-based lamellarin O analogues was synthesized from easily accessible 3(5)-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5(3)-carboxylates which were subsequently modified by bromination, N-alkylation and Pd-catalysed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Synthesized ethyl and methyl 3,4-diaryl-1-(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylates were evaluated for their physicochemical property profiles and in vitro cytotoxicity against three human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116, HT29, and SW480. The most active compounds inhibited cell proliferation in a low micromolar range. Selected ethyl 3,4-diaryl-1-(2-aryl-2-oxoethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylates were further investigated for their mode of action. Results of combined viability staining via Calcein AM/Hoechst/PI and fluorescence-activated cell sorting data indicated that cell death was triggered in a non-necrotic manner mediated by mainly G2/M-phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dzedulionytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 LT-50254 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Nina Fuxreiter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Althanstraße 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Ekaterina Schreiber-Brynzak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Althanstraße 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 LT-50254 Kaunas Lithuania
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology K. Baršausko g. 59 LT-51423 Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Verena Pichler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna Althanstraße 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology Radvilėnų pl. 19 LT-50254 Kaunas Lithuania
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Gudelis E, Krikštolaitytė S, Stančiauskaitė M, Šachlevičiūtė U, Bieliauskas A, Milišiūnaitė V, Jankauskas R, Kleizienė N, Sløk FA, Šačkus A. Synthesis of New Azetidine and Oxetane Amino Acid Derivatives through Aza-Michael Addition of NH-Heterocycles with Methyl 2-(Azetidin- or Oxetan-3-Ylidene)Acetates. Molecules 2023; 28:1091. [PMID: 36770762 PMCID: PMC9921373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a simple and efficient synthetic route for the preparation of new heterocyclic amino acid derivatives containing azetidine and oxetane rings was described. The starting (N-Boc-azetidin-3-ylidene)acetate was obtained from (N-Boc)azetidin-3-one by the DBU-catalysed Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, followed by aza-Michael addition with NH-heterocycles to yield the target functionalised 3-substituted 3-(acetoxymethyl)azetidines. Methyl 2-(oxetan-3-ylidene)acetate was obtained in a similar manner, which was further treated with various (N-Boc-cycloaminyl)amines to yield the target 3-substituted 3-(acetoxymethyl)oxetane compounds. The synthesis and diversification of novel heterocyclic amino acid derivatives were achieved through the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling from the corresponding brominated pyrazole-azetidine hybrid with boronic acids. The structures of the novel heterocyclic compounds were confirmed via 1H-, 13C-, 15N-, and 19F-NMR spectroscopy, as well as HRMS investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilis Gudelis
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Krikštolaitytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Monika Stančiauskaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Urtė Šachlevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Milišiūnaitė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rokas Jankauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Kleizienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Frank A. Sløk
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, V DK-1610 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Dzedulionytė K, Veikšaitė M, Morávek V, Malinauskienė V, Račkauskienė G, Šačkus A, Žukauskaitė A, Arbačiauskienė E. Convenient Synthesis of N-Heterocycle-Fused Tetrahydro-1,4-diazepinones. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248666. [PMID: 36557800 PMCID: PMC9783606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A general approach towards the synthesis of tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-4-one, tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-1-one and tetrahydro-1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-1-one derivatives was introduced. A regioselective strategy was developed for synthesizing ethyl 1-(oxiran-2-ylmethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylates from easily accessible 3(5)-aryl- or methyl-1H-pyrazole-5(3)-carboxylates. Obtained intermediates were further treated with amines resulting in oxirane ring-opening and direct cyclisation-yielding target pyrazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepin-4-ones. A straightforward two-step synthetic approach was applied to expand the current study and successfully functionalize ethyl 1H-indole- and ethyl 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carboxylates. The structures of fused heterocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H, 13C, and 15N-NMR spectroscopy and HRMS investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dzedulionytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Melita Veikšaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vít Morávek
- Department of Chemical Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vida Malinauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta Račkauskienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Chemical Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (A.Ž.); (E.A.)
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19A, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (A.Ž.); (E.A.)
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Puri S, Juvale K. Facile synthesis of new N1-alkylated 1H-indazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as potential anticancer agents: In vitro, ADMET prediction, and SAR studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bruzgulienė J, Račkauskienė G, Bieliauskas A, Milišiūnaitė V, Dagilienė M, Matulevičiūtė G, Martynaitis V, Krikštolaitytė S, Sløk FA, Šačkus A. Regioselective synthesis of methyl 5-( N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates as new amino acid-like building blocks. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:102-109. [PMID: 35096179 PMCID: PMC8767561 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient and efficient synthesis of novel achiral and chiral heterocyclic amino acid-like building blocks was developed. Regioisomeric methyl 5-(N-Boc-cycloaminyl)-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylates were prepared by the reaction of β-enamino ketoesters (including azetidine, pyrrolidine or piperidine enamines) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Unambiguous structural assignments were based on chiral HPLC analysis, 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolita Bruzgulienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Greta Račkauskienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vaida Milišiūnaitė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Dagilienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Gita Matulevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vytas Martynaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Krikštolaitytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
| | - Frank A Sløk
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, DK-1610 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, Kaunas LT-50254, Lithuania
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Matulevičiūtė G, Arbačiauskienė E, Kleizienė N, Kederienė V, Ragaitė G, Dagilienė M, Bieliauskas A, Milišiūnaitė V, Sløk FA, Šačkus A. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Methyl (3)5-( N-Boc-piperidinyl)-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133808. [PMID: 34206593 PMCID: PMC8270337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Series of methyl 3- and 5-(N-Boc-piperidinyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylates were developed and regioselectively synthesized as novel heterocyclic amino acids in their N-Boc protected ester form for achiral and chiral building blocks. In the first stage of the synthesis, piperidine-4-carboxylic and (R)- and (S)-piperidine-3-carboxylic acids were converted to the corresponding β-keto esters, which were then treated with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. The subsequent reaction of β-enamine diketones with various N-mono-substituted hydrazines afforded the target 5-(N-Boc-piperidinyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylates as major products, and tautomeric NH-pyrazoles prepared from hydrazine hydrate were further N-alkylated with alkyl halides to give 3-(N-Boc-piperidinyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylates. The structures of the novel heterocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H-, 13C-, and 15N-NMR spectroscopy and HRMS investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Matulevičiūtė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (A.Š.); Tel.: +370-37-451-401 (A.Š.)
| | - Neringa Kleizienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vilija Kederienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Greta Ragaitė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Miglė Dagilienė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Vaida Milišiūnaitė
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Frank A. Sløk
- Vipergen ApS, Gammel Kongevej 23A, V DK-1610 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.M.); (N.K.); (G.R.); (M.D.); (A.B.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.A.); (A.Š.); Tel.: +370-37-451-401 (A.Š.)
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Methyl 2-Amino-4-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylate. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl 2-amino-4-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]-1,3-selenazole-5-carboxylate as a newly functionalized heterocyclic amino acid was obtained via [3+2] cycloaddition. The structure of the novel 1,3-selenazole was unequivocally confirmed by detailed 1H, 13C, 15N, and 77Se NMR spectroscopic experiments, HRMS and elemental analysis.
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Reactions of thiiranes with NH-heterocycles 1. An investigation of the reaction of 2-chloromethylthiirane with 3,5-dibromo-4-nitropyrazole. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Madsen D, Azevedo C, Micco I, Petersen LK, Hansen NJV. An overview of DNA-encoded libraries: A versatile tool for drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2020; 59:181-249. [PMID: 32362328 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) are collections of small molecules covalently attached to amplifiable DNA tags carrying unique information about the structure of each library member. A combinatorial approach is used to construct the libraries with iterative DNA encoding steps, facilitating tracking of the synthetic history of the attached compounds by DNA sequencing. Various screening protocols have been developed which allow protein target binders to be selected out of pools containing up to billions of different small molecules. The versatile methodology has allowed identification of numerous biologically active compounds and is now increasingly being adopted as a tool for lead discovery campaigns and identification of chemical probes. A great focus in recent years has been on developing DNA compatible chemistries that expand the structural diversity of the small molecule library members in DELs. This chapter provides an overview of the challenges and accomplishments in DEL technology, reviewing the technological aspects of producing and screening DELs with a perspective on opportunities, limitations, and future directions.
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