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Framorando D, Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Personal task choice attenuates implicit happiness effects on effort: A study on cardiovascular response. Int J Psychophysiol 2024; 196:112282. [PMID: 38104773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Research on the Implicit-Affect-Primes-Effort model (Gendolla, 2012) found that priming happiness or anger in challenging tasks results in stronger sympathetically mediated cardiovascular responses, reflecting effort, than priming sadness or fear. Recent studies on action shielding revealed that personal task choice can attenuate affective influences on action execution (e.g., Gendolla et al., 2021). The present experiment tested if this action shielding effect also applies to affect primes' influences on cardiovascular response. Participants (N = 136) worked on a cognitive task with integrated briefly flashed and backward masked facial expressions of sadness vs. happiness. Half of the participants could ostensibly choose whether they wanted to work on an attention or on a memory task, while the other half was assigned to one task. Our findings revealed effects on cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP), which align with the expected outcomes for a task of unfixed difficulty where participants establish their own performance standard. Most importantly, task choice shielded against the implicit affective influence on PEP that was evident when the task was externally assigned. Effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity largely corresponded to those of PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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2
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Wang Y, Pegna AJ, Framorando D. The effect of social comparison on effort: When similar and slightly better peers increase effort-related cardiovascular responses. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 192:72-79. [PMID: 37604279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Social comparison theory states that comparison with others should influence an individual's behavior (Festinger, 1954; Munkes & Diehl, 2003). This is primarily due to an upward pressure: the pressure to be better than others, which according to some theories should motivate individuals to increase their level of performance (Munkes & Diehl, 2003; Rijsman, 1974). The effect of upward pressure on individual performance has been tested, but never on effort. To address this gap, we conducted a within-subject design study with N = 40 participants engaged in five-minute video games while presented with scores of a similar, slightly better, or weaker peer, with a control condition omitting the peer's score. Effort-related cardiovascular responses were recorded with initial systolic time interval (ISTI) during the game and baseline conditions. The effect of social comparison on effort was tested with a 4 (social comparison) x 5 (minutes of the tasks) repeated-measures ANOVA on ISTI reactivity. Results showed higher ISTI reactivity, interpreted as increased effort, when participants competed with similar and slightly better peers compared to a weaker peer and the control condition in the last minute of the task, confirming our expectations (Pegna et al., 2019). These results illustrate that social comparison - through its effect on upward pressure - is sufficient to elicit changes in effort-related cardiovascular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Alan J Pegna
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - David Framorando
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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3
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Framorando D, Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Can personal task choice shield against fear and anger prime effects on effort? A study on cardiac response. Biol Psychol 2023; 181:108616. [PMID: 37307893 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This experiment tested whether personal task choice can shield against implicit affective influences on sympathetically mediated cardiovascular response, reflecting effort. Participants were N = 121 healthy university students who completed a moderately difficult memory task with integrated briefly flashed and masked fear vs. anger primes. Half of the participants believed they could choose between an attention and a memory task, while the other half was automatically assigned to the task. Replicating previous research, we expected an influence of the affect primes on effort when the task was externally assigned. By contrast, when participants were given a task choice, we predicted strong action shielding and thus a weak implicit affect effect on resource mobilization. As expected, participants in the assigned task condition showed stronger cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity when exposed to fear primes than when processing anger primes. Importantly, this affect prime effect disappeared when participants could ostensibly choose the task. These findings add to other recent evidence for action shielding by personal task choice and importantly extend this effect to implicit affective influences on cardiac reactivity during task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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4
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Pillaud N, Ric F. The impact of minimal exposure to affective information on mood and its moderation by prime visibility: a meta-analysis. Cogn Emot 2022; 37:182-195. [PMID: 36519279 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2157378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a meta-analysis of the impact of minimal exposure to affective stimuli on the emergence of enduring conscious affective feelings. Theories often assume that such affective feelings are linked to automatic appraisals of events (i.e. in the absence of an evaluative processing goal). However, few studies have tested this hypothesis. Moreover, they have provided divergent results. We propose a meta-analysis of these studies to get a clearer picture on this issue. The meta-analysis includes 22 studies (37 effect sizes; combined N = 2159) in which participants were repeatedly exposed to affective stimuli in the absence of an evaluative processing goal before their mood was measured. In this analysis, we focused on the type of stimulus presentation (i.e. visible vs. masked) as well as on the type of stimulus (i.e. faces, pictures, words). The results indicate that the effect of a stimulus is moderated by the visibility of the stimuli. Repeated exposure to visible stimuli leads to congruency effects (i.e. positive stimuli lead to positive feelings), whereas exposure to masked stimuli leads to contrast effects (i.e. positive stimuli lead to negative feelings). Moreover, these effects seem to be restricted to some types of stimuli, with no detectable effects of emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pillaud
- Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA4139), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Ric
- Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA4139), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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5
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Incidental affective influences on effort-related cardiac response: The critical role of choosing task characteristics. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 177:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Falk JR, Gollwitzer PM, Oettingen G, Gendolla GHE. Task choice shields against incidental affective influences on effort-related cardiovascular response. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14022. [PMID: 35166391 PMCID: PMC9286425 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to integrate theorizing on action shielding with affective influences on effort‐related cardiovascular response, an experiment with N = 115 university students (90% women) tested whether working on a task by personal choice versus external assignment moderates the effect of happy versus sad background music on effort‐related cardiovascular response during task performance. We predicted strong action shielding and low receptivity for incidental affective influences when participants could ostensibly choose the task to be performed. Given the difficult nature of the task, we thus expected strong effort‐related cardiovascular responses due to high commitment when the task was chosen. By contrast, for assigned‐task participants, we expected high receptivity for incidental affective influences and thus predicted strong cardiovascular reactivity when they were exposed to happy music but low responses due to disengagement when they were exposed to sad music. Effects on responses of cardiac pre‐ejection period, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate confirmed our effort‐related predictions. Apparently, personal choice of a task can immunize individuals against incidental affective influences on resource mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R Falk
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Gollwitzer
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido H E Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Framorando D, Cai T, Wang Y, Pegna AJ. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on effort during a working-memory task. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16399. [PMID: 34385478 PMCID: PMC8361175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has shown that stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) facilitates task performance in working-memory tasks. However, little is known about its potential effects on effort. This study examined whether tDCS affects effort during a working-memory task. Participants received anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation over DLPFC across three sessions before carrying out a 2-back task. During the task, effort-related cardiovascular measures were recorded-especially the Initial Systolic Time Interval (ISTI). Results showed that anodal stimulation produced a shorter ISTI, indicating a greater effort compared to cathodal and sham conditions, where effort was lower. These findings demonstrate that anodal stimulation helps participants to maintain engagement in a highly demanding task (by increasing task mastery), without which they would otherwise disengage. This study is the first to show that tDCS impacts the extent of effort engaged by individuals during a difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia.
| | - Tianlan Cai
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
| | - Alan J Pegna
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Brisbane, QLD-4068, Australia
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8
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Rohr M, Wentura D. Degree and Complexity of Non-conscious Emotional Information Processing - A Review of Masked Priming Studies. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:689369. [PMID: 34239432 PMCID: PMC8258119 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.689369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether and to what degree information can be processed non-consciously has been a matter of debate since the emergence of psychology as a science. Emotional information, in particular, has often been assumed to have a privileged status because of its relevance for well-being and survival (e.g., to detect a threat). Indeed, many studies have explored non-conscious processing of evaluative (i.e., "emotional" in a broad sense) or emotional (e.g., facial expressions) features using the "silver bullet" of non-consciousness research - the masked sequential priming paradigm. In its prototypical form, this paradigm involves the categorization of target stimuli according to valence (e.g., is the target positive or negative?). Each target is preceded by a briefly presented prime that is followed by a mask to constrain awareness. Non-conscious processing is inferred from subtle influences of the prime on target processing, that is, whether responses are faster if prime and target are valence-congruent or not. We will review this research with a focus on three questions: first, which methods are used in this area to establish non-conscious processing? Second, is there evidence for non-conscious extraction of evaluative information? Third, is there evidence for non-conscious processing beyond a simple valence (positive/negative) discrimination, for example, processing of emotion-specific information? We will highlight important current debates and potential directions in which the field will move in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Rohr
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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9
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Framorando D, Gendolla GHE. It's about effort: Impact of implicit affect on cardiovascular response is context dependent. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13436. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Framorando
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Guido H. E. Gendolla
- Geneva Motivation Lab, FPSE, Section of Psychology University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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10
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Framorando D, Gendolla GH. Prime warning moderates implicit affect primes’ effect on effort-related cardiac response in men. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:62-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Framorando D, Gendolla GHE. The Effect of Negative Implicit Affect, Prime Visibility, and Gender on Effort-Related Cardiac Response. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Framorando D, Gendolla GHE. Prime visibility moderates implicit anger and sadness effects on effort-related cardiac response. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:204-210. [PMID: 29715494 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the Implicit-Affect-Primes-Effort (IAPE) model (Gendolla, 2012, 2015), an experiment investigated the effect of affect primes' visibility on effort mobilization during cognitive processing. Participants worked on a short-term memory task with integrated sadness vs. anger primes that were presented suboptimally (briefly and masked) vs. optimally (long and visible). Effort was assessed as cardiovascular response, especially cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP). To monitor performance, we assessed response accuracy and reaction times. In accordance with the IAPE model, PEP reactivity was stronger in the sadness-prime condition than in the anger-prime condition-but only when the primes were suboptimally presented. Effects on response accuracy revealed a corresponding pattern. The results suggest that prime visibility is a boundary condition of anger and sadness primes' effect on effort mobilization.
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13
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On the implicit influence of pain cues on cognitive effort: Evidence from cardiovascular reactivity. Biol Psychol 2017; 132:45-54. [PMID: 29126963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To extend previous findings on the impact of implicit affect on behavior, two experiments investigated the influence of priming pain cues on cognitive effort. Effort was assessed as cardiovascular reactivity (PEP, SBP, DBP, and HR) during an easy or difficult cognitive task integrating briefly presented and masked pain-related words. The control condition included neutral words (Experiment 1) or anger-related words (Experiment 2). The pain primes were expected to increase the perceived difficulty of the task and to result in stronger effort during the easy task, compared to the control condition, and to lower effort during the difficult task, due to disengagement. Overall, cardiovascular reactivity of both experiments supported the predictions. Moreover, pain primes increased self-reported subjective difficulty. Finally, most participants could not report the content of the primes. Findings are discussed regarding the influence of implicit processes in pain experience and regarding the self-regulatory consequences of the influence of pain on effort mobilization.
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van der Ploeg MM, Brosschot JF, Versluis A, Verkuil B. Peripheral physiological responses to subliminally presented negative affective stimuli: A systematic review. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:131-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Implicit Aging: Masked Age Primes Influence Effort-Related Cardiovascular Response in Young Adults. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-017-0074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Elkins-Brown N, Saunders B, He F, Inzlicht M. Stability and reliability of error-related electromyography over the corrugator supercilii with increasing trials. Psychophysiology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blair Saunders
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Frank He
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Rotman School of Management; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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17
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Zafeiriou A, Gendolla GHE. Implicit activation of the aging stereotype influences effort-related cardiovascular response: The role of incentive. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 119:79-86. [PMID: 28131874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous research on implicit effects on effort-related cardiovascular response and evidence that aging is associated with cognitive difficulties, we tested whether the mere activation of the aging stereotype can systematically influence young individuals' effort-mobilization during cognitive performance. Young participants performed an objectively difficult short-term memory task during which they processed elderly vs. youth primes and expected low vs. high incentive for success. When participants processed elderly primes during the task, we expected cardiovascular response to be weak in the low-incentive condition and strong in the high-incentive condition. Unaffected by incentive, effort in the youth-prime condition should fall in between the two elderly-prime cells. Effects on cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) and heart rate (HR) largely supported these predictions. The present findings show for the first time that the mere activation of the aging stereotype can systematically influence effort mobilization during cognitive performance-even in young adults.
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18
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Monetary incentive moderates the effect of implicit fear on effort-related cardiovascular response. Biol Psychol 2016; 117:150-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chatelain M, Silvestrini N, Gendolla GHE. Task difficulty moderates implicit fear and anger effects on effort-related cardiac response. Biol Psychol 2016; 115:94-100. [PMID: 26835594 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on the implicit-affect-primes-effort (IAPE) model (Gendolla, 2012, 2015), the present experiment tested whether objective task difficulty moderates the previously found impact of fear and anger primes on effort-related cardiac response during an arithmetic task. We expected that fear primes would lead to stronger cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity than anger primes in an easy task, but that anger primes would lead to a stronger PEP response than fear primes in a difficult task. Results corroborated these predictions. Moreover, there was no evidence that the affect primes induced conscious feelings that could explain the observed cardiac reactivity, suggesting that the primes had the intended implicit effect on effort mobilization. The findings contribute to the accumulating evidence in support of the IAPE model, showing that objective task difficulty is a moderator of implicit affect's influence on effort-related cardiac response.
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Richter M, Gendolla G, Wright R. Three Decades of Research on Motivational Intensity Theory. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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21
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Implicit happiness and sadness are associated with ease and difficulty: evidence from sequential priming. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 81:321-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Gendolla GH. Implicit Affect Primes Effort: Basic Processes, Moderators, and Boundary Conditions. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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