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Wulczyn KE, Shafi T, Anderson A, Rincon-Choles H, Clish CB, Denburg M, Feldman HI, He J, Hsu CY, Kelly T, Kimmel PL, Mehta R, Nelson RG, Ramachandran V, Ricardo A, Shah VO, Srivastava A, Xie D, Rhee EP, Kalim S. Metabolites Associated With Uremic Symptoms in Patients With CKD: Findings From the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2024; 84:49-61.e1. [PMID: 38266973 PMCID: PMC11193655 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE The toxins that contribute to uremic symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unknown. We sought to apply complementary statistical modeling approaches to data from untargeted plasma metabolomic profiling to identify solutes associated with uremic symptoms in patients with CKD. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 1,761 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) participants with CKD not treated with dialysis. PREDICTORS Measurement of 448 known plasma metabolites. OUTCOMES The uremic symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, pruritus, nausea, paresthesia, and pain were assessed by single items on the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 instrument. ANALYTICAL APPROACH Multivariable adjusted linear regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator linear regression, and random forest models were used to identify metabolites associated with symptom severity. After adjustment for multiple comparisons, metabolites selected in at least 2 of the 3 modeling approaches were deemed "overall significant." RESULTS Participant mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 43mL/min/1.73m2, with 44% self-identifying as female and 41% as non-Hispanic Black. The prevalence of uremic symptoms ranged from 22% to 55%. We identified 17 metabolites for which a higher level was associated with greater severity of at least one uremic symptom and 9 metabolites inversely associated with uremic symptom severity. Many of these metabolites exhibited at least a moderate correlation with estimated glomerular filtration rate (Pearson's r≥0.5), and some were also associated with the risk of developing kidney failure or death in multivariable adjusted Cox regression models. LIMITATIONS Lack of a second independent cohort for external validation of our findings. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic profiling was used to identify multiple solutes associated with uremic symptoms in adults with CKD, but future validation and mechanistic studies are needed. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY Individuals living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often experience symptoms related to CKD, traditionally called uremic symptoms. It is likely that CKD results in alterations in the levels of numerous circulating substances that, in turn, cause uremic symptoms; however, the identity of these solutes is not known. In this study, we used metabolomic profiling in patients with CKD to gain insights into the pathophysiology of uremic symptoms. We identified 26 metabolites whose levels were significantly associated with at least one of the symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, itchiness, nausea, paresthesia, and pain. The results of this study lay the groundwork for future research into the biological causes of symptoms in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Wulczyn
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Tariq Shafi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Hernan Rincon-Choles
- Department of Nephrology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Denburg
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harold I Feldman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Chi-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Tanika Kelly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul L Kimmel
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rupal Mehta
- Division of Nephrology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert G Nelson
- Chronic Kidney Disease Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Vasan Ramachandran
- Department of Epidemiology and Sections of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana Ricardo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vallabh O Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anand Srivastava
- Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dawei Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Eugene P Rhee
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sahir Kalim
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhu Z, Yang P, Jia Y, Wang Y, Shi M, Zhong C, Peng H, Sun L, Guo D, Xu Q, Chen J, Wang A, Xu T, He J, Zhang Y. Plasma Amino Acid Neurotransmitters and Ischemic Stroke Prognosis: A Multicenter Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:754-762. [PMID: 37793742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma amino acid neurotransmitter dysregulation is suggested to be implicated in the development of ischemic stroke, but its prognostic value for ischemic stroke remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We aimed to prospectively investigate the associations between plasma amino acid neurotransmitters levels and adverse outcomes after ischemic stroke in a large-scale multicenter cohort study. METHODS We measured 4 plasma amino acid neurotransmitters (glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine) among 3486 patients with ischemic stroke from 26 hospitals across China. The primary outcome is the composite outcome of death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) at 3 mo after ischemic stroke. RESULTS After multivariate adjustment, the odds ratios of death or major disability for the highest versus the lowest quartile were 2.04 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.60,2.59; P-trend < 0.001) for glutamic acid, 2.03 (95% CI: 1.59, 2.59; P-trend < 0.001) for aspartic acid, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.71; P-trend = 0.016) for gamma-aminobutyric acid, and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.69; P-trend < 0.001) for glycine. Each standard deviation increment of log-transformed glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glycine was associated with a 34%, 34%, and 9% increased risk, and a 23% decreased risk of death or major disability, respectively (all P < 0.05), in a linear fashion as indicated by spline regression analyses (all P for linearity < 0.05). Addition of the 4 plasma amino acid neurotransmitters to conventional risk factors significantly improved the risk reclassification, as evidenced by integrated discrimination improvement and net reclassification improvement (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid and decreased glycine in plasma are associated with adverse outcomes after ischemic stroke, suggesting that plasma amino acid neurotransmitters may be potential intervention targets for improving prognosis of ischemic stroke. The CATIS trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (registration number: NCT01840072; URL: ===https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01840072?cond=NCT01840072&draw=2&rank=1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Pinni Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiming Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chongke Zhong
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Daoxia Guo
- School of Nursing, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Aili Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tan Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Wei H, Moffett JR, Amanat M, Fatemi A, Tsukamoto T, Namboodiri AM, Slusher BS. The pathogenesis of, and pharmacological treatment for, Canavan disease. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2467-2483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yao K, Cao L, Ding H, Gao Y, Li T, Wang G, Zhang J. Increasing Aspartoacylase in the Central Amygdala: The Common Mechanism of Gastroprotective Effects of Monoamine-Based Antidepressants Against Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:823291. [PMID: 35281914 PMCID: PMC8914169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.823291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine-based antidepressants can prophylactically protect against stress-induced gastric ulcers. Although the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) has been shown to modulate the severity of stress ulcers, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of this kind of drugs. Here, we first used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a non-invasive tool, to explore the change of neurometabolites of the CeA of rats pretreated with the duloxetine of selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors during 6 h of water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS). Duloxetine decreased N-acetyl-aspartate/creatine ratio (NAA/creatine) in CeA after WIRS, which was paralleled by the amelioration of gastric lesions. Meanwhile, the gastric ulcer index was negatively correlated with reduced NAA/creatine. Furthermore, the intra-CeA infusion of NAA aggravated WIRS-induced gastric mucosa damage, which suggested the crucial role of reduced NAA. Western blotting was performed to identify the specific enzymes responsible for the change of the contents of NAA at 0.5 h/3 h/6 h after WIRS, considering the preventative gastric protection of duloxetine. The NAA-catabolizing enzyme aspartoacylase (ASPA) was the only enzyme downregulated by 0.5 h WIRS and upregulated by duloxetine. Moreover, overexpressing ASPA in CeA alleviated stress ulcers. Additionally, all of the other three monoamine-based antidepressants, the fluoxetine of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the amitriptyline of tricyclic agents, and the moclobemide of MAOs, increased ASPA expression in CeA. Together, these results indicate that increasing ASPA to hydrolyze NAA in CeA is a common mechanism of gastroprotective effects against stress exerted by monoamine-based antidepressants, and ASPA is a shared target more than monoamine regulation for this kind of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linyu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwan Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinge Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
| | - Guibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibin Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Guibin Wang, ; Jianjun Zhang,
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5
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Lotun A, Gessler DJ, Gao G. Canavan Disease as a Model for Gene Therapy-Mediated Myelin Repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661928. [PMID: 33967698 PMCID: PMC8102781 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the scientific and therapeutic fields for rare, genetic central nervous system (CNS) diseases such as leukodystrophies, or white matter disorders, have expanded significantly in part due to technological advancements in cellular and clinical screenings as well as remedial therapies using novel techniques such as gene therapy. However, treatments aimed at normalizing the pathological changes associated with leukodystrophies have especially been complicated due to the innate and variable effects of glial abnormalities, which can cause large-scale functional deficits in developmental myelination and thus lead to downstream neuronal impairment. Emerging research in the past two decades have depicted glial cells, particularly oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, as key, regulatory modulators in constructing and maintaining myelin function and neuronal viability. Given the significance of myelin formation in the developing brain, myelin repair in a time-dependent fashion is critical in restoring homeostatic functionality to the CNS of patients diagnosed with white matter disorders. Using Canavan Disease (CD) as a leukodystrophy model, here we review the hypothetical roles of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), one of the brain's most abundant amino acid derivatives, in Canavan disease's CNS myelinating pathology, as well as discuss the possible functions astrocytes serve in both CD and other leukodystrophies' time-sensitive disease correction. Through this analysis, we also highlight the potential remyelinating benefits of gene therapy for other leukodystrophies in which alternative CNS cell targeting for white matter disorders may be an applicable path for reparative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoushka Lotun
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Dominic J Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Prokesch A, Pelzmann HJ, Pessentheiner AR, Huber K, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT, Drougard A, Schittmayer M, Kolb D, Magnes C, Trausinger G, Graier WF, Birner-Gruenberger R, Pospisilik JA, Bogner-Strauss JG. N-acetylaspartate catabolism determines cytosolic acetyl-CoA levels and histone acetylation in brown adipocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23723. [PMID: 27045997 PMCID: PMC4820693 DOI: 10.1038/srep23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation depends on the abundance of nucleo-cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA. Here, we present a novel route for cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA production in brown adipocytes. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is a highly abundant brain metabolite catabolized by aspartoacylase yielding aspartate and acetate. The latter can be further used for acetyl-CoA production. Prior to this work, the presence of NAA has not been described in adipocytes. Here, we show that accumulation of NAA decreases the brown adipocyte phenotype. We increased intracellular NAA concentrations in brown adipocytes via media supplementation or knock-down of aspartoacylase and measured reduced lipolysis, thermogenic gene expression, and oxygen consumption. Combinations of approaches to increase intracellular NAA levels showed additive effects on lipolysis and gene repression, nearly abolishing the expression of Ucp1, Cidea, Prdm16, and Ppara. Transcriptome analyses of aspartoacylase knock-down cells indicate deficiencies in acetyl-CoA and lipid metabolism. Concordantly, cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA levels and global histone H3 acetylation were decreased. Further, activating histone marks (H3K27ac and H3K9ac) in promoters/enhancers of brown marker genes showed reduced acetylation status. Taken together, we present a novel route for cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA production in brown adipocytes. Thereby, we mechanistically connect the NAA pathway to the epigenomic regulation of gene expression, modulating the phenotype of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Prokesch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria,Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria,
| | - H. J. Pelzmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - K. Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | | | - A. Drougard
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Schittmayer
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - D. Kolb
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria,ZMF, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - C. Magnes
- HEALTH Insitute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - G. Trausinger
- HEALTH Insitute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
| | - W. F. Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - R. Birner-Gruenberger
- Research Unit Functional Proteomics and Metabolic Pathways, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz and Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
| | - J. A. Pospisilik
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Chen D, Xiong Y, Lin Y, Tang Z, Wang J, Wang L, Yao J. Capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulation of enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity: Relevance to intestinal motility disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1482-90. [PMID: 26011134 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Capsaicin is an active component of chili peppers, having diverse effects. However, the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility are still controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on intestinal motility disorder and uncover related mechanisms. MATERIALS AND RESULTS A rat model with intestinal motility disorder was established in vitro through adding different stimuli into tissue bath; in vivo using constipation and diarrhea model, respectively. Capsaicin exerted dual effects on intestinal motility, i.e. the relaxation and contraction of jejunum induced by corresponding stimulus were, respectively, regulated to be normal contraction by capsaicin. The mechanisms underlined capsaicin-induced dual effects were investigated using Western blotting, qRT-PCR, and whole-cell patch clamp, respectively. Results showed that cholinergic excitatory nerves, adrenergic nerves, and neurons containing nitric oxide synthase, which are the main muscle motor neurons in enteric nervous system (ENS), are involved in capsaicin-induced dual effects. The competition for regulation of Ca(2+) influx by capsaicin induced the interaction with components of the ENS. Capsaicin significantly increased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) expression and myosin phosphorylation extent in jejunal segments of constipation-prominent rats and significantly decreased MLCK expression and myosin phosphorylation extent in jejunal segments of diarrhea-prominent rats. CONCLUSION In summary, capsaicin alleviates abnormal intestinal motility through regulating enteric motor neurons and MLCK activity, which is beneficial for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongjian Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zeyao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jihong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Ahmed SS, Gao G. Making the White Matter Matters: Progress in Understanding Canavan's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions Through Eight Decades. JIMD Rep 2015; 19:11-22. [PMID: 25604619 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canavan's disease (CD) is a fatal autosomal recessive pediatric leukodystrophy in which patients show severe neurodegeneration and typically die by the age of 10, though life expectancy in patients can be highly variable. Currently, there is no effective treatment for CD; however, gene therapy seems to be a feasible approach to combat the disease. Being a monogenic defect, the disease provides an excellent model system to develop gene therapy approaches that can be extended to other monogenic leukodystrophies and neurodegenerative diseases. CD results from mutations in a single gene aspartoacylase which hydrolyses N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA) which accumulates in its absences. Since CD is one of the few diseases that show high NAA levels, it can also be used to study the enigmatic biological role of NAA. The disease was first described in 1931, and this review traces the progress made in the past 8 decades to understand the disease by enumerating current hypotheses and ongoing palliative measures to alleviate patient symptoms in the context of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemin S Ahmed
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, ASC6, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
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Yarandi SS, Srinivasan S. Diabetic gastrointestinal motility disorders and the role of enteric nervous system: current status and future directions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:611-24. [PMID: 24661628 PMCID: PMC4104990 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal manifestations of diabetes are common and a source of significant discomfort and disability. Diabetes affects almost every part of gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum and causes a variety of symptoms including heartburn, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of diabetic gastroenteropathy is important to guide development of therapies for this common problem. Over recent years, the data regarding the pathophysiology of diabetic gastroenteropathy is expanding. In addition to autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal disturbances the role of enteric nervous system is becoming more evident. PURPOSE In this review, we summarize the reported alterations in enteric nervous system including enteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal and neurotransmission in diabetic animal models and patients. We also review the possible underlying mechanisms of these alterations, with focus on oxidative stress, growth factors and diabetes induced changes in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Finally, we will discuss recent advances and potential areas for future research related to diabetes and the ENS such as gut microbiota, micro-RNAs and changes in the microvasculature and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Yarandi
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University; Atlanta GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center; Decatur Georgia USA
| | - S. Srinivasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases; Emory University; Atlanta GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center; Decatur Georgia USA
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Glicksman S, Borgen C, Blackstein M, Gordon A, Hanon I, Kusin D, Leibowitz B, Halle J. A thematic review of scientific and family interests in Canavan Disease: where are the developmentalists? JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:815-825. [PMID: 22676184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canavan Disease is a degenerative neurological condition resulting in a spongy deterioration of the brain. Much research has been conducted by the medical community regarding this condition, but little research can be found in the psychological literature. METHOD A review of the scientific literature related to Canavan Disease using the Psychinfo and PubMed databases was conducted covering a 5-year span from 2006 through 2011. Concurrently, a review of parent initiated topics found on the most popular Canavan Disease Internet discussion board was conducted for comparison purposes. RESULTS When comparing the topics discussed and information sought among parents with the themes noted in the extant scientific literature, researchers found an exceedingly small overlap between the two communities of interest. In the scientific literature, published research on Canavan Disease focused on three areas: the biochemistry of Canavan Disease, diagnosis and genetic counselling, and clinical therapeutic approaches in Canavan Disease. Of the 42 unique topics raised on a popular Internet discussion board, however, only three (7%) fell into the category of diagnosis and genetic counselling, none (0%) fell into the category of the biochemistry of Canavan Disease, and four fell into the category of clinical therapeutic approaches in Canavan Disease (10%). Of the four posts addressing clinical therapeutic approaches to Canavan Disease, only one post truly overlapped with the topics addressed by the scientific community. Worded differently, while these three categories comprise 100% of the extant scientific literature regarding Canavan Disease, they comprise only 17% of the parent-raised topics. The remaining 83% of parent-raised topics addressed concerns not currently being focusing upon by the scientific community, namely, non-medical practical issues, information regarding specific characteristics of Canavan Disease, non-medical developmental and quality of life issues, and day-to-day developmental and medical concerns. CONCLUSION By comparing the extant literature on Canavan Disease with the topics of interest raised by parents and caregivers, it seems clear that there is a significant 'underlap' of topics raised by these two communities of interest, one that may reflect a lack of sensitivity on the part of the scientific community to meet the needs of this population of knowledge seekers. It is the suggestion of these authors that developmental psychology may be the appropriate scientific field within which to address this need and fill this gap in the current literature.
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Surendran S, Rajasankar S. Aspartoacylase deficiency in the white matter of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis: novel mechanism in axonal damage. PATHOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:426058. [PMID: 21912752 PMCID: PMC3170792 DOI: 10.4061/2011/426058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspartoacylase/aminoacylase II (ASPA/ACY II) is mainly synthesized in oligodendrocytes to contribute in myelin synthesis. Although axonal damage is seen in the brain with human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE), ASPA contribution in the pathology is not known. Immunostaining study showed that ASPA protein is reduced in the white matter of patients with HIVE compared to the control. Western blot study further confirmed ASPA deficiency in the HIVE brain compared to the control. This paper suggests that HIVE condition affects ASPA to contribute in myelin loss/axonal damage seen in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Surendran
- Division of GSBS, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Surendran S, Bhatnagar M. Upregulation of N-acetylaspartic acid induces oxidative stress to contribute in disease pathophysiology. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:305-9. [PMID: 21348802 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.558225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) is predominantly present in brain and also present in lower amount in peripheral organs. The role of NAA in pathophysiology is poorly understood. Therefore the review was aimed to understand contribution of NAA in disease process. Amniotic fluid of mothers with Canavan disease (CD) fetus and patients with the disease show increased levels of NAA. Increase of this pathway is also reported in Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes. In HIV-related dementia, NAA is affected. Recent studies suggest that upregulation of NAA leads to oxidative stress including upregulation of nitric oxide and reducing potential antioxidants. NAA also leads to physiological abnormalities including walking disorder. These changes suggest that NAA contributes in disease pathophysiology.
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Upregulation of N-acetylaspartic acid resulting nitric oxide toxicity induces aspartoacylase mutations and protein interaction to cause pathophysiology seen in Canavan disease. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:533-4. [PMID: 20673702 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspartoacylase (ASPA) converts N-acetylaspartic acid into aspartate and acetate. In Canavan disease (CD), N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA) is found to be increased and over 65 mutations including IVS4+1 G → T, deletion of introns and exons have been reported in the ASPA gene. These changes lead to severe form or mild form of CD. The present study was aimed to understand mechanism in the cause of mutations in ASPA and pathophysiology seen in patients with CD. We have reported that elevated levels of NAA induce inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) to produce nitric oxide toxicity in CD. Nitric oxide toxicity has been shown to induce several mutations including base change G → T and deletion and enhances protein interaction in several genes. Therefore we hypothesize that upregulation of NAA stimulates NOS and the resulting nitric oxide toxicity induces ASPA mutations and protein interaction to result pathophysiological abnormalities seen in patients with CD.
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Lactobacillus plantarum prevents the development of colitis in IL-10-deficient mouse by reducing the intestinal permeability. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1353-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Experimental investigation of the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of the traditional Chinese medicine "Li-Yan Zhi-Ke Granule" for relieving chronic pharyngitis in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:199-203. [PMID: 20349277 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pharyngitis, a chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal mucous membrane and submucous lymphoid tissues, is often caused by unsatisfactory treatment of acute pharyngitis or repeated occurrences of upper respiratory tract infection and is related to a high-dust environment. Traditional herbal pharmacotherapy is well known for combining plant species to create complex phytochemical mixtures in the attempt to ameliorate pathophysiological processes. The aim of current study is to investigate the effect of immunoregulation and anti-inflammation with the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) "Li-Yan Zhi-Ke Granule" in rats. Determination of serum hemolysin and the carbon particle clearance test were performed. The results demonstrate that administration of the TCM "Li-Yan Zhi-Ke Granule" may improve the effect of phagocytosis by mononuclear macrophages and immune function in rats, and may also increase the immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory responses of rats with chronic pharyngitis. This traditional drug could relieve the symptoms of sore throat and cough in rats with chronic pharyngitis.
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Surendran S, Rajasankar S. Parkinson’s disease: oxidative stress and therapeutic approaches. Neurol Sci 2010; 31:531-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-010-0245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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RajaSankar S, Manivasagam T, Sankar V, Prakash S, Muthusamy R, Krishnamurti A, Surendran S. Withania somnifera root extract improves catecholamines and physiological abnormalities seen in a Parkinson's disease model mouse. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:369-373. [PMID: 19666100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera root extract (Ws)/Ashwagandha/Indian ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine, used over 4000 years in India, shown to have effect on neural growth and locomotor function. Although catecholamines and oxidative stress resulting in neurodegeneration and locomotor disorder are the main events in Parkinson's disease (PD), efficacy of the drug on these molecules and physiological abnormality are not clear. AIM OF THE STUDY The objective of the study was to examine effect of Ws on catecholamines and physiological abnormalities seen in PD using PD model mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 4 days to show biochemical and physiological abnormalities similar to patients with PD. PD mice were treated with Ws 100mg/kg body weight for 7 or 28 days. Catecholamines: dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA); antioxidants: glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and lipid peroxidation marker (TBARS) were analyzed in the Ws treated and untreated PD mouse striatum. RESULTS Mouse treated with MPTP showed reduced levels of DA, DOPAC, HVA, GSH and GPx and induced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level compared to the control. Physiological abnormalities were seen in the mouse as determined by hang test and rotarod test. Oral treatment of PD mouse Ws root extract (100mg/kg body weight) for 7 days or 28 days increased DA, DOPAC and HVA levels and normalized TBARS levels in the corpus striatum of the PD mouse. The 7 days Ws treated mice showed improved motor function as determined by hang test and rotarod test. Treatment with Ws for 28 days increased GSH and GPx levels in the striatum compared to the Ws untreated PD mouse striatum. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Ws is a potential drug in treating catecholamines, oxidative damage and physiological abnormalities seen in the PD mouse.
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