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Alemi F, Malakoti F, Vaghari-Tabari M, Soleimanpour J, Shabestani N, Sadigh AR, Khelghati N, Asemi Z, Ahmadi Y, Yousefi B. DNA damage response signaling pathways as important targets for combination therapy and chemotherapy sensitization in osteosarcoma. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2374-2386. [PMID: 35383920 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy that occurs most often in young adults, and adolescents with a survival rate of 20% in its advanced stages. Nowadays, increasing the effectiveness of common treatments used in OS has become one of the main problems for clinicians due to cancer cells becoming resistant to chemotherapy. One of the most important mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy is through increasing the ability of DNA repair because most chemotherapy drugs damage the DNA of cancer cells. DNA damage response (DDR) is a signal transduction pathway involved in preserving the genome stability upon exposure to endogenous and exogenous DNA-damaging factors such as chemotherapy agents. There is evidence that the suppression of DDR may reduce chemoresistance and increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy in OS. In this review, we aim to summarize these studies to better understand the role of DDR in OS chemoresistance in pursuit of overcoming the obstacles to the success of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Alemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malakoti
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimanpour
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shohada Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Shabestani
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aydin R Sadigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Khelghati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Yasin Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Komar University of Science and Technology, Soleimania, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Guo Q, Ma J, Wu J. MiRNA-218 inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in human osteosarcoma cells. Regen Ther 2021; 18:508-515. [PMID: 34977284 PMCID: PMC8668442 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The deregulation of miRNA-218 has been found in a number of cancers. Using miRNA-218 as a target for Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), we sought to understand the role of miRNA-218 in osteosarcoma (OS). METHODS The expression of miRNA-218 was detected in the OS tumor tissues and OS cells. The Runx2 expression level was evaluated in Saos-2, 143B, U2OS, and MG-63. miRNA-218 overexpressed U2OS cells were achieved by transfection with miRNA-218 mimics. The role of miRNA-218 in inhibiting OS tumorigenesis was explored by CCK8, colony formation, cell wound scratch and Transwell assay. TargetScan and dual-luciferase reporter assay identified the interaction between miRNA-218 and Runx2. The inhibitive effect of miRNA-218 on OS through targeting Runx2 was also evaluated. RESULTS MiRNA-218 levels were remarkably down-regulated in OS tumor tissues and cell lines. The overexpression of miRNA-218 suppressed U2OS cell development and metastasis. The target interaction between miRNA-218 and Runx2 was validated, and their expression showed a negative correlation in U2OS cells. The suppressed U2OS cell development and metastasis were remarkably reversed by Runx2 overexpression. CONCLUSION MiRNA-218 showed an inhibitive effect on the development and metastasis of osteosarcoma cell proliferation by targeting Runx2. Our findings may provide novel clues for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinan Fifth People's Hospital, No. 24297, Jingshi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan City, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Junan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengwu County People's Hospital Affiliated to First Medical University of Shandong, No. 66, Bole Street, Chengwu County, Heze City, Shndong, 274200, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, 223001, China
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3
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Pathogenesis and Current Treatment of Osteosarcoma: Perspectives for Future Therapies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061182. [PMID: 33809018 PMCID: PMC8000603 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. The standard-of-care curative treatment for osteosarcoma utilizes doxorubicin, cisplatin, and high-dose methotrexate, a standard that has not changed in more than 40 years. The development of patient-specific therapies requires an in-depth understanding of the unique genetics and biology of the tumor. Here, we discuss the role of normal bone biology in osteosarcomagenesis, highlighting the factors that drive normal osteoblast production, as well as abnormal osteosarcoma development. We then describe the pathology and current standard of care of osteosarcoma. Given the complex heterogeneity of osteosarcoma tumors, we explore the development of novel therapeutics for osteosarcoma that encompass a series of molecular targets. This analysis of pathogenic mechanisms will shed light on promising avenues for future therapeutic research in osteosarcoma.
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4
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Zhang Z, Mao W, Wang L, Liu M, Zhang W, Wu Y, Zhang J, Mao S, Geng J, Yao X. Depletion of CDC5L inhibits bladder cancer tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2020; 11:353-363. [PMID: 31897231 PMCID: PMC6930429 DOI: 10.7150/jca.32850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 5-like (CDC5L) protein is a cell cycle regulator of the G2/M transition and has been reported to participate in the catalytic step of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing and DNA damage repair. Recently, CDC5L was also found to act as a candidate oncogene in osteosarcoma and cervical tumours. However, the role of CDC5L expression in bladder cancer remains unclear. Here, we analysed the expression and clinical significance of CDC5L in bladder cancer tissues. The expression of CDC5L in fresh bladder cancer tissues and paraffin-embedded slices was evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. We found that CDC5L was highly expressed in bladder cancer. The expression of CDC5L was significantly associated with bladder cancer pathology grade and Ki67 expression. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that high CDC5L expression was an independent prognostic factor for the survival of bladder cancer patients. To determine whether CDC5L could regulate the proliferation of bladder cancer cells, we transfected bladder cancer cells with an interfering RNA targeting CDC5L and then investigated cell proliferation with a cell counting kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry assays, colony formation and xenograft assay analyses. Our results indicate that knockdown of CDC5L inhibits proliferation of bladder cancer cells. In addition, reduced expression of CDC5L induced apoptosis of bladder cancer cells and inhibited their migration, invasion and EMT. These findings suggest that CDC5L might play an important role in bladder cancer and thus be a promising therapeutic target of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Weipu Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Longsheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Mao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Geng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, P. R. China
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5
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Ling Z, Fan G, Yao D, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Feng J, Zhou G, Chen Y. MicroRNA-150 functions as a tumor suppressor and sensitizes osteosarcoma to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis by targeting RUNX2. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:481-488. [PMID: 31897096 PMCID: PMC6923746 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form of bone malignancy in children and adolescents. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with the development and progression of OS. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting, Cell Counting Kit-8, luciferase and Transwell assays were performed to investigate the biological function of microRNA-150 (miR-150) in OS. The results revealed that miR-150 was significantly downregulated in OS cell lines (HOS, SAOS2, MG-63 and U2OS) in comparison with the normal osteoblast cells (hFOB1.19). Overexpression of miR-150 significantly inhibited cell proliferation in OS cells. miR-150 could sensitize OS cells to chemotherapy treatment of doxorubicin. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was identified as a target gene of miR-150. RUNX2 knockdown exhibited similar inhibitory effects on both OS cell proliferation and chemotherapy sensitivity. Restoration of RUNX2 reversed the biological function of miR-150. Finally, miR-150 overexpression and RUNX2 knockdown enhanced caspase-3 cleavage. Taken together, the present study established a novel molecular mechanism, in that miR-150 plays tumor suppressor and chemoprotective roles by targeting RUNX2 in OS, indicating that miR-150 may be a potential therapeutic target for OS therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Ling
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Gentao Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Danhua Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Guangxin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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6
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Yamada D, Fujikawa K, Kawabe K, Furuta T, Nakada M, Takarada T. RUNX2 Promotes Malignant Progression in Glioma. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2047-2054. [PMID: 30203400 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal form of brain tumor. However, therapeutic strategies against malignant gliomas have not been completely established. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is an essential gene for skeletal development but its regulatory role in the malignant progression of glioma remains unclear. Here we investigated expression levels of RUNX2 in glioma tissues and its regulatory effects on aberrant growth of glioma cells. RUNX2 mRNA levels were higher in GBM tissues than that of normal brains or low-grade gliomas. RUNX2 protein was detected in five out of seven human GBM cell lines and its level was positively correlated with proliferative capacity. Stable transduction of dominant-negative Runx2 in rat-derived C6 glioma cells not only inhibited the promoter activity containing Runx2 response element, but also decreased mRNA expression levels of Runx2 target genes, such as Mmp13 and Spp1, as well as the proliferative capacity. Furthermore, transient introduction of Runx2-targeted siRNAs into C6 glioma cells significantly decreased mRNA expression levels of Mmp13 and Spp1 and the proliferative capacity. Furthermore, Runx2 knockdown suppressed both Ccnd1 mRNA expression and activation of the Ccnd1 promoter by forskolin, a PKA-activating reagent, in C6 glioma cells. Our results demonstrate that cross-talk between cAMP/PKA signaling and RUNX2 promotes a malignant phenotype of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koichi Fujikawa
- Department of Functional Pathology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawabe
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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7
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Vega OA, Lucero CM, Araya HF, Jerez S, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Salazar‐Onfray F, Las Heras F, Thaler R, Riester SM, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo MA. Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling Activates Expression of the Bone‐Related Transcription Factor RUNX2 in Select Human Osteosarcoma Cell Types. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3662-3674. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Vega
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Claudia M.J. Lucero
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Hector F. Araya
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Julio C. Tapia
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar‐Onfray
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM)Faculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Facundo Las Heras
- Department of Anatomical PathologyUniversity of Chile Clinical HospitalSantiago 8380456Chile
- Department of PathologyClinica Las CondesSantiago 7591018Chile
| | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Scott M. Riester
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer CenterThe Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlington 05405Vermont
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Mario A. Galindo
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
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8
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Lin W, Zhu X, Yang S, Chen X, Wang L, Huang Z, Ding Y, Huang L, Lv C. MicroRNA-203 inhibits proliferation and invasion, and promotes apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by targeting Runt-related transcription factor 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1075-1084. [PMID: 28525948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that microRNA-203 (miR-203) is abnormally expressed in many human tumor tissues and significantly associated with the occurrence, development and clinical outcomes of human tumors. The aim of this study was to determine the target genes and functional significance of miR-203 in osteosarcoma cells. We found reduced expression of miR-203 in osteosarcoma tissues and cells (MG63 and U2-OS) compared with the adjacent normal tissues and normal osteoblastic cells (hFOB1.19), respectively. In vitro studies further demonstrated that exogenous miR-203 overexpression inhibited osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. At the molecular level, our results confirmed that apoptosis, cell cycle and invasion-related proteins were regulated by miR-203. Our findings also revealed that Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) was directly negatively regulated by miR-203. These results suggested that miR-203 may function as a tumor suppressor and may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiongbai Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengwu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yewei Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lintuo Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Riester SM, Torres-Mora J, Dudakovic A, Camilleri ET, Wang W, Xu F, Thaler RR, Evans JM, Zwartbol R, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Maran A, Folpe AL, Inwards CY, Rose PS, Shives TC, Yaszemski MJ, Sim FH, Deyle DR, Larson AN, Galindo MA, Cleven AGH, Oliveira AM, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG, van Wijnen AJ. Hypoxia-related microRNA-210 is a diagnostic marker for discriminating osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1137-1146. [PMID: 27324965 PMCID: PMC5413434 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblastoma is a benign bone tumor that can often be difficult to distinguish from malignant osteosarcoma. Because misdiagnosis can result in unfavorable clinical outcomes, we have investigated microRNAs as potential diagnostic biomarkers for distinguishing between these two tumor types. Next generation RNA sequencing was used as an expression screen to evaluate >2,000 microRNAs present in tissue derived from rare formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) archival tumor specimens. MicroRNAs displaying the greatest ability to discriminate between these two tumors were validated on an independent tumor set, using qPCR assays. Initial screening by RNA-seq identified four microRNA biomarker candidates. Expression of three miRNAs (miR-451a, miR-144-3p, miR-486-5p) was higher in osteoblastoma, while the miR-210 was elevated in osteosarcoma. Validation of these microRNAs on an independent data set of 22 tumor specimens by qPCR revealed that miR-210 is the most discriminating marker. This microRNA displays low levels of expression across all of the osteoblastoma specimens and robust expression in the majority of the osteosarcoma specimens. Application of these biomarkers to a clinical test case showed that these microRNA biomarkers permit re-classification of a misdiagnosed FFPE tumor sample from osteoblastoma to osteosarcoma. Our findings establish that the hypoxia-related miR-210 is a discriminatory marker that distinguishes between osteoblastoma and osteosarcoma. This discovery provides a complementary molecular approach to support pathological classification of two diagnostically challenging musculoskeletal tumors. Because miR-210 is linked to the cellular hypoxia response, its detection may be linked to well-established pro-angiogenic and metastatic roles of hypoxia in osteosarcomas and other tumor cell types. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1137-1146, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jorge Torres-Mora
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Emily T. Camilleri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Roman R. Thaler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jared M. Evans
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - René Zwartbol
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Andrew L. Folpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carrie Y. Inwards
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter S. Rose
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Thomas C. Shives
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J. Yaszemski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Franklin H. Sim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - David R. Deyle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Annalise N. Larson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Mario A. Galindo
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arjen G. H. Cleven
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center in Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andre M. Oliveira
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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10
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Evola FR, Costarella L, Pavone V, Caff G, Cannavò L, Sessa A, Avondo S, Sessa G. Biomarkers of Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing Sarcoma. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:150. [PMID: 28439237 PMCID: PMC5383728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant bone neoplasm, followed by chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. The diagnosis of bone neoplasms is generally made through histological evaluation of a biopsy. Clinical and radiological features are also important in aiding diagnosis and to complete the staging of bone cancer. In addition to these, there are several non-specific serological or specific molecular markers for bone neoplasms. In bone tumors, molecular markers increase the accuracy of the diagnosis and assist in subtyping bone tumors. Here, we review these markers and discuss their role in the diagnosis and prognosis of the three most frequent malignant bone neoplasms, namely osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco R Evola
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Luciano Costarella
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Vito Pavone
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caff
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Luca Cannavò
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Andrea Sessa
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Sergio Avondo
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sessa
- Clinica Ortopedica, Dipartimento di Chirurgia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele di CataniaCatania, Italy
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11
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Li D, Li K, Chen G, Xia J, Yang T, Cai P, Yao C, Yang Y, Yan S, Zhang R, Chen H. S100B suppresses the differentiation of C3H/10T1/2 murine embryonic mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3878-86. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Novel Implications of DNA Damage Response in Drug Resistance of Malignant Cancers Obtained from the Functional Interaction between p53 Family and RUNX2. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2854-76. [PMID: 26512706 PMCID: PMC4693260 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the lifespan of cells, their genomic DNA is continuously exposed to the endogenous and exogenous DNA insults. Thus, the appropriate cellular response to DNA damage plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic integrity and also acts as a molecular barrier towards DNA legion-mediated carcinogenesis. The tumor suppressor p53 participates in an integral part of proper regulation of DNA damage response (DDR). p53 is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers. Since mutant p53 displays a dominant-negative behavior against wild-type p53, cancers expressing mutant p53 sometimes acquire drug-resistant phenotype, suggesting that mutant p53 prohibits the p53-dependent cell death pathway following DNA damage, and thereby contributing to the acquisition and/or maintenance of drug resistance of malignant cancers. Intriguingly, we have recently found that silencing of pro-oncogenic RUNX2 enhances drug sensitivity of aggressive cancer cells regardless of p53 status. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have stem cell properties such as drug resistance. Therefore, the precise understanding of the biology of CSCs is quite important to overcome their drug resistance. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms behind DDR as well as the serious drug resistance of malignant cancers and discuss some attractive approaches to improving the outcomes of patients bearing drug-resistant cancers.
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Loss of Runx2 sensitises osteosarcoma to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1289-97. [PMID: 26528706 PMCID: PMC4815801 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone malignancy in the paediatric population, principally affecting adolescents and young adults. Minimal advancements in patient prognosis have been made over the past two decades because of the poor understanding of disease biology. Runx2, a critical transcription factor in bone development, is frequently amplified and overexpressed in OS. However, the molecular and biological consequences of Runx2 overexpression remain unclear. Methods: si/shRNA and overexpression technology to alter Runx2 levels in OS cells. In vitro assessment of doxorubicin (doxo)-induced apoptosis and in vivo chemosensitivity studies. Small-molecule inhibitor of c-Myc transcriptional activity was used to assess its role. Results: Loss of Runx2 sensitises cells to doxo-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, in conjunction with chemotherapy, decreasing Runx2 protein levels activates both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Transplanted tumour studies demonstrated that loss of endogenous Runx2 protein expression enhances caspase-3 cleavage and tumour necrosis in response to chemotherapy. Finally, upon doxo-treated Runx2 knockdown OS cells there was evidence of enhanced c-Myc expression and transcriptional activity. Inhibition of c-Myc under these conditions resulted in decreased activation of apoptosis, therefore insinuating a role for c-Myc in dox-induced activation of apoptotic pathways. Conclusions: Therefore, we have established a novel molecular mechanism by which Runx2 provides a chemoprotective role in OS, indicating that in conjunction to standard chemotherapy, targeting Runx2 may be a new therapeutic strategy for patients with OS.
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Silencing of RUNX2 enhances gemcitabine sensitivity of p53-deficient human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells through the stimulation of TAp63-mediated cell death. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15010. [PMID: 27551445 PMCID: PMC4981025 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) has been considered to be one of master regulators for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Recently, we have described that RUNX2 attenuates p53/TAp73-dependent cell death of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells bearing wild-type p53 in response to adriamycin. In this study, we have asked whether RUNX2 silencing could enhance gemcitabine (GEM) sensitivity of p53-deficient human pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 cells. Under our experimental conditions, GEM treatment increased the expression level of p53 family TAp63, whereas RUNX2 was reduced following GEM exposure, indicating that there exists an inverse relationship between the expression level of TAp63 and RUNX2 following GEM exposure. To assess whether TAp63 could be involved in the regulation of GEM sensitivity of AsPC-1 cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of TAp63 was performed. As expected, silencing of TAp63 significantly prohibited GEM-dependent cell death as compared with GEM-treated non-silencing cells. As TAp63 was negatively regulated by RUNX2, we sought to examine whether RUNX2 knockdown could enhance the sensitivity to GEM. Expression analysis demonstrated that depletion of RUNX2 apparently stimulates the expression of TAp63, as well as proteolytic cleavage of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) after GEM exposure, and further augmented GEM-mediated induction of p53/TAp63-target genes, such as p21WAF1, PUMA and NOXA, relative to GEM-treated control-transfected cells, implying that RUNX2 has a critical role in the regulation of GEM resistance through the downregulation of TAp63. Notably, ablation of TAp63 gave a decrease in number of γH2AX-positive cells in response to GEM relative to control-transfected cells following GEM exposure. Consistently, GEM-dependent phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein was remarkably impaired in TAp63 knockdown cells. Collectively, our present findings strongly suggest that RUNX2-mediated repression of TAp63 contributes at least in part to GEM resistance of AsPC-1 cells, and thus silencing of RUNX2 may be a novel strategy to enhance the efficacy of GEM in p53-deficient pancreatic cancer cells.
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15
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Zeng H, Xu X. RUNX2 RNA interference inhibits the invasion of osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2455-2458. [PMID: 26137089 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that the expression of the RUNX2 gene is increased in osteosarcoma tissues or cell lines; however, there is little research available on the effect of RUNX2 on osteosarcoma invasion. In the present study, small interfering (si)RNA to RUNX2 was designed and synthesized, and then transfected into SAOS-2 cells. The effects of RUNX2 RNA interference on the invasion of osteosarcoma cells were detected by the soft agar colony forming test and Transwell® chamber assay. The expression of the associated proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloprotein-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, was detected by western blot analysis. The results revealed that the number of cell colonies was reduced dose-dependently by the siRNA and that the number of cells permeating through the filter membrane was decreased following transfection with the siRNA. The inhibition of RUNX2 caused a notable decrease in VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression (0.16±0.04, 0.16±0.02 and 0.12±0.02) compared with the empty vector (0.86±0.22, 0.74±0.16 and 0.81±0.16) and blank control (0.78±0.12, 0.82±0.18 and 0.78±0.14) groups, respectively (P<0.01). It can therefore be concluded that RUNX2 siRNA inhibits the invasion of osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting the expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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16
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Yang M, Pan Y, Zhou Y. Depletion of ALX1 causes inhibition of migration and induction of apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5965-70. [PMID: 25736924 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor in children and young adults, and the molecular regulation of the invasion of osteosarcoma (OS) remains unknown. In this study, we found that increased expression of ALX1 was associated with the progression of osteosarcoma and that ALX1 protein levels were significantly elevated in matched distant metastases. High ALX1 levels also predict shorter overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting ALX1 expression using the technique of RNA silencing via short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Synthetic shRNA duplexes against ALX1 were introduced to downregulate the expression of ALX1 in a highly malignant osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. The results obtained indicated that shRNA targeting of ALX1 could lead to an efficient and specific inhibition of endogenous ALX1 activity. Furthermore, we found that depletion of ALX1 caused a dramatic cell cycle arrest, followed by massive apoptotic cell death, and eventually resulted in a significant decrease in migration and invasion of the osteosarcoma cell line studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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17
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Sampson VB, Yoo S, Kumar A, Vetter NS, Kolb EA. MicroRNAs and Potential Targets in Osteosarcoma: Review. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:69. [PMID: 26380245 PMCID: PMC4547013 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone cancer in children and young adults. Surgery and multi-agent chemotherapy are the standard treatment regimens for this disease. New therapies are being investigated to improve overall survival in patients. Molecular targets that actively modulate cell processes, such as cell-cycle control, cell proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis, have been studied, but it remains a challenge to develop novel, effective-targeted therapies to treat this heterogeneous and complex disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in regulating cell processes including growth, development, and disease. miRNAs function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors to regulate gene and protein expression. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma with the potential for development in disease diagnostics and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs and their target genes and evaluate their potential use as therapeutic agents in osteosarcoma. We also summarize the efficacy of inhibition of oncogenic miRNAs or expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs in preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Recent progress on systemic delivery as well as current applications for miRNAs as therapeutic agents has seen the advancement of miR-34a in clinical trials for adult patients with non-resectable primary liver cancer or metastatic cancer with liver involvement. We suggest a global approach to the understanding of the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma may identify candidate miRNAs as promising biomarkers for this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Soonmoon Yoo
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Asmita Kumar
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - Nancy S Vetter
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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Prideaux M, Wijenayaka AR, Kumarasinghe DD, Ormsby RT, Evdokiou A, Findlay DM, Atkins GJ. SaOS2 Osteosarcoma cells as an in vitro model for studying the transition of human osteoblasts to osteocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:183-93. [PMID: 24916279 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9879-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of osteocytes in regulating bone homeostasis is becoming increasingly apparent. However, the study of these cells has been restricted by the relative paucity of cell line models, especially those of human origin. Therefore, we investigated the extent to which SaOS2 human osteosarcoma cells can differentiate into osteocyte-like cells. During culture under the appropriate mineralising conditions, SaOS2 cells reproducibly synthesised a bone-like mineralised matrix and temporally expressed the mature osteocyte marker genes SOST, DMP1, PHEX and MEPE and down-regulated expression of RUNX2 and COL1A1. SaOS2 cells cultured in 3D collagen gels acquired a dendritic morphology, characteristic of osteocytes, with multiple interconnecting cell processes. These findings suggest that SaOS2 cells have the capacity to differentiate into mature osteocyte-like cells under mineralising conditions. PTH treatment of SaOS2 cells resulted in strong down-regulation of SOST mRNA expression at all time points tested. Interestingly, PTH treatment resulted in the up-regulation of RANKL mRNA expression only at earlier stages of differentiation. These findings suggest that the response to PTH is dependent on the differentiation stage of the osteoblast/osteocyte. Together, our results demonstrate that SaOS2 cells can be used as a human model to investigate responses to osteotropic stimuli throughout differentiation to a mature osteocyte-like stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Prideaux
- Bone Cell Biology Group, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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Martin JW, Chilton-MacNeill S, Koti M, van Wijnen AJ, Squire JA, Zielenska M. Digital expression profiling identifies RUNX2, CDC5L, MDM2, RECQL4, and CDK4 as potential predictive biomarkers for neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response in paediatric osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95843. [PMID: 24835790 PMCID: PMC4023931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy of bone, and occurs most frequently in children and adolescents. Currently, the most reliable technique for determining a patients’ prognosis is measurement of histopathologic tumor necrosis following pre-operative neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Unfavourable prognosis is indicated by less than 90% estimated necrosis of the tumor. Neither genetic testing nor molecular biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis have been described for osteosarcomas. We used the novel nanoString mRNA digital expression analysis system to analyse gene expression in 32 patients with sporadic paediatric osteosarcoma. This system used specific molecular barcodes to quantify expression of a set of 17 genes associated with osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. Five genes, from this panel, which encoded the bone differentiation regulator RUNX2, the cell cycle regulator CDC5L, the TP53 transcriptional inactivator MDM2, the DNA helicase RECQL4, and the cyclin-dependent kinase gene CDK4, were differentially expressed in tumors that responded poorly to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Analysis of the signalling relationships of these genes, as well as other expression markers of osteosarcoma, indicated that gene networks linked to RB1, TP53, PI3K, PTEN/Akt, myc and RECQL4 are associated with osteosarcoma. The discovery of these networks provides a basis for further experimental studies of role of the five genes (RUNX2, CDC5L, MDM2, RECQL4, and CDK4) in differential response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W. Martin
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Chilton-MacNeill
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhuri Koti
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jeremy A. Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Genetics and Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Zielenska
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Nguyen DT, Burg KJL. Bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: targeting pathological fractures. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:420-9. [PMID: 24677448 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with bone diseases have the highest risk of sustaining fractures and of suffering from nonunion bone healing due to tissue degeneration. Current fracture management strategies are limited in design and functionality and do not effectively promote bone healing within a diseased bone environment. Fracture management approaches include pharmaceutical therapy, surgical intervention, and tissue regeneration for fracture prevention, fracture stabilization, and fracture site regeneration, respectively. However, these strategies fail to accommodate the pathological nature of fragility fractures, leading to unwanted side effects, implant failures, and nonunions. To target fragility fractures, fracture management strategies should include bioactive bone substitutes designed for the pathological environment. However, the clinical outcome of these materials must be predictable within various disease environments. Initial development of a targeted treatment strategy should focus on simulating the physiological in vitro bone environment to predict clinical effectiveness of the engineered bone. An in vitro test system can facilitate reduction of implant failures and non-unions in fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong T Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biological Interfaces of Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
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21
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Gardenswartz A, Aqeilan RI. WW domain-containing oxidoreductase's role in myriad cancers: clinical significance and future implications. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:253-63. [PMID: 24510053 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213519213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene, encodes a tumor suppressor located on 16q23.1, spanning FRA16D, one of the most active common fragile sites in the human genome, that is altered in numerous types of cancer. WWOX's alteration in these myriad cancers is due to disparate mechanisms including loss of heterozygosity, homozygous deletion and epigenetic changes. In vitro, WWOX has been found to be reduced or absent in numerous cancer cell lines and WWOX restoration has been found to inhibit tumor cell growth and invasion. Wwox knockout mice developed femoral focal lesions resembling osteosarcomas within one month of their life and aging Wwox heterozygous mice have an increased incidence of spontaneous lung and mammary tumors as well as B-cell lymphomas. We herein review WWOX's role that has been unearthed thus far in different types of malignancies, its clinical significance and future implications.
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Pratap J. Runx2 activates PI3K/Akt signaling via mTORC2 regulation in invasive breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R16. [PMID: 24479521 PMCID: PMC3979058 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Runt-related transcription factor Runx2 is critical for skeletal development but is also aberrantly expressed in breast cancers, and promotes cell growth and invasion. A de-regulated serine/threonine kinase Akt signaling pathway is implicated in mammary carcinogenesis and cell survival; however, the mechanisms underlying Runx2 role in survival of invasive breast cancer cells are still unclear. Methods The phenotypic analysis of Runx2 function in cell survival was performed by gene silencing and flow cytometric analysis in highly invasive MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159-PT mammary epithelial cell lines. The expression analysis of Runx2 and pAkt (serine 473) proteins in metastatic breast cancer specimens was performed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of kinases and phosphatases functional in Akt signaling were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting, while DNA-protein interaction was studied by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Results The high Runx2 levels in invasive mammary epithelial cell lines promoted cell survival in Akt phosphorylation (pAkt-serine 473) dependent manner. The analysis of kinases and phosphatases associated with pAkt regulation revealed that Runx2 promotes pAkt levels via mammalian target of rapamycin complex-2 (mTORC2). The recruitment of Runx2 on mTOR promoter coupled with Runx2-dependent expression of mTORC2 component Rictor defined Runx2 function in pAkt-mediated survival of invasive breast cancer cells. Conclusions Our results identified a novel mechanism of Runx2 regulatory crosstalk in Akt signaling that could have important consequences in targeting invasive breast cancer-associated cell survival.
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Wang DC, Wang HF, Yuan ZN. Runx2 induces bone osteolysis by transcriptional suppression of TSSC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 438:635-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.07.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6p21.2–p12.3 deletion detected by aCGH in an 8-year-old girl with cleidocranial dysplasia and developmental delay. Gene 2013; 523:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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van der Deen M, Taipaleenmäki H, Zhang Y, Teplyuk NM, Gupta A, Cinghu S, Shogren K, Maran A, Yaszemski MJ, Ling L, Cool SM, Leong DT, Dierkes C, Zustin J, Salto-Tellez M, Ito Y, Bae SC, Zielenska M, Squire JA, Lian JB, Stein JL, Zambetti GP, Jones SN, Galindo M, Hesse E, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ. MicroRNA-34c inversely couples the biological functions of the runt-related transcription factor RUNX2 and the tumor suppressor p53 in osteosarcoma. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21307-21319. [PMID: 23720736 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone tumor that is most prevalent during adolescence. RUNX2, which stimulates differentiation and suppresses proliferation of osteoblasts, is deregulated in OS. Here, we define pathological roles of RUNX2 in the etiology of OS and mechanisms by which RUNX2 expression is stimulated. RUNX2 is often highly expressed in human OS biopsies and cell lines. Small interference RNA-mediated depletion of RUNX2 inhibits growth of U2OS OS cells. RUNX2 levels are inversely linked to loss of p53 (which predisposes to OS) in distinct OS cell lines and osteoblasts. RUNX2 protein levels decrease upon stabilization of p53 with the MDM2 inhibitor Nutlin-3. Elevated RUNX2 protein expression is post-transcriptionally regulated and directly linked to diminished expression of several validated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in human OS cells compared with mesenchymal progenitor cells. The p53-dependent miR-34c is the most significantly down-regulated RUNX2 targeting microRNAs in OS. Exogenous supplementation of miR-34c markedly decreases RUNX2 protein levels, whereas 3'-UTR reporter assays establish RUNX2 as a direct target of miR-34c in OS cells. Importantly, Nutlin-3-mediated stabilization of p53 increases expression of miR-34c and decreases RUNX2. Thus, a novel p53-miR-34c-RUNX2 network controls cell growth of osseous cells and is compromised in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Nadiya M Teplyuk
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Anurag Gupta
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Senthilkumar Cinghu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Kristen Shogren
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Avudaiappan Maran
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael J Yaszemski
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ling Ling
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228
| | - David T Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Christian Dierkes
- Medical Care Unit for Histology, Cytology, and Molecular Diagnostics, 54296 Trier, Germany
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom,; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, 12-01, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore 117599
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Maria Zielenska
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Squire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Jane B Lian
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Janet L Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, and
| | - Stephen N Jones
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106
| | - Mario Galindo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy and Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eric Hesse
- Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gary S Stein
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Department of Biochemistry, HSRF 326, Vermont Cancer Center for Basic and Translational Research, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vermont 05405,.
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106,; Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905,; Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-06, Immunos, Singapore 138648,; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 11, Singapore 119228,.
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Lucero CMJ, Vega OA, Osorio MM, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo MA. The cancer-related transcription factor Runx2 modulates cell proliferation in human osteosarcoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:714-23. [PMID: 22949168 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Runx2 regulates osteogenic differentiation and bone formation, but also suppresses pre-osteoblast proliferation by affecting cell cycle progression in the G(1) phase. The growth suppressive potential of Runx2 is normally inactivated in part by protein destabilization, which permits cell cycle progression beyond the G(1)/S phase transition, and Runx2 is again up-regulated after mitosis. Runx2 expression also correlates with metastasis and poor chemotherapy response in osteosarcoma. Here we show that six human osteosarcoma cell lines (SaOS, MG63, U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B) have different growth rates, which is consistent with differences in the lengths of the cell cycle. Runx2 protein levels are cell cycle-regulated with respect to the G(1)/S phase transition in U2OS, HOS, G292, and 143B cells. In contrast, Runx2 protein levels are constitutively expressed during the cell cycle in SaOS and MG63 cells. Forced expression of Runx2 suppresses growth in all cell lines indicating that accumulation of Runx2 in excess of its pre-established levels in a given cell type triggers one or more anti-proliferative pathways in osteosarcoma cells. Thus, regulatory mechanisms controlling Runx2 expression in osteosarcoma cells must balance Runx2 protein levels to promote its putative oncogenic functions, while avoiding suppression of bone tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M J Lucero
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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S100A16 inhibits osteogenesis but stimulates adipogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:3465-73. [PMID: 23526364 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2413-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Bone marrow adipogenesis exerts an inhibitory effect on osteogenesis, which leads to osteoporosis. S100A16, a novel member of the S100 family, is ubiquitously expressed, and markedly enhances adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate, in the mouse BM-MSC model, whether S100A16 significantly stimulates adipogenic, rather than osteogenic differentiation. The overexpression of S100A16 led to a significant increase in Oil Red O staining (a marker of adipocyte differentiation) but a decrease in Alizarin Red S staining (a marker of osteoblast differentiation). In contrast, reducing the expression of S100A16 resulted in minimal Oil Red O staining but increased Alizarin Red S staining. During differentiation into osteoblasts, RUNX2 expression increased fourfold in the S100A16(KO+/-) BM-MSCs, but only increased by approximately 1.5-fold in the S100A16(TG+/+) BM-MSCs. And BMP2 occurred in the same changes. Upon induction of BM-MSC differentiation into adipocytes, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α expression were significantly higher in the cells overexpressing S100A16 protein but lower in the cells with reduced expression of S100A16 protein, compared with the control cells, which were BM-MSCs derived from C57/BL6. S100A16 increased PPARγ promoter luciferase activity and decreased RUNX2 promoter luciferase activity. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was stimulated during osteogenesis, whereas p-JNK phosphorylation was increased by stimulation of adipogenesis. Our results suggest that S100A16 inhibits osteogenesis but stimulates adipogenesis by increasing the transcription of PPARγ and decreasing the transcription of RUNX2. The ERK1/2 pathway is involved in the regulation of osteogenesis whereas the JNK pathway is involved in adipogenesis.
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Aung KZ, Pereira BP, Tan PHS, Han HC, Nathan SS. Interstitial fluid pressure as an alternate regulator of angiogenesis independent of hypoxia driven HIF-1α in solid tumors. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:2038-45. [PMID: 22622799 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) may be an alternate regulator of angiogenesis in solid tumors. Given the accepted link between hypoxia-induced factor and angiogenesis this study investigated the effect of IFP on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human osteosarcoma xenografts in SCID mice and in different hypoxic environments. Tumors were grown either at heterotopic (flank) or orthotopic (medullary canal of the proximal tibia) sites in the host animal. Microfluidic probes determined pH, O(2)-saturation, IFP, and peripheral blood flow perfusion continuously. We assessed tumor growth in the orthotopic site (n = 15) by softex radiographs weekly, 3D microCT, histological evaluation, and for molecular responses. An increased cytoplasmic immunohistostaining of cells for HIF-1α (p = 0.03) and VEGF-A (p = 0.004) on the outer periphery was noted compared to the tumor center, with VEGFR2 uniformly stained throughout. This paralleled a raised state of interstitial hypertension (p = 0.007) in the tumor center relative to the peripheral surface but was inconsistent with a state of hypoxia (p = 0.03) in the tumor center. In vitro culture of human osteosarcoma cell lines (HOS, U2OS) and a human osteoblast control at 0- and 20-mmHg of hydrostatic pressure revealed suppression of HIF-1α (p = 0.02) and VEGF-A (p = 0.02) gene expression when IFP was raised, while the effect on VEGFR1 was equivocal. This study proposes an alternative regulatory angiogenic pathway via the influence of IFP on cancer cell function. The identification of a mechanistic cellular link to the physical parameter becomes an important tool to evaluate cancer cell growth within solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Zarchi Aung
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University of Singapore, Level 11, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Tandon M, Gokul K, Ali SA, Chen Z, Lian J, Stein GS, Pratap J. Runx2 mediates epigenetic silencing of the bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2012; 11:27. [PMID: 22537242 PMCID: PMC3377538 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-11-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Runt-related transcription factor Runx2 is essential for bone development but is also implicated in progression of several cancers of breast, prostate and bone, where it activates cancer-related genes and promotes invasive properties. The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family member bone morphogenetic protein-3B (BMP-3B/GDF10) is regarded as a tumor growth inhibitor and a gene silenced in lung cancers; however the regulatory mechanisms leading to its silencing have not been identified. Results Here we show that Runx2 is highly expressed in lung cancer cells and downregulates BMP-3B. This inverse relationship between Runx2 and BMP-3B expression is further supported by increased expression of BMP-3B in mesenchymal cells from Runx2 deficient mice. The ectopic expression of Runx2, but not DNA binding mutant Runx2, in normal lung fibroblast cells and lung cancer cells resulted in suppression of BMP-3B levels. The chromatin immunoprecipitation studies identified that the mechanism of Runx2-mediated suppression of BMP-3B is due to the recruitment of Runx2 and histone H3K9-specific methyltransferase Suv39h1 to BMP-3B proximal promoter and a concomitant increase in histone methylation (H3K9) status. The knockdown of Runx2 in H1299 cells resulted in decreased histone H3K9 methylation on BMP-3B promoter and increased BMP-3B expression levels. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed a direct interaction of Runx2 and Suv39h1 proteins. Phenotypically, Runx2 overexpression in H1299 cells increased wound healing response to TGFβ treatment. Conclusions Our studies identified BMP-3B as a new Runx2 target gene and revealed a novel function of Runx2 in silencing of BMP-3B in lung cancers. Our results suggest that Runx2 is a potential therapeutic target to block tumor suppressor gene silencing in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Armour Academic Center, 600 S, Paulina St, Suite 507, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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CREB-binding protein silencing inhibits thrombin-induced endothelial progenitor cells angiogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2773-9. [PMID: 21670961 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are known to promote neovascularization in ischemic diseases. Recent evidence from our group suggested that CREB-binding protein (CBP) plays an important role in thrombin-induced EPCs migration. However, whether CBP could regulate EPCs angiogenic properties is unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether CBP silencing could inhibit thrombin-induced EPCs angiogenesis. EPCs isolated from the bone marrow of Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and identified, and then were treated by thrombin alone or combined with CBP-shRNA lentivirus. The effect of CBP silencing on EPCs proliferation was assessed using BrdU incorporation assay. Cell adhesion and tube formation were detected to evaluate the angiogenic functions. Finally, mRNA and protein expression of relevant angiogenic genes were examined by real-time PCR, western-blot, and enzyme-linked immunoassay respectively. Luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to evaluate NF-κB activity. Administration of thrombin significantly promoted EPCs proliferation and adhesion. Thrombin also increased the tube formation in Matrigel assay. However, these effects of thrombin were abolished by CBP gene silencing. CBP silencing also abrogated thrombin-induced increases of integrin β2 expression. In thrombin-induced EPCs, CBP silencing significantly decreased the secretion of VEGF, IL-6 and suppressed NF-κB activity. In conclusion, thrombin-induced EPCs proliferation, adhesion, and tube formation were inhibited by CBP silencing, indicating that CBP plays an important role in thrombin-induced EPCs neovascularization.
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Shapovalov Y, Hoffman D, Zuch D, de Mesy Bentley KL, Eliseev RA. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells due to aberrant mitochondrial replication. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22331-8. [PMID: 21536680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect is a hallmark of cancer manifested by continuous prevalence of glycolysis and dysregulation of oxidative metabolism. Glycolysis provides survival advantage to cancer cells. To investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect, we first compared oxygen consumption among hFOB osteoblasts, benign osteosarcoma cells, Saos2, and aggressive osteosarcoma cells, 143B. We demonstrate that, as both proliferation and invasiveness increase in osteosarcoma, cells utilize significantly less oxygen. We proceeded to evaluate mitochondrial morphology and function. Electron microscopy showed that in 143B cells, mitochondria are enlarged and increase in number. Quantitative PCR revealed an increase in mtDNA in 143B cells when compared with hFOB and Saos2 cells. Gene expression studies showed that mitochondrial single-strand DNA-binding protein (mtSSB), a key catalyst of mitochondrial replication, was significantly up-regulated in 143B cells. In addition, increased levels of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes were accompanied by significant reduction of their activities. These changes indicate hyperactive mitochondrial replication in 143B cells. Forced overexpression of mtSSB in Saos2 cells caused an increase in mtDNA and a decrease in oxygen consumption. In contrast, knockdown of mtSSB in 143B cells was accompanied by a decrease in mtDNA, increase in oxygen consumption, and retardation of cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we have found that mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells correlates with abnormally increased mitochondrial replication, which according to our gain- and loss-of-function experiments, may be due to overexpression of mtSSB. Our study provides insight into mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer and may offer potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Shapovalov
- The Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Pratap J, Lian JB, Stein GS. Metastatic bone disease: role of transcription factors and future targets. Bone 2011; 48:30-6. [PMID: 20561908 PMCID: PMC2958222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Progression of cancer from the earliest event of cell transformation through stages of tumor growth and metastasis at a distal site involves many complex biological processes. Underlying the numerous responses of cancer cells to the tumor microenvironment which support their survival, migration and metastasis are transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes reflecting properties of the tumor cell. A number of transcription factors have been identified that play key roles in promoting oncogenesis, tumor growth, metastasis and tissue destruction. Relevant to solid tumors and leukemias, tissue-specific transcription factors that are deregulated resulting from mutations, being silenced or aberrantly expressed, have been well characterized. These are the master transcription factors of the Runx family of genes, the focus of this review, with emphasis placed on Runx2 that is abnormally expressed at very high levels in cancer cell lines that are metastatic to bone. Recent evidence has identified a correlation of Runx2 levels in advanced stages of prostate and breast cancer and demonstrated that effective depletion of Runx2 by RNA interference inhibits migration and invasive properties of the cells prevents metastatic bone disease. This striking effect is consistent with the broad spectrum of Runx2 properties in activating many genes in tumor cells that have already been established as indicators of bone metastasis in poor prognosis. Potential strategies to translate these findings for therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Pratap
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma is an aggressive but ill-understood cancer of bone that predominantly affects adolescents. Its rarity and biological heterogeneity have limited studies of its molecular basis. In recent years, an important role has emerged for the RUNX2 "platform protein" in osteosarcoma oncogenesis. RUNX proteins are DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in cellular differentiation and cell-cycle progression. RUNX2 is genetically essential for developing bone and osteoblast maturation. Studies of osteosarcoma tumours have revealed that the RUNX2 DNA copy number together with RNA and protein levels are highly elevated in osteosarcoma tumors. The protein is also important for metastatic bone disease of prostate and breast cancers, while RUNX2 may have both tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles in bone morphogenesis. This paper provides a synopsis of the current understanding of the functions of RUNX2 and its potential role in osteosarcoma and suggests directions for future study.
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Wang JJ, Zheng Y, Sun L, Wang L, Yu PB, Dong JH, Zhang L, Xu J, Shi W, Ren YC. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and colorectal cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:4847-53. [PMID: 21140221 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer constitutes a significant proportion of the global burden of cancer morbidity and mortality. A number of studies have been conducted to explore whether TP53 codon 72 polymorphism is associated with colorectal cancer susceptibility. However, controversial results were obtained. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, we systematically searched Medline, Google scholar, and Ovid database for studies reported before May 2010. A total of 3603 colorectal cancer cases and 5524 controls were included. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism was not associated with colorectal cancer risk in all genetic models (for dominant model: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.86-1.15; for recessive model: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.81-1.23; for Arg/Pro vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.87-1.15; for Pro/Pro vs. Arg/Arg: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.76-1.25). In the subgroup analyses by ethnic groups and sources of controls, no significant associations were found in all models. Taken together, this meta-analysis suggested that the biologically usefulness of TP53 codon 72 polymorphism as a selection marker in colorectal cancer susceptibility may be very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Wang
- Department of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shaanxi Province, 3 Jiandong Road, 710043 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Leong DT, Lim J, Goh X, Pratap J, Pereira BP, Kwok HS, Nathan SS, Dobson JR, Lian JB, Ito Y, Voorhoeve PM, Stein GS, Salto-Tellez M, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. Cancer-related ectopic expression of the bone-related transcription factor RUNX2 in non-osseous metastatic tumor cells is linked to cell proliferation and motility. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R89. [PMID: 21029421 PMCID: PMC3096982 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic breast cancer cells frequently and ectopically express the transcription factor RUNX2, which normally attenuates proliferation and promotes maturation of osteoblasts. RUNX2 expression is inversely regulated with respect to cell growth in osteoblasts and deregulated in osteosarcoma cells. METHODS Here, we addressed whether the functional relationship between cell growth and RUNX2 gene expression is maintained in breast cancer cells. We also investigated whether the aberrant expression of RUNX2 is linked to phenotypic parameters that could provide a selective advantage to cells during breast cancer progression. RESULTS We find that, similar to its regulation in osteoblasts, RUNX2 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells is enhanced upon growth factor deprivation, as well as upon deactivation of the mitogen-dependent MEK-Erk pathway or EGFR signaling. Reduction of RUNX2 levels by RNAi has only marginal effects on cell growth and expression of proliferation markers in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Thus, RUNX2 is not a critical regulator of cell proliferation in this cell type. However, siRNA depletion of RUNX2 in MDA-MB-231 cells reduces cell motility, while forced exogenous expression of RUNX2 in MCF7 cells increases cell motility. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the emerging concept that the osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 functions as a metastasis-related oncoprotein in non-osseous cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Leong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of cultured human periosteal-derived cells expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:1443-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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van der Deen M, Akech J, Wang T, FitzGerald TJ, Altieri DC, Languino LR, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS. The cancer-related Runx2 protein enhances cell growth and responses to androgen and TGFbeta in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 109:828-37. [PMID: 20082326 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells often metastasize to bone where osteolytic lesions are formed. Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for bone formation and suppresses cell growth in normal osteoblasts but may function as an oncogenic factor in solid tumors (e.g., breast, prostate). Here, we addressed whether Runx2 is linked to steroid hormone and growth factor signaling, which controls prostate cancer cell growth. Protein expression profiling of prostate cell lines (i.e., PC3, LNCaP, RWPE) treated with 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or tumor growth factor beta (TGFbeta) revealed modulations in selected cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors that are generally consistent with mitogenic responses. Endogenous elevation of Runx2 and diminished p57 protein levels in PC3 cells are associated with faster proliferation in vitro and development of larger tumors upon xenografting these cells in bone in vivo. To examine whether TGFbeta or DHT signaling modulates the transcriptional activity of Runx2 and vice versa, we performed luciferase reporter assays. In PC3 cells that express TGFbetaRII, TGFbeta and Runx2 synergize to increase transcription of synthetic promoters. In LNCaP cells that are DHT responsive, Runx2 stimulates the androgen receptor (AR) responsive expression of the prostate-specific marker PSA, perhaps facilitated by formation of a complex with AR. Our data suggest that Runx2 is mechanistically linked to TGFbeta and androgen responsive pathways that support prostate cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha van der Deen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Shapovalov Y, Benavidez D, Zuch D, Eliseev RA. Proteasome inhibition with bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:67-76. [PMID: 19894220 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are primary bone tumors of osteoblastic origin that mostly affect adolescent patients. These tumors are highly aggressive and metastatic. Previous reports indicate that gain of function of a key osteoblastic differentiation factor, Runx2, leads to growth inhibition in osteosarcoma. We have previously established that Runx2 transcriptionally regulates expression of a major proapoptotic factor, Bax. Runx2 is regulated via proteasomal degradation, and proteasome inhibition has a stimulatory effect on Runx2. In this study, we hypothesized that proteasome inhibition will induce Runx2 and Runx2-dependent Bax expression sensitizing osteosarcoma cells to apoptosis. Our data showed that a proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, increased Runx2 and Bax in osteosarcoma cells. In vitro, bortezomib suppressed growth and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells but not in nonmalignant osteoblasts. Experiments involving intratibial tumor xenografts in nude mice demonstrated significant tumor regression in bortezomib-treated animals. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that bortezomib inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma xenografts. These effects correlated with increased immunoreactivity for Runx2 and Bax. In summary, our results indicate that bortezomib suppresses growth and induces apoptosis in osteosarcoma in vitro and in vivo suggesting that proteasome inhibition may be effective as an adjuvant to current treatment regimens for these tumors. Published 2009 UICC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Shapovalov
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Kurek KC, Del Mare S, Salah Z, Abdeen S, Sadiq H, Lee SH, Gaudio E, Zanesi N, Jones KB, DeYoung B, Amir G, Gebhardt M, Warman M, Stein GS, Stein JL, Lian JB, Aqeilan RI. Frequent attenuation of the WWOX tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma is associated with increased tumorigenicity and aberrant RUNX2 expression. Cancer Res 2010; 70:5577-86. [PMID: 20530675 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is a tumor suppressor that is deleted or attenuated in most human tumors. Wwox-deficient mice develop osteosarcoma (OS), an aggressive bone tumor with poor prognosis that often metastasizes to lung. On the basis of these observations, we examined the status of WWOX in human OS specimens and cell lines. In human OS clinical samples, WWOX expression was absent or reduced in 58% of tumors examined (P < 0.0001). Compared with the primary tumors, WWOX levels frequently increased in tumors resected following chemotherapy. In contrast, tumor metastases to lung often exhibited reduced WWOX levels relative to the primary tumor. In human OS cell lines having reduced WWOX expression, ectopic expression of WWOX inhibited proliferation and attenuated invasion in vitro, and suppressed tumorigenicity in nude mice. Expression of WWOX was associated with reduced RUNX2 expression in OS cell lines, whereas RUNX2 levels were elevated in femurs of Wwox-deficient mice. Furthermore, WWOX reconstitution in HOS cells was associated with downregulation of RUNX2 levels and RUNX2 target genes, consistent with the ability of WWOX to suppress RUNX2 transactivation activity. In clinical samples, RUNX2 was expressed in the majority of primary tumors and undetectable in most tumors resected following chemotherapy, whereas most metastases were RUNX2 positive. Our results deepen the evidence of a tumor suppressor role for WWOX in OS, furthering its prognostic and therapeutic significance in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Kurek
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010; 22:117-26. [PMID: 20068414 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32833539b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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San Martin I, Varela N, Gaete M, Villegas K, Osorio M, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Mancilla E, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo M. Impaired cell cycle regulation of the osteoblast-related heterodimeric transcription factor Runx2-Cbfbeta in osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:560-71. [PMID: 19739101 PMCID: PMC3066433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation and osteoblast differentiation require the functional expression of the Runx2/Cbfbeta heterodimeric transcription factor complex. Runx2 is also a suppressor of proliferation in osteoblasts by attenuating cell cycle progression in G(1). Runx2 levels are modulated during the cell cycle, which are maximal in G(1) and minimal beyond the G(1)/S phase transition (S, G(2), and M phases). It is not known whether Cbfbeta gene expression is cell cycle controlled in preosteoblasts nor how Runx2 or Cbfbeta are regulated during the cell cycle in bone cancer cells. We investigated Runx2 and Cbfbeta gene expression during cell cycle progression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts, as well as ROS17/2.8 and SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. Runx2 protein levels are reduced as expected in MC3T3-E1 cells arrested in late G(1) (by mimosine) or M phase (by nocodazole), but not in cell cycle arrested osteosarcoma cells. Cbfbeta protein levels are cell cycle independent in both osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells. In synchronized MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts progressing from late G1 or mitosis, Runx2 levels but not Cbfbeta levels are cell cycle regulated. However, both factors are constitutively elevated throughout the cell cycle in osteosarcoma cells. Proteasome inhibition by MG132 stabilizes Runx2 protein levels in late G(1) and S in MC3T3-E1 cells, but not in ROS17/2.8 and SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells. Thus, proteasomal degradation of Runx2 is deregulated in osteosarcoma cells. We propose that cell cycle control of Runx2 gene expression is impaired in osteosarcomas and that this deregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga San Martin
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson Varela
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcia Gaete
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Villegas
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Osorio
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio C. Tapia
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edna Mancilla
- Program of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0105
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0105
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0105
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655-0105
| | - Mario Galindo
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (I.C.B.M.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Pereira BP, Zhou Y, Gupta A, Leong DT, Aung KZ, Ling L, Pho RWH, Galindo M, Salto-Tellez M, Stein GS, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ, Nathan SS. Runx2, p53, and pRB status as diagnostic parameters for deregulation of osteoblast growth and differentiation in a new pre-chemotherapeutic osteosarcoma cell line (OS1). J Cell Physiol 2009; 221:778-88. [PMID: 19746444 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are the most prevalent primary bone tumors found in pediatric patients. To understand their molecular etiology, cell culture models are used to define disease mechanisms under controlled conditions. Many osteosarcoma cell lines (e.g., SAOS-2, U2OS, MG63) are derived from Caucasian patients. However, patients exhibit individual and ethnic differences in their responsiveness to irradiation and chemotherapy. This motivated the establishment of osteosarcoma cell lines (OS1, OS2, OS3) from three ethnically Chinese patients. OS1 cells, derived from a pre-chemotherapeutic tumor in the femur of a 6-year-old female, were examined for molecular markers characteristic for osteoblasts, stem cells, and cell cycle control by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-PCR, Western blotting and flow cytometry. OS1 have aberrant G-banded karyotypes, possibly reflecting chromosomal abnormalities related to p53 deficiency. OS1 had ossification profiles similar to human fetal osteoblasts rather than SAOS-2 which ossifies ab initio (P < 0.05). Absence of p53 correlates with increased Runx2 expression, while the slow proliferation of OS1 cells is perhaps attenuated by pRB retention. OS1 express mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD105) and differ in relative expression of CD29, CD63, and CD71 to SAOS-2. (P < 0.05). Cell cycle synchronization with nocodazole did not affect Runx2 and CDK1 levels but decreased cyclin-E and increased cyclin-A (P < 0.05). Xenotransplantion of OS1 in SCID mice yields spontaneous tumors that were larger and grew faster than SAOS-2 transplants. Hence, OS1 is a new osteosarcoma cell culture model derived from a pre-chemotherapeutic ethnic Chinese patient, for mechanistic studies and development of therapeutic strategies to counteract metastasis and deregulation of mesenchymal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry P Pereira
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Laboratories, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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43
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Pratap J, Imbalzano KM, Underwood JM, Cohet N, Gokul K, Akech J, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Imbalzano AN, Nickerson JA, Lian JB, Stein GS. Ectopic runx2 expression in mammary epithelial cells disrupts formation of normal acini structure: implications for breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6807-14. [PMID: 19690135 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx2 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells compared with mammary epithelial cells and contributes to metastasis. Here we directly show that Runx2 expression promotes a tumor cell phenotype of mammary acini in three-dimensional culture. Human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) form polarized, growth-arrested, acini-like structures with glandular architecture. The ectopic expression of Runx2 disrupts acini formation, and electron microscopic ultrastructural analysis revealed the absence of lumens. Characterization of the disrupted acini structures showed increased cell proliferation (Ki-67 positive cells), decreased apoptosis (Bcl-2 induction), and loss of basement membrane formation (absence of beta(4) integrin expression). In complementary experiments, inhibition of Runx2 function in metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by stable expression of either short hairpin RNA-Runx2 or a mutant Runx2 deficient in subnuclear targeting resulted in reversion of acini to more normal structures and reduced tumor growth in vivo. These novel findings provide direct mechanistic evidence for the biological activity of Runx2, dependent on its subnuclear localization, in promoting early events of breast cancer progression and suggest a molecular therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Pratap
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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44
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Das K, Leong DT, Gupta A, Shen L, Putti T, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Salto-Tellez M. Positive association between nuclear Runx2 and oestrogen-progesterone receptor gene expression characterises a biological subtype of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:2239-48. [PMID: 19632824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The runt-related transcription factor, Runx2 may have an oncogenic role in mediating metastatic events in breast cancer, but whether Runx2 has a role in the early phases of breast cancer development is not clear. We examined the expression of Runx2 and its relationship with oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. METHODS Two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 were transiently transfected with vectors expressing either Runx2 or ER and the levels of both proteins and mRNA were examined by Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Runx2 expression was also examined in tissue microarray sections of 123 breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry and results were correlated with clinico-pathological characteristics. RESULTS Expression of Runx2 and ER was reciprocal in the breast cell culture models and Runx2 suppressed ERbeta but not ERalpha mRNA levels. In contrast, functional expression of Runx2 was evident in the nucleus in 28% of the breast cancer tissues and in both early and late stages of tumour growth. Importantly, Runx2 expression was significantly more frequent in Grade 2 compared to Grade 1 and Grade 3 tumours (48% versus 39% versus 13%) and the expression was significantly associated with ER (p=0.005), PR (p=0.008) expressions in Grade 2 & Grade 3 tumours than Grade 1 tumours. CONCLUSION We propose that Runx2, ER and PR triple positivity in Grades 2 and 3 defines a biological subtype in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakoli Das
- Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Teplyuk NM, Haupt LM, Ling L, Dombrowski C, Mun FK, Nathan SS, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS, Cool SM, van Wijnen AJ. The osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 regulates components of the fibroblast growth factor/proteoglycan signaling axis in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:144-54. [PMID: 19259985 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans cooperate with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF2) signaling to control osteoblast growth and differentiation, as well as metabolic functions of osteoblasts. FGF2 signaling modulates the expression and activity of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2/Cbfa1), a key regulator of osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Here, we have characterized novel Runx2 target genes in osteoprogenitors under conditions that promote growth arrest while not yet permitting sustained phenotypic maturation. Runx2 enhances expression of genes related to proteoglycan-mediated signaling, including FGF receptors (e.g., FGFR2 and FGFR3) and proteoglycans (e.g., syndecans [Sdc1, Sdc2, Sdc3], glypicans [Gpc1], versican [Vcan]). Runx2 increases expression of the glycosyltransferase Exostosin-1 (Ext1) and heparanase, as well as alters the relative expression of N-linked sulfotransferases (Ndst1 = Ndst2 > Ndst3) and enzymes mediating O-linked sulfation of heparan sulfate (Hs2st > Hs6st) or chondroitin sulfate (Cs4st > Cs6st). Runx2 cooperates with FGF2 to induce expression of Sdc4 and the sulfatase Galns, but Runx2 and FGF2 suppress Gpc6, thus suggesting intricate Runx2 and FGF2 dependent changes in proteoglycan utilization. One functional consequence of Runx2 mediated modulations in proteoglycan-related gene expression is a change in the responsiveness of bone markers to FGF2 stimulation. Runx2 and FGF2 synergistically enhance osteopontin expression (>100 fold), while FGF2 blocks Runx2 induction of alkaline phosphatase. Our data suggest that Runx2 and the FGF/proteoglycan axis may form an extracellular matrix (ECM)-related regulatory feed-back loop that controls osteoblast proliferation and execution of the osteogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0105, USA
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