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Lan S, Zhai T, Zhang X, Xu L, Gao J, Lai C, Chen Y, Lai Z, Lin Y. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the GAD family reveal their involved in embryogenesis and hormones responses in Dimocarpus longan Lour. Gene 2024; 927:148698. [PMID: 38908456 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is involved in GABA metabolism and plays an essential regulatory role in plant growth, abiotic stresses, and hormone response. This study investigated the expression mechanism of the GAD family during longan early somatic embryogenesis (SE) and identified 6 GAD genes based on the longan genome. Homology analysis indicated that DlGAD genes had a closer relationship with dicotyledonous plants. The analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter region suggests that the GAD genes were associated with various stress responses and hormones. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) and the qRT-PCR data indicated that most DlGAD genes were highly expressed in the incomplete compact pro-embryogenic cultures (ICpEC) and upregulated in longan embryogenic callus (EC) after treatments with 2,4-D, high temperature (35 °C), IAA, and ABA. Moreover, the RNA-Seq analysis also revealed that DlGADs exhibit different expression patterns in various tissues and organs. The subcellular localization results showed that DlGAD5 was localized in the cytoplasm, suggesting that it played a role in the cytoplasm. Transient overexpression of DlGAD5 enhanced the expression levels of DlGADs and increased the activity of glutamate decarboxylase in longan embryogenic callus (EC), while the content of glutamic acid decreased. Thus, the DlGAD gene can play an important role in the early somatic embryogenesis of longan by responding to hormones such as IAA and ABA. DlGAD5 can affect the growth and development of longan by stimulating the expression of the DlGAD gene family, thereby increasing the GAD activity in the early SE of longan, participating in hormone synthesis and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoxian Lan
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Tingkai Zhai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Luzhen Xu
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chunwang Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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Huang H, He Y, Cui A, Sun L, Han M, Wang J, Rui C, Lei Y, Liu X, Xu N, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Fan Y, Feng X, Ni K, Jiang J, Zhang X, Chen C, Wang S, Chen X, Lu X, Wang D, Wang J, Yin Z, Qaraevna BZ, Guo L, Zhao L, Ye W. Genome-wide identification of GAD family genes suggests GhGAD6 functionally respond to Cd2+ stress in cotton. Front Genet 2022; 13:965058. [PMID: 36176295 PMCID: PMC9513066 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.965058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) mainly regulated the biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and played an important role in plant growth and stress resistance. To explore the potential function of GAD in cotton growth, the genome-wide identification, structure, and expression analysis of GAD genes were performed in this study. There were 10, 9, 5, and 5 GAD genes identified in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, respectively. GAD was divided into four clades according to the protein motif composition, gene structure, and phylogenetic relationship. The segmental duplication was the main way of the GAD gene family evolution. Most GhGADs respond to abiotic stress. Clade Ⅲ GAD was induced by Cd2+ stress, especially GhGAD6, and silencing GhGAD6 would lead to more serious Cd2+ poisoning in cotton. The oxidative damage caused by Cd2+ stress was relieved by increasing the GABA content. It was speculated that the decreased expression of GhGAD6 reduced the content of GABA in vivo and caused the accumulation of ROS. This study will further expand our understanding of the relationship between the evolution and function of the GhGAD gene family and provide new genetic resources for cotton breeding under environmental stress and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Yunxin He
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde, China
| | - Aihua Cui
- Cotton Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang, China
| | - Liangqing Sun
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Mingge Han
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Cun Rui
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Yuqian Lei
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Yapeng Fan
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Xixian Feng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Kesong Ni
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Cotton Science, Changde, China
| | | | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Xiugui Chen
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Xuke Lu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Zujun Yin
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Bobokhonova Zebinisso Qaraevna
- Department Cotton Growing, Genetics, Breeding and Seed, Tajik Agrarian University Named Shirinsho Shotemur Dushanbe, Dushanbe, Tajikistan
| | - Lixue Guo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Lanjie Zhao
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
| | - Wuwei Ye
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Wuwei Ye,
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Fang Y, Coulter JA, Wu J, Liu L, Li X, Dong Y, Ma L, Pu Y, Sun B, Niu Z, Jin J, Zhao Y, Mi W, Xu Y, Sun W. Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in amino acid and lipid accumulation of winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) in response to cold stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245494. [PMID: 33556109 PMCID: PMC7870078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) is an important overwintering oil crop that is widely planted in northwestern China. It considered to be a good genetic resource for cold-tolerant research because its roots can survive harsh winter conditions. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomics analysis of the roots of two winter turnip rape varieties, Longyou7 (L7, strong cold tolerance) and Tianyou2 (T2, low cold tolerance), under normal condition (CK) and cold stress (CT) condition. A total of 8,366 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the two L7 root groups (L7CK_VS_L7CT), and 8,106 DEGs were detected for T2CK_VS_T2CT. Among the DEGs, two ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD3), two delta-9 acyl-lipid desaturase 2 (ADS2), one diacylglycerol kinase (DGK), and one 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 2 (KCS2) were differentially expressed in the two varieties and identified to be related to fatty acid synthesis. Four glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozymes (GLN), serine acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), and serine acetyltransferase 3 (SAT3) were down-regulated under cold stress, while S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme 1 (AMD1) had an up-regulation tendency in response to cold stress in the two samples. Moreover, the delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), δ-ornithine aminotransferase (δ-OAT), alanine-glyoxylate transaminase (AGXT), branched-chain-amino-acid transaminase (ilvE), alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase (AASS), Tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and arginine decarboxylase related to amino acid metabolism were identified in two cultivars variously expressed under cold stress. The above DEGs related to amino acid metabolism were suspected to the reason for amino acids content change. The RNA-seq data were validated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR of 19 randomly selected genes. The findings of our study provide the gene expression profile between two varieties of winter turnip rape, which lay the foundation for a deeper understanding of the highly complex regulatory mechanisms in plants during cold treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jeffrey A. Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Junyan Wu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuecai Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Dong
- Crop Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bolin Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaoxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiaojiao Jin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaozhao Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Wancang Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Ji J, Shi Z, Xie T, Zhang X, Chen W, Du C, Sun J, Yue J, Zhao X, Jiang Z, Shi S. Responses of GABA shunt coupled with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in poplar under NaCl and CdCl 2 stresses. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110322. [PMID: 32109582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt is closely associated with plant tolerance; however, little is known about its mechanism. This study aimed to decipher the responses of the GABA shunt and related carbon-nitrogen metabolism in poplar seedlings (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa) treated with different NaCl and CdCl2 concentrations for 30 h. The results showed that the activities of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) were activated, as well as α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were enhanced by NaCl and CdCl2 stresses, except for SDH under CdCl2 stress. Meanwhile, the expression levels of GADs, GABA-Ts SDHs, succinyl-CoA ligases (SCSs), and succinic acid aldehyde dehydrogenases (SSADHs) were also increased. Notably, significant increases in the key components of GABA shunt, Glu and GABA, were observed under both stresses. Soluble sugars and free amino acids were enhanced, whereas citrate, malate and succinate were almost inhibited by both NaCl and CdCl2 stresses except that citrate was not changed or just increased by 50-mM NaCl stress. Thus, these results suggested that the carbon-nitrogen balance could be altered by activating the GABA shunt when main TCA-cycle intermediates were inhibited under NaCl and CdCl2 stresses. This study can enhance the understanding about the functions of the GABA shunt in woody plants under abiotic stresses and may be applied to the genetic improvement of trees for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Tourism, Hebei Agricultural University, No. 289 Lingyusi Street, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Changjian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiulian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1958 Box, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Chan YS, Wong JH, Ng TB. Bioactive Proteins in Panax notoginseng Roots and Other Panax Species. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 20:231-239. [PMID: 29895241 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180612083650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Panax consists of a group of prized medicinal herbs. Major members of the Panax genus include P. ginseng, P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. vietnamensis. They possess various bioactive constituents such as ginsenosides, saponins, polysaccharides and proteins. Many of them were reported to show beneficial effects on human health. Ginsenosides and saponins of ginsengs caught the sight of most researchers. Precise investigations revealed their roles on improvement of the functioning of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and other functions. In contrast, our knowledge of the bioactive Panax proteins is relatively limited. A number of proteins from P. ginseng, the most valuable member of Panax species, have been investigated and proved to be beneficial to our body. Meanwhile, a few bioactive P. notoginseng proteins, such as ribonucleases and antifungal proteins, have been characterized and reported. We summarize herein the proteins present in P. notoginseng that have been identified, and try to compare them with those from other Panax species with a similar structure or bioactivity, and conclude whether the proteins in P. notoginseng have any distinctive features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau Sang Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Sheng Y, Xiao H, Guo C, Wu H, Wang X. Effects of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid on α-amylase activity in the aleurone of barley seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:39-46. [PMID: 29547863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a nonprotein amino acid, often accumulates in plants exposed to certain environmental stimuli. Previous studies indicated that a closed relationship existed between endogenous GABA and seed germination. However, there are few studies on the effect of exogenous GABA on seed germination. The objective of this study was to explore whether exogenous GABA affected α-amylase activity which the activation is an important stage in seed germination. The level of endogenous GABA in barley seeds rose gradually during germination, suggesting that endogenous GABA was involved in germination. We measured starch degradation under application of various concentration GABA and found that GABA promoted seed starch degradation with a dose-responsive effect. The relationship between GABA and α-amylase activity was investigated by treating barley aleurone with exogenous GABA. The result showed that α-amylase activity began to rise after about 24 h and reached a peak at 48 h. Molecular evidence suggested that GABA increased α-amylase gene expression. We explore the possible roles played by GABA in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Huiyuan Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunli Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ji J, Zheng L, Yue J, Yao X, Chang E, Xie T, Deng N, Chen L, Huang Y, Jiang Z, Shi S. Identification of two CiGADs from Caragana intermedia and their transcriptional responses to abiotic stresses and exogenous abscisic acid. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28626614 PMCID: PMC5473354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), as a key enzyme in the γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, catalyzes the decarboxylation of L-glutamate to form GABA. This pathway has attracted much interest because of its roles in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, stress responses, and signaling in higher plants. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize genes encoding GADs from Caragana intermedia, an important nitrogen-fixing leguminous shrub. METHODS Two full-length cDNAs encoding GADs (designated as CiGAD1 and CiGAD2) were isolated and characterized. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to evaluate their structures and identities to each other and to homologs in other plants. Tissue expression analyses were conducted to evaluate their transcriptional responses to stress (NaCl, ZnSO4, CdCl2, high/low temperature, and dehydration) and exogenous abscisic acid. RESULTS The CiGADs contained the conserved PLP domain and calmodulin (CaM)-binding domain in the C-terminal region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that they were more closely related to the GADs of soybean, another legume, than to GADs of other model plants. According to Southern blotting analysis, CiGAD1 had one copy and CiGAD2-related genes were present as two copies in C. intermedia. In the tissue expression analyses, there were much higher transcript levels of CiGAD2 than CiGAD1 in bark, suggesting that CiGAD2 might play a role in secondary growth of woody plants. Several stress treatments (NaCl, ZnSO4, CdCl2, high/low temperature, and dehydration) significantly increased the transcript levels of both CiGADs, except for CiGAD2 under Cd stress. The CiGAD1 transcript levels strongly increased in response to Zn stress (74.3-fold increase in roots) and heat stress (218.1-fold increase in leaves). The transcript levels of both CiGADs significantly increased as GABA accumulated during a 24-h salt treatment. Abscisic acid was involved in regulating the expression of these two CiGADs under salt stress. DISCUSSION This study showed that two CiGADs cloned from C. intermedia are closely related to homologs in another legume, soybean. CiGAD2 expression was much higher than that of CiGAD1 in bark, indicating that CiGAD2 might participate in the process of secondary growth in woody plants. Multiple stresses, interestingly, showed that Zn and heat stresses had the strongest effects on CiGAD1 expression, suggesting that CiGAD1 plays important roles in the responses to Zn and heat stresses. Additionally, these two genes might be involved in ABA dependent pathway during stress. This result provides important information about the role of GADs in woody plants' responses to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China.,Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiamei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhen Chen
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products, Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zeping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Shengqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Research Institute of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Kumar R. Evolutionary Trails of Plant Group II Pyridoxal Phosphate-Dependent Decarboxylase Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1268. [PMID: 27602045 PMCID: PMC4993783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Type II pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (PLP_deC) enzymes play important metabolic roles during nitrogen metabolism. Recent evolutionary profiling of these genes revealed a sharp expansion of histidine decarboxylase genes in the members of Solanaceae family. In spite of the high sequence homology shared by PLP_deC orthologs, these enzymes display remarkable differences in their substrate specificities. Currently, limited information is available on the gene repertoires and substrate specificities of PLP_deCs which renders their precise annotation challenging and offers technical challenges in the immediate identification and biochemical characterization of their full gene complements in plants. Herein, we explored their evolutionary trails in a comprehensive manner by taking advantage of high-throughput data accessibility and computational approaches. We discussed the premise that has enabled an improved reconstruction of their evolutionary lineage and evaluated the factors offering constraints in their rapid functional characterization, till date. We envisage that the synthesized information herein would act as a catalyst for the rapid exploration of their biochemical specificity and physiological roles in more plant species.
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Tang W, Zheng Y, Dong J, Yu J, Yue J, Liu F, Guo X, Huang S, Wisniewski M, Sun J, Niu X, Ding J, Liu J, Fei Z, Liu Y. Comprehensive Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Long Noncoding RNA Expression and Alternative Splicing Regulation during Fruit Development and Ripening in Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:335. [PMID: 27594858 PMCID: PMC5007456 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic data on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) in public databases are very limited despite its nutritional and economic value. Previously, we have constructed and sequenced nine fruit RNA-Seq libraries of A. chinensis "Hongyang" at immature, mature, and postharvest ripening stages of fruit development, and generated over 66.2 million paired-end and 24.4 million single-end reads. From this dataset, here we have identified 7051 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 29,327 alternative splicing (AS) events and 2980 novel protein-coding genes that were not annotated in the draft genome of "Hongyang." AS events were demonstrated in genes involved in the synthesis of nutritional metabolites in fruit, such as ascorbic acids, carotenoids, anthocyanins, and chlorophylls, and also in genes in the ethylene signaling pathway, which plays an indispensable role in fruit ripening. Additionally, transcriptome profiles and the contents of sugars, organic and main amino acids were compared between immature, mature, and postharvest ripening stages in kiwifruits. A total of 5931 differentially expressed genes were identified, including those associated with the metabolism of sugar, organic acid, and main amino acids. The data generated in this study provide a foundation for further studies of fruit development and ripening in kiwifruit, and identify candidate genes and regulatory elements that could serve as targets for improving important agronomic traits through marker assisted breeding and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Section of Plant Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Jing Dong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Junyang Yue
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiuhong Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Shengxiong Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research ServiceKearneysville, WV, USA
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xiangli Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Sichuan Technical Exchange CenterChengdu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Section of Plant Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefei, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan UniversityChengdu, China
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Dual mechanisms regulating glutamate decarboxylases and accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves exposed to multiple stresses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23685. [PMID: 27021285 PMCID: PMC4810369 DOI: 10.1038/srep23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. It has multiple positive effects on mammalian physiology and is an important bioactive component of tea (Camellia sinensis). GABA generally occurs at a very low level in plants but GABA content increases substantially after exposure to a range of stresses, especially oxygen-deficiency. During processing of tea leaves, a combination of anoxic stress and mechanical damage are essential for the high accumulation of GABA. This is believed to be initiated by a change in glutamate decarboxylase activity, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study we characterized factors regulating the expression and activity of three tea glutamate decarboxylase genes (CsGAD1, 2, and 3), and their encoded enzymes. The results suggests that, unlike the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, there are dual mechanisms regulating the accumulation of GABA in tea leaves exposed to multiple stresses, including activation of CsGAD1 enzymatic activity by calmodulin upon the onset of the stress and accumulation of high levels of CsGAD2 mRNA induced by a combination of anoxic stress and mechanical damage.
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Ding J, Yang T, Feng H, Dong M, Slavin M, Xiong S, Zhao S. Enhancing Contents of γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Other Micronutrients in Dehulled Rice during Germination under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1094-1102. [PMID: 26765954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biofortification of staple grains with high contents of essential micronutrients is an important strategy to overcome micronutrient malnutrition. However, few attempts have targeted at γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a functional nutrient for aging populations. In this study, two rice cultivars, Heinuo and Xianhui 207, were used to investigate changes in GABA and other nutritional compounds of dehulled rice after germination under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Forty-one metabolites were identified in both cultivars treated by normoxic germination, whereas the germinated dehulled rice of Heinuo and Xianhui 207 under hypoxic treatment had 43 and 41 metabolites identified, respectively. GABA increased in dehulled rice after germination, especially under hypoxia. Meanwhile, a number of other health-beneficial and/or flavor-related compounds such as lysine and d-mannose increased after the hypoxic treatment. The accumulation of GABA exhibited genotype-specific modes in both normoxic and hypoxic treatments. With regard to GABA production, Xianhui 207 was more responsive to the germination process than Heinuo, whereas Heinuo was more responsive to hypoxia than Xianhui 207. This study provides a promising approach to biofortify dehulled rice with increased GABA and other nutrients through metabolomic-based regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhou Ding
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Tewu Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mengyi Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Margaret Slavin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University , Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Shanbai Xiong
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Siming Zhao
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070, China
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Virdi AS, Singh S, Singh P. Abiotic stress responses in plants: roles of calmodulin-regulated proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:809. [PMID: 26528296 PMCID: PMC4604306 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular changes in calcium ions (Ca(2+)) in response to different biotic and abiotic stimuli are detected by various sensor proteins in the plant cell. Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the most extensively studied Ca(2+)-sensing proteins and has been shown to be involved in transduction of Ca(2+) signals. After interacting with Ca(2+), CaM undergoes conformational change and influences the activities of a diverse range of CaM-binding proteins. A number of CaM-binding proteins have also been implicated in stress responses in plants, highlighting the central role played by CaM in adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Stress adaptation in plants is a highly complex and multigenic response. Identification and characterization of CaM-modulated proteins in relation to different abiotic stresses could, therefore, prove to be essential for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Various studies have revealed involvement of CaM in regulation of metal ions uptake, generation of reactive oxygen species and modulation of transcription factors such as CAMTA3, GTL1, and WRKY39. Activities of several kinases and phosphatases have also been shown to be modulated by CaM, thus providing further versatility to stress-associated signal transduction pathways. The results obtained from contemporary studies are consistent with the proposed role of CaM as an integrator of different stress signaling pathways, which allows plants to maintain homeostasis between different cellular processes. In this review, we have attempted to present the current state of understanding of the role of CaM in modulating different stress-regulated proteins and its implications in augmenting abiotic stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep S. Virdi
- Texture Analysis Laboratory, Department of Food Science & Technology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
| | - Supreet Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
| | - Prabhjeet Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsar, India
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Lin L, Hu S, Yu K, Huang J, Yao S, Lei Y, Hu G, Mei L. Enhancing the Activity of Glutamate Decarboxylase from Lactobacillus brevis by Directed Evolution. Chin J Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Liu X, Hu XM, Jin LF, Shi CY, Liu YZ, Peng SA. Identification and transcript analysis of two glutamate decarboxylase genes, CsGAD1 and CsGAD2, reveal the strong relationship between CsGAD1 and citrate utilization in citrus fruit. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6253-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lai T, Deng Y, Zhang P, Chen Z, Hu F, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Shi N. Proteomics-Based Analysis of <i>Phalaenopsis amabilis</i> in Response toward <i>Cymbidium</i> Mosaic Virus and/or <i>Odontoglossum</i> Ringspot Virus Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2013.49228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee OR, Sathiyaraj G, Kim YJ, In JG, Kwon WS, Kim JH, Yang DC. Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Sathiyaraj G, Lee OR, Parvin S, Khorolragchaa A, Kim YJ, Yang DC. Transcript profiling of antioxidant genes during biotic and abiotic stresses in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:2761-9. [PMID: 21086178 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of reactive oxygen scavengers against biotic and abiotic conditions were investigated in the seedling of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. From the EST library we selected the antioxidant marker genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione synthase (GS). The abiotic chilling, heat, osmotic, oxidative, and wounding stresses and biotic stresses with fungal pathogens were tested against 3-week-grown seedlings. The expression patterns of the genes were analyzed by means of real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The transcriptome result under abiotic stresses showed differential expression and elevated up-regulation of PgSOD, PgGPX, PgGS, and PgAPX, thus it may prove the generation of ROS in ginseng. Whereas, in biotic stress the up-regulation of transcript level merely based on the incompatible interactions. But PgAPX and PgCAT showed no significant change or slight down-regulation of transcript level during pathogen interaction. Thus it may suggest that in ginseng, plant-pathogen interaction triggers defense-related gene transcription via salicylic acid mediated signaling mechanism, and also possess crosstalk signaling networks between abiotic and biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Sathiyaraj
- Korean Ginseng Center for Most Valuable Products and Ginseng Genetic Resource Bank, Kyung Hee University, Suwon, 449-701, South Korea
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A novel vacuolar membrane H+-ATPase c subunit gene (ThVHAc1) from Tamarix hispida confers tolerance to several abiotic stresses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:957-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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