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Jiang S, Bao J, Chen Y, Liu Z, Liu R, Cheng Y, Zhang L, Jiang X, Kong H. Immunological regulation by Toll-1 and Spätzle-4 in larval density-dependent prophylaxis of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130778. [PMID: 38467221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
High population density has been shown to alter insect prophylactic immunity. Toll-Spätzle pathway performs a key function in insect innate immune response. To determine the role of Toll and Spätzle, two main components of Toll-Spätzle pathway, in the density-dependent prophylaxis of Mythimna separata. We identified full-length cDNA encoding the Toll-1 and Spätzle-4 genes in M. separata (designed MsToll-1 and Ms Spätzle-4). Both MsToll-1 and MsSpätzle-4 were expressed throughout all developmental stages. MsToll-1 expression was highly in fat body and brain and MsSpätzle-4 was highly expressed in brain and Malpighian tubule. With increased larval density, MsToll-1 expression was markedly up-regulated. MsSpätzle-4 expression was found to be raised in larvae that were fed in high density (5 and 10 larvae per jar). Co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that MsToll-1 interacted with MsSpätzle-4. Immune-related genes transcriptions were considerably reduced in high-density larvae MsToll-1 (or MsSpätzle-4) was silenced by dsRNA injection. Meanwhile, a discernible reduction in the survival rate of the larvae exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis infection with silence of MsToll-1 (or MsSpätzle-4) was observed. This study implies that prophylactic immunity was influenced by crowded larvae via modulating the Toll-Spätzle pathway in M. separata and allow for a new understanding of into density-dependent prophylaxis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Bao
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yuxuan Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO. 2 of West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Hailong Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road, NO. 48, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Bae YM, Jo YH, Patnaik BB, Kim BB, Park KB, Edosa TT, Keshavarz M, Kojour MAM, Lee YS, Han YS. Tenebrio molitor Spätzle 1b Is Required to Confer Antibacterial Defense Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Regulation of Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758859. [PMID: 34867464 PMCID: PMC8637286 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the ultimate line of defense against invading pathogens in insects. Unlike in the mammalian model, in the insect model, invading pathogens are recognized by extracellular receptors, which activate the Toll signaling pathway through an extracellular serine protease cascade. In the Toll-NF-κB pathway, the extracellular spätzle protein acts as a downstream ligand for Toll receptors in insects. In this study, we identified a novel Spätzle isoform (TmSpz1b) from RNA sequencing database of Tenebrio molitor. TmSpz1b was bioinformatically analyzed, and functionally characterized for the antimicrobial function by RNA interference (RNAi). The 702 bp open reading frame of TmSpz1b encoded a putative protein of 233 amino acid residues. A conserved cystine-knot domain with seven cysteine residues in TmSpz1b was involved in three disulfide bridges and the formation of a spätzle dimer. TmSpz1b was mostly expressed in the hemocytes of T. molitor late instar larvae. The mRNA expression of TmSpz1b was highly induced in the hemocytes after Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans stimulation of T. molitor larvae. TmSpz1b silenced larvae were significantly more susceptible to E. coli infection. In addition, RNAi-based functional assay characterized TmSpz1b to be involved in the positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide genes in hemocytes and fat bodies. Further, the TmDorX2 transcripts were downregulated in TmSpz1b silenced individuals upon E. coli challenge suggesting the relationship to Toll signaling pathway. These results indicate that TmSpz1b is involved in the T. molitor innate immunity, causes the sequestration of Gram-negative bacteria by the regulatory action of antimicrobial peptides, and enhances the survival of T. molitor larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Bae
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Hun Jo
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Bharat Bhusan Patnaik
- Department of Bio-Science and Bio-Technology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Bo Bae Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Park
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Edosa
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Ambo Agricultural Research Center, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biology-Zoology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maryam Ali Mohammadie Kojour
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Han
- Department of Applied Biology, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Yu M, Zhang Y, Tang X, Ren J, Zhang Y. The first mollusk spätzle homolog gene in the clam, Paphia undulate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:712-716. [PMID: 26477575 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spätzle, is the only identified endogenous Toll receptor ligand, plays a critical role in initiatinge innate immune responses and controlling dorsal-ventral axis formation in Drosophila. Here we identified the first spätzle gene homolog, Pu-Spz, in the marine mollusk Paphia undulate. The full-length of Pu-Spz cDNA is 1248 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 702 bp, a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 26 bp and a 3'-UTR of 203 bp. The ORF encodes a 233-amino-acid protein with conserved domains; it includes a putative signal peptide and a C-terminal cystine-knot. Sequence alignment revealed that the cystine-knot domain of Pu-Spz contains six highly conserved Cys residues, which maintain a molecular conformation suitable for Toll receptor binding. Unlike Spätzle, Pu-Spz lacks a seventh Cys residue, which is essential for forming intermolecular disulfide bridge. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Pu-Spz is closer to the homologs found in crustaceans than to those in the insect branch. Transcript abundance of Pu-Spz was increased after challenging P. undulate with either heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes or heat-killed Vibrio alginolyticus, suggesting Spätzle is involved in P. undulate host defense. Our results demonstrate convergent evolution of the spätzle-Toll system between the mollusk and arthropod lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xu Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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Cui Z, Li X, Liu Y, Song C, Hui M, Shi G, Luo D, Li Y. Transcriptome profiling analysis on whole bodies of microbial challenged Eriocheir sinensis larvae for immune gene identification and SNP development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82156. [PMID: 24324760 PMCID: PMC3852986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To study crab immunogenetics of individuals, newly hatched Eriocheir sinensis larvae were stimulated with a mixture of three pathogen strains (Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus, Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus and fungi Pichia pastoris; 108 cfu·mL-1). A total of 44,767,566 Illumina clean reads corresponding to 4.52 Gb nucleotides were generated and assembled into 100,252 unigenes (average length: 1,042 bp; range: 201-19,357 bp). 17,097 (26.09%) of 65,535 non-redundant unigenes were annotated in NCBI non-redundant protein (Nr) database. Moreover, 23,188 (35.38%) unigenes were assigned to three Gene Ontology (GO) categories, 15,071 (23.00%) to twenty-six Clusters of orthologous Groups (COG) and 8,574 (13.08%) to six Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, respectively. Numerous genes were further identified to be associated with multiple immune pathways, including Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Some of them, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1), were first identified in E. sinensis. TRAF6 was even first discovered in crabs. Additionally, 49,555 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were developed from over 13,309 unigenes. This is the first transcriptome report of whole bodies of E. sinensis larvae after immune challenge. Data generated here not only provide detail information to identify novel genes in genome reference-free E. sinensis, but also facilitate our understanding on host immunity and defense mechanism of the crab at whole transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengwen Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Hui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danli Luo
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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