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Barek MA, Basher MA, Aziz MA, Hossen MS, Jahan N, Afroz N, Begum M, Jafrin S, Uddin MS, Millat MS, Hoque MM, Islam MS. Assessment of the association of CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility of cervical cancer: A case-control study and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17712. [PMID: 37483787 PMCID: PMC10359826 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer (CC) is the second most common type of female malignancy in Bangladesh. Polymorphisms in the CYP1A1 gene have been reported to be associated with CC in different populations. This case-control study with meta-analysis was undertaken to assess the relation of CYP1A1 rs4646903 and rs1048943 polymorphisms with the susceptibility of CC. Methods A total of 185 CC patients and 220 controls were recruited, and the PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) technique was applied for genotyping. Again, 42 eligible studies (24 with rs4646903 and 18 with rs1048943) were included for meta-analysis, and RevMan 5.3 and the MetaGenyo web-based tool were used. Results The rs4646903 polymorphism was significantly linked with CC in all association models, namely, additive 1, additive 2, dominant, recessive, overdominant, and allele models (OR = 2.41, 4.75, 2.67, 3.61, 2.13, and 2.44 with corresponding 95% CI = 1.55-3.76, 1.81-12.45, 1.75-4.07, 1.39-9.35, 1.38-3.30, and 1.71-3.48, respectively). On the contrary, rs1048943 showed no association (p > 0.05) with CC. Haplotype analysis revealed AT and AC haplotypes significantly decreased (OR = 0.45) and increased (OR = 4.86) CC risk, respectively, and SNPs are in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.912, r2 = 0.448). Again, rs4646903 carriers with a contraception history and >5 years of taking contraceptives showed an enhanced risk of CC (OR = 2.39, OR = 3.05). Besides, rs1048943 carriers aged >40 years (OR = 0.44), conceived first child aged ≤18 years (OR = 3.45), and history of contraceptives (OR = 2.18) were significantly linked with CC. Our meta-analysis found that for CYP1A1 rs4646903 codominant 1 (COD 1), codominant 2 (COD 2), codominant 3 (COD 3), dominant model (DM), recessive model (RM), and allele model (AM) in Caucasians and overdominant model (OD) in the overall population are associated with an elevated risk of CC, whereas rs1048943 is also associated with CC in overall, Caucasians and Asians in some genetic models. Conclusion Our case-control study and meta-analysis summarize that CYP1A1 rs4646903 and rs1048943 polymorphisms may be correlated with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Barek
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Anwarul Basher
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shafiul Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Nahida Afroz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mobashera Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Jafrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Sarowar Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shalahuddin Millat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hoque
- Department of Pharmacy, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Safiqul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, 3814, Noakhali, Bangladesh
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McSweeney S, Bergom HE, Prizment A, Halabi S, Sharifi N, Ryan C, Hwang J. Regulatory genes in the androgen production, uptake and conversion (APUC) pathway in advanced prostate cancer. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:R51-R64. [PMID: 37435458 PMCID: PMC10259352 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway regulates the progression of prostate cancer (PC). Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients generally receive AR-targeted therapies (ART) or androgen-deprivation therapies (ADT) with the initial response; however, resistance is inevitably observed. Prior studies have shown activity and upregulation of a family of androgen production, uptake, and conversion - APUC genes - based on genomic analyses of patient germlines. Genetic variants of some APUC genes, such as the conversion gene, HSD3B1, predict response to second-generation androgen-targeted therapies. Studies have begun to elucidate the overall role of APUC genes, each with unique actionable enzymatic activity, in mCRPC patient outcomes. The current role and knowledge of the genetic and genomic features of APUC genes in advanced prostate cancer and beyond are discussed in this review. These studies inform of how interpreting behavior of APUC genes through genomic tools will impact the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean McSweeney
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hannah E Bergom
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anna Prizment
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan Halabi
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles Ryan
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Prostate Cancer Foundation, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Justin Hwang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Charmpi K, Guo T, Zhong Q, Wagner U, Sun R, Toussaint NC, Fritz CE, Yuan C, Chen H, Rupp NJ, Christiansen A, Rutishauser D, Rüschoff JH, Fankhauser C, Saba K, Poyet C, Hermanns T, Oehl K, Moore AL, Beisel C, Calzone L, Martignetti L, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Martínez MR, Manica M, Haffner MC, Aebersold R, Wild PJ, Beyer A. Convergent network effects along the axis of gene expression during prostate cancer progression. Genome Biol 2020; 21:302. [PMID: 33317623 PMCID: PMC7737297 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-specific genomic aberrations are routinely determined by high-throughput genomic measurements. It remains unclear how complex genome alterations affect molecular networks through changing protein levels and consequently biochemical states of tumor tissues. Results Here, we investigate the propagation of genomic effects along the axis of gene expression during prostate cancer progression. We quantify genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic alterations based on 105 prostate samples, consisting of benign prostatic hyperplasia regions and malignant tumors, from 39 prostate cancer patients. Our analysis reveals the convergent effects of distinct copy number alterations impacting on common downstream proteins, which are important for establishing the tumor phenotype. We devise a network-based approach that integrates perturbations across different molecular layers, which identifies a sub-network consisting of nine genes whose joint activity positively correlates with increasingly aggressive tumor phenotypes and is predictive of recurrence-free survival. Further, our data reveal a wide spectrum of intra-patient network effects, ranging from similar to very distinct alterations on different molecular layers. Conclusions This study uncovers molecular networks with considerable convergent alterations across tumor sites and patients. It also exposes a diversity of network effects: we could not identify a single sub-network that is perturbed in all high-grade tumor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Charmpi
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,ProCan®, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rui Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Nora C Toussaint
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine E Fritz
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chunhui Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Niels J Rupp
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ailsa Christiansen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan H Rüschoff
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Saba
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Poyet
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Hermanns
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Oehl
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ariane L Moore
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Qiushi Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | | | | | | | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Peter J Wild
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Andreas Beyer
- CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Medjani S, Chellat-Rezgoune D, Kezai T, Chidekh M, Abadi N, Satta D. Association of CYP1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with risk of prostate cancer in Algerian population. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-020-00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in the world, and its etiology involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Interindividual differences observed in the metabolism of xenobiotics may be due to polymorphisms of genes encoding the detoxification enzymes. This genetic variability seems to be associated with differences in susceptibility to certain types of cancers, including prostate cancer. Our study has been made in order to investigate a possible genetic predisposition to prostate cancer in an Algerian population, through the analysis of genetic polymorphisms of three enzymes metabolizing xenobiotics namely cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) and GST theta 1 (GSTT1).
Methods
The current case–control study included 101 prostate cancer patients and 101 healthy controls. Genotyping of CYP1A1 T3801C polymorphisms and GSTM1/GSTT-null was made, respectively, by PCR-RFLP and multiplex PCR.
Results
No significantly positive associations were found for the CYP1A1 T3801C [p = 0.71, OR = 1.23 (0.56–2.72)] and GSTM1-null [p = 0.26, OR = 1.37 (0.76–2.4)] polymorphisms and prostate cancer susceptibility. However, we detect a highly significant association between GSTT1-null genotype [p = 0.03, OR = 2.03 (1.06–3.99)], GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotype [p = 0.027, OR = 2.6; CI (1.07–6.5)] and prostate cancer risk. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences between the studied polymorphisms and tumor parameters (the Gleason score and clinical stages of aggressiveness) at diagnosis of PCa.
Conclusions
The risk of developing prostate cancer in Algeria does not appear to be associated with CYP1A1 T3801C genotypes and GSTM1-null, but GSTT1-null and GSTM1/GSTT1-double null genotypes increased the risk of prostate cancer.
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5
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Lu J, Shang X, Zhong W, Xu Y, Shi R, Wang X. New insights of CYP1A in endogenous metabolism: a focus on single nucleotide polymorphisms and diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:91-104. [PMID: 31998606 PMCID: PMC6984740 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), one of the major CYP subfamily in humans, not only metabolizes xenobiotics including clinical drugs and pollutants in the environment, but also mediates the biotransformation of important endogenous substances. In particular, some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for CYP1A genes may affect the metabolic ability of endogenous substances, leading to some physiological or pathological changes in humans. This review first summarizes the metabolism of endogenous substances by CYP1A, and then introduces the research progress of CYP1A SNPs, especially the research related to human diseases. Finally, the relationship between SNPs and diseases is discussed. In addition, potential animal models for CYP1A gene editing are summarized. In conclusion, CYP1A plays an important role in maintaining the health in the body.
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Key Words
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- CYP1A
- EOAs, cis-epoxyoctadecenoics
- Endogenous substances
- FSH, follicle stimulating hormone
- HODEs, hydroxyoctadecdienoic acids
- IQ, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline
- KO, knockout
- LIF/STAT3, inhibiting leukemia inhibitory factor/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Metabolism and disease
- PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine
- SNPs
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- WT, wild type
- Xenobiotics
- t-RA, all-trans-retinoic acid
- t-ROH, all-trans-retinol
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuyang Shang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weiguo Zhong
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200051, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Hoidy WH, Jaber FA, Al-Askari MA. Association of CYP1A1 rs1048943 Polymorphism with Prostate Cancer in Iraqi Men Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3839-3842. [PMID: 31870130 PMCID: PMC7173368 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.12.3839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 polymorphism and the risk of Iraqi men with prostate cancer. Methods: In this research, we conducted a population-based approach that intersects high-throughput genotype information from different population of Iraq to estimate the frequency of genotypes associated with prostate cancer responsivenessOur study included a total of 100 patients and 150 healthy controls. rs1048943 genotyping has been investigated in Iraqi men in connection with prostate cancer. Results: We observed that individuals with the rs1048943 GA genotype had an increased risk of prostate cancer relative to those with the AA genotype ( OR 95% CI of 0.449 :95%CI 0.23-0.90; P = 0.002). We found in the dominant model that the rs1048943 GA and GG genotype displayed an increased risk of prostate cancer relative to the AA genotype ( OR 95% CI of 0.680 :95%CI 0.4-1.17; P = 0.018). Conclusion: Polymorphism RS 1048943 in the CYP1A1 gene is associated with the risk of developing prostate cancer and is possibly one of the most significant factors in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam H Hoidy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah City, Iraq
| | - Ferdous A Jaber
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah City, Iraq
| | - Mohammed A Al-Askari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah City, Iraq
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7
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Associations of CYP1 polymorphisms with risk of prostate cancer: an updated meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181876. [PMID: 30765615 PMCID: PMC6395298 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The results of previous studies on the association between polymorphisms of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 and prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to conduct a meta-analysis in order to better estimate this association. Methods. A systematic search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases for relevant articles published up to 15 August 2018. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using fixed-effect or random-effect models. Results. A significant association was found between the CYP1A1 rs1048943 polymorphism and PCa in the overall population (B [the minor allele] vs. A [the major allele]: OR = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.39, P=0.014; AB vs. AA: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.02–1.51, P=0.029; BB + AB vs. AA: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.04–1.50, P=0.018) and Asian population (B vs. A: OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.11–1.56, P=0.001; BB vs. AA: OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.20–2.72, P=0.005; AB vs. AA: OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.03–1.64, P=0.029; BB + AB vs. AA: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.11–1.73, P=0.004; BB vs. AA + AB: OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.08–2.01, P=0.019), but not in the Caucasian population. Moreover, we found that the rs4646903 polymorphism was associated with a significant increase in the risk of PCa in the Asian population (AB vs. AA: OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.13–1.80, P=0.003) and Caucasian population (BB vs. AA: OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.29–3.49, P=0.003). Conclusion. This meta-analysis revealed a clear association between rs1048943 and rs4646903 polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 gene but not between CYP1B1 rs10012, rs162549, rs1800440, and rs2551188 polymorphisms and the risk of PCa.
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8
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Zhang J, Ju H, Gao JR, Jiao XL, Lu Y. Polymorphisms in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, gene- gene and gene-smoking interaction with susceptibility to gastric cancer in Chinese Han population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20235-20243. [PMID: 28423629 PMCID: PMC5386758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the association of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene polymorphisms and additional gene-gene and gene- environment interaction with gastric cancer (GC) risk. Results GC risk was significantly higher in carriers of G allele of rs2736100 than those with TT genotype (TG+ GG versus TT), adjusted OR (95%CI) =1.68 (1.26-2.17), and higher in carriers of G allele of rs2853669 than those with AA genotype (AG+ GG versus AA), adjusted OR (95%CI) = 1.72 (1.19-2.33). We also found that interaction between rs2736100 and smoking was associated with higher GC risk. Smokers with TG or GG of rs2736100 genotype have elevated GC risk, compared to never- smokers with TT of rs2736100 genotype, OR (95%CI) = 3.12 (1.82 -4.61). Pairwise linkage equilibrium (LD) analysis between SNPs was measured and the D’ value between rs2736100 and rs2736109 was more than 0.8. A haplotype containing the rs2736100- G and rs2736109- A alleles was associated with a statistically increased GC risk (OR= 2.66, 95%CI= 1.28 – 4.12, p<0.0001). Materials and Methods A total of 1088 participants (686 males, 402 females) were selected, including 360 GC patients and 728 normal participants. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within TERT gene and GC susceptibility. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) model was used to screen gene- gene and gene- environment interaction combinations. Conclusions We found that G allele of rs2736100 and G allele of rs2853669 in TERT gene, interaction between rs2736100 and smoking, and haplotype containing the rs2736100- G and rs2736109- A alleles were all associated with increased GC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ju
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ru Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Long Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In first part of this study, a systematic review was designed to explore the involvement of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes in breast cancerogenesis. Based on systematic review, we designed a study to screen CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes for mutation and their possible association with breast carcinogenesis. A total of 400 individuals were collected and analyzed by PCR-SSCP. After sequence analysis of coding region of CYP1A1 we identified eleven mutations in different exons of respective gene. Among these eleven mutations, ~3 folds increased breast cancer risk was found associated with Asp82Glu mutation (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.26-7.09), with Ser83Thr mutation (OR 2.99; 95% CI 1.26-7.09) and with Glu86Ala mutation (OR 3.18; 95% CI 1.27-7.93) in cancer patients compared to controls. Furthermore, ~4 folds increase in breast cancer risk was found associated with Asp347Glu, Phe398Tyr and 5178delT mutations (OR 3.92; 95% CI 1.35-11.3) in patients compared to controls. The sequence analysis of GSTP1 resulted in identification of total five mutations. Among these five mutations, ~3 folds increase in breast cancer risk was observed associated with 1860G>A mutation, with 1861-1876delCAGCCCTCTGGAGTGG mutation (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.10-6.62) and with 1861C>A mutation (OR 2.97; 95% CI 1.01-8.45) in cancer patients compared to controls. Furthermore, ~5 folds increase in breast cancer risk was associated with 1883G>T mutation (OR 4.75; 95% CI 1.46-15.3) and ~6 folds increase in breast cancer risk was found associated with Iso105Val mutation (OR 6.43; 95% CI 1.41-29.3) in cancer patients compared to controls. Our finding, based on systematic review and experimental data suggest that the polymorphic CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes may contribute to risk of developing breast cancer.
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Li S, Li G, Kong F, Liu Z, Li N, Li Y, Guo X. The Association of CYP1A1 Gene With Cervical Cancer and Additional SNP-SNP Interaction in Chinese Women. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:1220-1225. [PMID: 27265845 PMCID: PMC6807247 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer risk, and the impact of SNP-SNP interaction on cervical cancer risk in Chinese women. METHODS A total of 728 females with a mean age of 60.1 ± 14.5 years old were selected, including 360 cervical cancer patients and 368 normal controls. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and cervical cancer risk. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the SNP-SNP interaction. RESULTS Logistic analysis showed a significant association between rs4646903 and increased cervical cancer risk. The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs4646903 polymorphism revealed increased cervical cancer risk than those with wild-type homozygotes, OR (95%CI) were 1.45 (1.20-1.95). There was a significant two-locus model (P = 0.0107) involving rs4646903 and rs1048943, indicating a potential SNP-SNP interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943. Overall, the two-locus models had a cross-validation consistency of 10 of 10, and had the testing accuracy of 60.72%. Subjects with TC or CC of rs4646903 and AG or GG of rs1048943 genotype have the highest cervical cancer risk, compared to subjects with TT of rs4646903 and AA of rs1048943 genotype, OR (95%CI) was 2.03 (1.42-2.89). CONCLUSIONS rs4646903 minor alleles and interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943 were associated with increased cervical cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Guiqin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Fanqiang Kong
- Emergency Department, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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11
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Zhu X, Wang Z, He J, Wang W, Xue W, Wang Y, Zheng L, Zhu ML. Associations between CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G and rs4646903 T > C genetic variations and colorectal cancer risk: Proof from 26 case-control studies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:51365-51374. [PMID: 27384991 PMCID: PMC5239481 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme is one of the most important metabolizing enzymes responsible for the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics. Numerous individual case-control studies have investigated the associations between the CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G and rs4646903 T > C genetic variations and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but the conclusions were controversial. To obtain a scientific conclusion, we performed a meta-analysis based on a total of 26 publications, including 20 studies with 8665 cases and 9953 controls on rs1048943 A > G and 19 studies with 6416 cases and 7551 controls on rs4646903 T > C, respectively. The pooled analysis indicated that rs1048943 A > G was associated with an increased risk of CRC (G vs. A: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.08-1.52; GG vs. AA: OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.25-1.91; GA vs. AA: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.00-1.60; GG/GA vs. AA: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05-1.64; GG vs. GA/AA. OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.26-1.91). Stratification analysis showed the association between rs1048943 A > G and CRC risk was more obvious in studies with the population-based (PB) design or high quality score. The association between rs4646903 T > C and CRC risk did not reach statistical significance in the pooled analysis as well as stratification analysis. This meta-analysis demonstrated CYP1A1 rs1048943 A > G may increase the susceptibility to CRC instead of rs4646903 T > C. This conclusion suggested CYP1A1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueru Zhu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- 2 Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing He
- 2 Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Experimental Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- 3 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- 4 Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenji Xue
- 1 Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- 1 Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Leizhen Zheng
- 1 Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhu
- 1 Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Yangpu, Shanghai, China
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12
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Liu W, Bai X, Liu Y, Wang W, Han J, Wang Q, Xu Y, Zhang C, Zhang S, Li X, Ren Z, Zhang J, Li C. Topologically inferring pathway activity toward precise cancer classification via integrating genomic and metabolomic data: prostate cancer as a case. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13192. [PMID: 26286638 PMCID: PMC4541321 DOI: 10.1038/srep13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise cancer classification is a central challenge in clinical cancer research such as diagnosis, prognosis and metastasis prediction. Most existing cancer classification methods based on gene or metabolite biomarkers were limited to single genomics or metabolomics, and lacked integration and utilization of multiple ‘omics’ data. The accuracy and robustness of these methods when applied to independent cohorts of patients must be improved. In this study, we propose a directed random walk-based method to evaluate the topological importance of each gene in a reconstructed gene–metabolite graph by integrating information from matched gene expression profiles and metabolomic profiles. The joint use of gene and metabolite information contributes to accurate evaluation of the topological importance of genes and reproducible pathway activities. We constructed classifiers using reproducible pathway activities for precise cancer classification and risk metabolic pathway identification. We applied the proposed method to the classification of prostate cancer. Within-dataset experiments and cross-dataset experiments on three independent datasets demonstrated that the proposed method achieved a more accurate and robust overall performance compared to several existing classification methods. The resulting risk pathways and topologically important differential genes and metabolites provide biologically informative models for prostate cancer prognosis and therapeutic strategies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Mathematics, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150050, China
| | - Xuefeng Bai
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yuejuan Liu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Mathematics, Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150050, China
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Shihua Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230030, China
| | - Xuecang Li
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhonggui Ren
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chunquan Li
- Department of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, 163319, China
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Abbas M, Srivastava K, Imran M, Banerjee M. Association of CYP1A1 gene variants rs4646903 (T>C) and rs1048943 (A>G) with cervical cancer in a North Indian population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 176:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Acevedo CA, Quiñones LA, Catalán J, Cáceres DD, Fullá JA, Roco AM. Impact of CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms in overall and specific prostate cancer survival. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:280-90. [PMID: 24508281 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prognostic biomarkers that distinguish between patients with good or poor outcome can be used to guide decisions of whom to treat and how aggressively. In this sense, several groups have proposed genetic polymorphisms as potential susceptibility and prognostic biomarkers; however, their validity has not been proven. Thus, the main goal of the present work was to investigate the potential role of single and combined CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 genotypes as modifiers of cancer survival in Chilean patients with prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 260 histologically confirmed patients were recruited from a voluntary screening, and genomic DNA was obtained from their blood samples for genotyping analyses to detect the CYP1A1*2A polymorphism and GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions. The progression of illness and mortality were estimated with a median follow-up of 8.82 years. Adjusted estimated genotype risks were evaluated by hazard ratio and 95% CI using the Cox proportional model. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier survival method and log-rank test were used to evaluate patient survival with regard to genotype. RESULTS The 9-year overall and specific survival rates were 67.6% and 36.6% in the GSTT1null group, 67.6% and 58.7% in the GSTM1non-null group, 69.0% and 51.6% in the *1A/*2A group, 63.9% and 61.5% in the *2A/*2A group vs. 76.2% and 62.3% in the GSTT1non-null group, 82.3% and 50% in the GSTM1null group, and 83.7% and 56.3% in the *1A/*1A group, respectively. The hazard ratios and the Kaplan-Meier curve results demonstrate that the GSTM1non-null, GSTT1null, and CYP1A1*2A genotypes are significantly associated with mortality. Our study has two main limitations: a relatively small sample size and a low global mortality percentage (25.4%); thus, we need to continue the follow-up to confirm these findings. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the GSTM1non-null, GSTT1null, and CYP1A1*2A genotypes may be good prognosis markers, particularly in patients with high-risk tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Acevedo
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Center of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research (IFT), ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Urology, University of Chile Clinical Hospital (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile; National Cancer Corporation (CONAC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Quiñones
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Center of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research (IFT), ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Johanna Catalán
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Center of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research (IFT), ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante D Cáceres
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Center of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research (IFT), ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Environmental Health Program, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fullá
- National Cancer Corporation (CONAC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Angela M Roco
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Pharmacogenetics, Center of Pharmacological and Toxicological Research (IFT), ICBM, Program of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Processes Management and Care, SSMOC, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:103-41. [PMID: 23333322 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2512] [Impact Index Per Article: 228.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes, belonging to the CYP1, 2, and 3 families, are responsible for the biotransformation of most foreign substances including 70-80% of all drugs in clinical use. The highest expressed forms in liver are CYPs 3A4, 2C9, 2C8, 2E1, and 1A2, while 2A6, 2D6, 2B6, 2C19 and 3A5 are less abundant and CYPs 2J2, 1A1, and 1B1 are mainly expressed extrahepatically. Expression of each CYP is influenced by a unique combination of mechanisms and factors including genetic polymorphisms, induction by xenobiotics, regulation by cytokines, hormones and during disease states, as well as sex, age, and others. Multiallelic genetic polymorphisms, which strongly depend on ethnicity, play a major role for the function of CYPs 2D6, 2C19, 2C9, 2B6, 3A5 and 2A6, and lead to distinct pharmacogenetic phenotypes termed as poor, intermediate, extensive, and ultrarapid metabolizers. For these CYPs, the evidence for clinical significance regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs), drug efficacy and dose requirement is rapidly growing. Polymorphisms in CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 2C8, 2E1, 2J2, and 3A4 are generally less predictive, but new data on CYP3A4 show that predictive variants exist and that additional variants in regulatory genes or in NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) can have an influence. Here we review the recent progress on drug metabolism activity profiles, interindividual variability and regulation of expression, and the functional and clinical impact of genetic variation in drug metabolizing P450s.
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