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Mainkar P, Manape TK, Satheesh V, Anandhan S. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of PHYTOENE DESATURASE gene in onion ( Allium cepa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226911. [PMID: 37701798 PMCID: PMC10494252 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) is a precise genome editing tool used to introduce genetic modifications in a wide range of crop species. Thus far, there is no report of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in onions (Allium cepa L.). Methods In the present study, we targeted two exons of the gene coding for Phytoene desaturase (AcPDS) in onion cv. Bhima Super. The sgRNA-carrying constructs were co-cultivated with 8-week-old embryogenic calli using an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol and incubated on the media without hygromycin B selection. Results and discussion Out of the total 617 co-cultivated calli, 21 (3.4%) regenerated shoots exhibited three distinct phenotypes: albino, chimeric, and pale green; in comparison to the wild-type non-transformed regenerated shoots. Total chlorophyll content was drastically reduced in albino shoots and significantly decreased in chimeric shoots. Out of the six Cas9 gene PCR-confirmed regenerated shoots, two exhibited the albino phenotype due to insertions/deletions (InDels) and substitution-based mutations in and around the AcPDS target sites. Deep amplicon sequencing revealed a significantly variable InDel frequency between two sgRNAs, ranging from 1.2% to 63.4%, along with a 53.4% substitution frequency. The mutation of the AcPDS gene generated a visually detectable albino phenotype, thus confirming the successful editing of the AcPDS gene. This is the first time a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing protocol has been successfully established in onion, with the AcPDS gene serving as an example. This study will provide the necessary momentum for researchers to further basic and applied research on onions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Mainkar
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Satheesh
- Genome Informatics Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Zhu L, Gao H, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Yu X. Promoting lutein production from the novel alga Acutodesmus sp. by melatonin induction. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 362:127818. [PMID: 36041678 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the current research, a novel microalgae strain was isolated from Yajiageng Red Rock Beach and identified as Acutodesmus sp. HLGY. To obtain high-efficiency production of lutein from algae, the feasibility of using melatonin (MT) to increase lutein yield of Acutodesmus sp. HLGY was evaluated. Under the 7.5 μM MT treatment, the lutein content and lutein productivity were 17.44 mg g-1 and 46.50 mg L-1 d-1, which were 1.53 times those of the control. Furthermore, exogenous MT increased the transcripts of key lutein synthesis- and antioxidant enzyme-related genes. Simultaneously, the carbohydrate, protein, and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid content were suppressed. More importantly, the ethylene and γ-aminobutyric acid contents were markedly increased by MT, which may be linked to the increase in lutein biosynthesis. This study proposes a valuable biotechnological approach for lutein production via a novel Acutodesmus sp. strain using MT induction and provides insights into the role of MT in promoting lutein biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Linpin Li
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Yunnan Alphy Biotech Co., Ltd, Chuxiong 675000, China
| | - Yongteng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Sathasivam R, Bong SJ, Park CH, Kim JH, Kim JK, Park SU. Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis Genes and Carotenoid Accumulation in Watercress ( Nasturtium officinale R. Br.). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:430-442. [PMID: 35036712 PMCID: PMC8756599 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is an important aquatic herb species belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It has various medicinal properties and has been utilized for the treatment of cancer and other diseases; however, currently available genomic information regarding this species is limited. Here, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway (CBP) genes of N. officinale, which were identified from next-generation sequencing data. We identified and characterized 11 putative carotenoid pathway genes; among these, nine full and two partial open reading frames were determined. These genes were closely related to CBP genes of the other higher plants in the phylogenetic tree. Three-dimensional structure analysis and multiple alignments revealed several distinct conserved motifs, including aspartate or glutamate residues, carotene-binding motifs, and dinucleotide-binding motifs. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results showed that the CBP was expressed in a tissue-specific manner: expression levels of NoPSY, NoPDS, NoZDS-p, NoCrtISO, NoLCYE, NoCHXE-p, and NoCCD were highest in the flower, whereas NoLCYB, NoCHXB, NoZEP, and NoNCED were highest in the leaves. Stems, roots, and seeds did not show a significant change in the expression compared to the leaves and flowers. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the same organs showed the presence of seven distinct carotenoid compounds. The total carotenoid content was highest in the leaves followed by flowers, seeds, stems, and roots. Among the seven individual carotenoids, the levels of six carotenoids (i.e., 13-Z-β-carotene, 9-Z-β-carotene, E-β-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and β-cryptoxanthin) were highest in the leaves. The highest content was observed for lutein, followed by E-β-carotene, and 9-Z-β-carotene; these carotenoids were much higher in the leaves compared to the other organs. The results will be useful references for further molecular genetics and functional studies involving this species and other closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramaraj Sathasivam
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Bong
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division
of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department
of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National
University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Zafar J, Aqeel A, Shah FI, Ehsan N, Gohar UF, Moga MA, Festila D, Ciurea C, Irimie M, Chicea R. Biochemical and Immunological implications of Lutein and Zeaxanthin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10910. [PMID: 34681572 PMCID: PMC8535525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, nature has been acknowledged for being a primordial source of various bioactive molecules in which human macular carotenoids are gaining significant attention. Among 750 natural carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin and their oxidative metabolites are selectively accumulated in the macular region of living beings. Due to their vast applications in food, feed, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals industries, the global market of lutein and zeaxanthin is continuously expanding but chemical synthesis, extraction and purification of these compounds from their natural repertoire e.g., plants, is somewhat costly and technically challenging. In this regard microbial as well as microalgal carotenoids are considered as an attractive alternative to aforementioned challenges. Through the techniques of genetic engineering and gene-editing tools like CRISPR/Cas9, the overproduction of lutein and zeaxanthin in microorganisms can be achieved but the commercial scale applications of such procedures needs to be done. Moreover, these carotenoids are highly unstable and susceptible to thermal and oxidative degradation. Therefore, esterification of these xanthophylls and microencapsulation with appropriate wall materials can increase their shelf-life and enhance their application in food industry. With their potent antioxidant activities, these carotenoids are emerging as molecules of vital importance in chronic degenerative, malignancies and antiviral diseases. Therefore, more research needs to be done to further expand the applications of lutein and zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaria Zafar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Naureen Ehsan
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Umar Farooq Gohar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (J.Z.); (A.A.); (F.I.S.); (N.E.); (U.F.G.)
| | - Marius Alexandru Moga
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Dana Festila
- Radiology and Maxilo Facial Surgery Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Codrut Ciurea
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Marius Irimie
- Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (M.A.M.); (M.I.)
| | - Radu Chicea
- Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University, 550169 Sibiu, Romania;
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Schüler LM, Bombo G, Duarte P, Santos TF, Maia IB, Pinheiro F, Marques J, Jacinto R, Schulze PSC, Pereira H, Barreira L, Varela JCS. Carotenoid biosynthetic gene expression, pigment and n-3 fatty acid contents in carotenoid-rich Tetraselmis striata CTP4 strains under heat stress combined with high light. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125385. [PMID: 34147770 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two carotenoid-rich strains of the euryhaline microalga Tetraselmis striata CTP4 were isolated by random mutagenesis combined with selection via fluorescence activated cell sorting and growth on norflurazon. Both strains, ED5 and B11, showed an up to 1.5-fold increase in carotenoid contents as compared with the wildtype, independent of the growth conditions. More specifically, violaxanthin, β-carotene and lutein contents reached as high as 1.63, 4.20 and 3.81 mg g-1 DW, respectively. Genes coding for phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, lycopene-β-cyclase and ε-ring hydroxylase involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were found to be upregulated in ED5 and B11 cells as compared to the wildtype. Both strains showed higher contents of eicosapentaenoic acid as compared with those of the wildtype, reaching up to 4.41 and 2.88 mg g-1 DW, respectively. Overall, these results highlight the complexity of changes in carotenoid biosynthesis regulation that are required to improve pigment contents in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Schüler
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Bombo
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Duarte
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Tamára F Santos
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Inês B Maia
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinheiro
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - José Marques
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Jacinto
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Peter S C Schulze
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Pereira
- Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barreira
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - João C S Varela
- Marine Biotechnology Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Green Colab - Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Ma R, Zhao X, Ho SH, Shi X, Liu L, Xie Y, Chen J, Lu Y. Co-production of lutein and fatty acid in microalga Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 in response to different temperatures with gene expression profiles. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Over-accumulation of astaxanthin in Haematococcus pluvialis through chloroplast genetic engineering. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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CRISPR/Cas9-mediated efficient editing in phytoene desaturase (PDS) demonstrates precise manipulation in banana cv. Rasthali genome. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:89-99. [PMID: 29188477 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) has been reported for precise genome modification in many plants. In the current study, we demonstrate a successful mutation in phytoene desaturase (RAS-PDS) of banana cv. Rasthali using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two PDS genes were isolated from Rasthali (RAS-PDS1 and RAS-PDS2), and their protein sequence analysis confirmed that both PDS comprises conserved motifs for enzyme activity. Phylogenetic analysis of RAS-PDS1 and RAS-PDS2 revealed a close evolutionary relationship with other monocot species. The tissue-specific expression profile of RAS-PDS1 and RAS-PDS2 in Rasthali suggested differential regulation of the genes. A single 19-bp guide RNA (gRNA) was designed to target the conserved region of these two RAS-PDS and transformed with Cas9 in embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) cultures of cv. Rasthali. Complete albino and variegated phenotype were observed among regenerated plantlets. DNA sequencing of 13 plants confirmed the indels with 59% mutation frequency in RAS-PDS, suggesting activation of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway. The majority of mutations were either insertion (1-5) or deletion (1-4) of nucleotides near to protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). These mutations have created stop codons in RAS-PDS sequences which suggest premature termination of RAS-PDS protein synthesis. The decreased chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents were detected in mutant lines that revealed the functional disruption of both RAS-PDS genes. Our results demonstrate that genome editing through CRISPR/Cas9 can be applied as an efficient tool for banana genome modification.
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Abstract
Carotenoids are a class of isoprenoids synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms as well as by some non-photosynthetic bacteria and fungi with broad applications in food, feed and cosmetics, and also in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Microalgae represent an important source of high-value products, which include carotenoids, among others. Carotenoids play key roles in light harvesting and energy transfer during photosynthesis and in the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against photooxidative damage. Carotenoids are generally divided into carotenes and xanthophyls, but accumulation in microalgae can also be classified as primary (essential for survival) and secondary (by exposure to specific stimuli).In this chapter, we outline the high value carotenoids produced by commercially important microalgae, their production pathways, the improved production rates that can be achieved by genetic engineering as well as their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalia Henríquez
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Janeth Galarza
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier Gimpel
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso-Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
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Li M, Cui Y, Gan Z, Shi C, Shi X. Isolation and Analysis of the Cppsy Gene and Promoter from Chlorella protothecoides CS-41. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:6620-35. [PMID: 26516871 PMCID: PMC4663545 DOI: 10.3390/md13116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to form phytoene, the first colorless carotene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. So it is regarded as the crucial enzyme for carotenoid production, and has unsurprisingly been involved in genetic engineering studies of carotenoid production. In this study, the psy gene from Chlorella protothecoides CS-41, designated Cppsy, was cloned using rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length DNA was 2488 bp, and the corresponding cDNA was 1143 bp, which encoded 380 amino acids. Computational analysis suggested that this protein belongs to the Isoprenoid_Biosyn_C1 superfamily. It contained the consensus sequence, including three predicted substrate-Mg2+ binding sites. The Cppsy gene promoter was also cloned and characterized. Analysis revealed several candidate motifs for the promoter, which exhibited light- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive characteristics, as well as some typical domains universally discovered in promoter sequences, such as the TATA-box and CAAT-box. Light- and MeJA treatment showed that the Cppsy expression level was significantly enhanced by light and MeJA. These results provide a basis for genetically modifying the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in C. protothecoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiya Li
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Analytical Testing Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yan Cui
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zhibing Gan
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chunlei Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xianming Shi
- MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, and State Key Lab of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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