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Zeng Y, Dong W, Zhang W, Deng B. Association of NLRPs with pathogenesis of dry age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:4869-4878. [PMID: 37936001 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population, and Dry AMD is the most common clinical subtype. However, effective measures for the early diagnosis and treatment of dry AMD have not been proposed. In recent years, NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have received attention in the study of AMD as an important class of pattern recognition receptors. We attempted to elucidate the pathogenesis of NLRs in dry AMD from the perspective of chronic inflammation. METHODS This study involved 13 patients with dry AMD, 10 age- and sex-matched normal population without any history of disease and 8 patients with wet AMD as controls. Using RT-qPCR, the mRNA expression levels of NLRs in peripheral blood peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were compared to analyze the statistical differences in the expression contents among the three populations. RESULTS The relative RNA expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization-like receptor protein 12 (NLRP12) with negative regulation of inflammation was significantly lower in dry AMD patients than in normal people and wet AMD patients. And NLRX1, which also has an anti-inflammatory effect, was lower in dry AMD patients than in wet AMD patients. However, NLRP3 with proinflammatory effect was significantly expressed in wet AMD. CONCLUSION The significant decrease in NLRP12 in dry AMD may become a breakthrough in the study of dry AMD and systemic chronic inflammatory response. However, NLRP3 may have a more important role in wet AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32# W. Sec 2, 1St Ring Rd., Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32# W. Sec 2, 1St Ring Rd., Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32# W. Sec 2, 1St Ring Rd., Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bolin Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 32# W. Sec 2, 1St Ring Rd., Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Shoshany N, Weiner C, Safir M, Einan-Lifshitz A, Pokroy R, Kol A, Modai S, Shomron N, Pras E. Rare Genetic Variants in Jewish Patients Suffering from Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100825. [PMID: 31635417 PMCID: PMC6826738 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To identify rare genetic variants in early age-related macular degeneration (AMD) utilizing whole-exome sequencing (WES). Methods: Eight non-related early-AMD families of different Jewish ethnicities were ascertained. Initial mutation screening (phase-1) included common complement factor-H (CFH) p.Y402H; and age related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) p.A69S; and rare variants complement factor-I (CFI) p.V412M; and hemicentin1 (HMCN1) c.4163delC identified previously in our population. Four families, whose initial screening for the aforementioned variants was negative, underwent WES (phase-2). Bioinformatics filtering was based on functionality (from a panel of 234 genes with proven or presumed association to AMD); predicted severity; and frequency (rare variants with minor allele frequency <1%). When applicable, further screening for specific rare variants was carried out on additional cases of similar ethnicities and phenotypes (phase-3). Results: Phase-1 identified three families carrying CFI p.V412M mutation. WES analysis detected probable disease-related variants in three out of the remaining families. These included: a family with a variant in PLEKHA1 gene p.S177N; a family with previously reported variant p.R1210C in CFH gene; and two families with the C3 p.R735W variant. Conclusions: Rare, high-penetrance variants have a profound contribution to early-AMD pathogenesis. Utilization of WES in genetic research of multifactorial diseases as AMD, allows a thorough comprehensive analysis with the identification of previously unreported rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Shoshany
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | - Chen Weiner
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Margarita Safir
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Adi Einan-Lifshitz
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Russell Pokroy
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | - Ayala Kol
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
| | | | - Noam Shomron
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
- Variantyx Inc, MA 01701, USA.
| | - Eran Pras
- The Matlow's Ophthalmo-Genetics Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Shamir (formerly Assaf-Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Saddala MS, Lennikov A, Mukwaya A, Fan L, Hu Z, Huang H. Transcriptome-wide analysis of differentially expressed chemokine receptors, SNPs, and SSRs in the age-related macular degeneration. Hum Genomics 2019; 13:15. [PMID: 30894217 PMCID: PMC6425613 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-019-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common, progressive, and polygenic cause of irreversible visual impairment in the world. The molecular pathogenesis of the primary events of AMD is poorly understood. We have investigated a transcriptome-wide analysis of differential gene expression, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in datasets of the human peripheral retina and RPE-choroid-sclera control and AMD. Methods and results Adaptors and unbiased components were removed and checked to ensure the quality of the data sets. Molecular function, biological process, cellular component, and pathway analyses were performed on differentially expressed genes. Analysis of the gene expression datasets identified 5011 upregulated genes, 11,800 downregulated genes, 42,016 SNPs, 1141 indels, and 6668 SRRs between healthy controls and AMD donor material. Enrichment categories for gene ontology included chemokine activity, cytokine activity, cytokine receptor binding, immune system process, and signal transduction respectively. A functional pathways analysis identified that chemokine receptors bind chemokines, complement cascade genes, and create cytokine signaling in immune system pathway genes (p value < 0.001). Finally, allele-specific expression was found to be significant for Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2, 3, 4, 13, 19, 21; C-C chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, 5; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL) 9, 10, 16; C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR) 6; as well as atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR) 3,4 and pro-platelet basic protein (PPBP). Conclusions Our results improve our overall understanding of the chemokine receptors’ signaling pathway in AMD conditions, which may lead to potential new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-019-0199-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhana Saddala
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Anton Lennikov
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Anthony Mukwaya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Fan
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hu Huang
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA. .,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, 1 Hospital Drive, MA102C, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.
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Huang L, Zhang X, Tam POS, Chen H, Hao F, Pang CP, Wen F, Yang Z. Association of coding and UTR variants in the known regions with wet age-related macular degeneration in Han Chinese population. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:1055-1070. [PMID: 30026504 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause worldwide of severe visual impairment among people older than 55 years of age. This study aimed to investigate the genetic association between coding and untranslated region (UTR) variants in previously reported loci and exudative age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD) in a Han Chinese population. Using our previously published whole exome sequencing dataset of 349 wet AMD patients and 1253 controls, we searched for associations between coding and UTR variants of the 72 genes located within the 47 reported wet AMD loci regions. From these, 25 variants in 18 of the 72 genes with P < 10 × 10-3 were selected for the first replication of Sequenom mass-array genotyping in 885 wet AMD subjects and 562 controls. Next, four SNPs were selected for further validation by SNaPshot genotyping in a third Chinese cohort with 456 wet AMD subjects and 211 controls. As a result, we identified two new potential coding and UTR variant SNPs (rs189132250 in BBX located in 3q12.1 and rs144351944 in FILIP1L located in 3q12.1) that showed weak associations with wet AMD in the Han Chinese population. These findings provide new information regarding the coding and UTR variants of the known wet AMD loci in the studied Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pancy O S Tam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Fang Hao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chi-Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fen Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Institute of Chengdu Biology, and Sichuan Translational Medicine Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Center of Information in Biomedicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Huang Q, Xiang Y. Polymorphisms in Selected Genes and Their Association with Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Chinese Population. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1693-1700. [PMID: 29565837 PMCID: PMC5877204 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence shows that polymorphisms in a number of genes can influence age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk. This study aimed to investigate the association of CX3CR1 839C/T, CX3CR1 745G/A, PLEKHA1 958A/G, VEGFA +674C/T, and VEGFA +936C/T polymorphisms with AMD risk among Chinese. Material/Methods The polymorphisms were genotyped on 827 AMD patients and 827 controls, and the odds ratios (ORs) were calculated under allele, additive, recessive, and dominant genetic models. Logistic regression analysis was performed to control for potential confounders (age, sex, and smoking status). Results We showed that all the 5 polymorphisms showed a significant association with AMD risk under the additive model (for homozygous mutant genotype) and at least 1 other genetic model, both before and after adjustment for the potential confounders. PLEKHA1 958A/G polymorphism was associated with a decreased AMD risk (additive model: aOR=0.722, 95% CI=0.450–0.979, P=0.019; allele model: aOR=0.883, 95% CI=0.736–0.992, P=0.014), while all other polymorphisms were associated with an increased AMD risk (CX3CR1 839C/T, additive model: aOR=2.682, 95% CI=1.119–5.709, P=0.022, recessive model: aOR=2.729, 95% CI=1.141–6.048, P=0.010; CX3CR1 745G/A, additive model: aOR=2.614, 95% CI=1.231–6.012, P=0.020, recessive model: aOR=2.340, 95% CI=1.227–5.993, P=0.011; VEGFA +674C/T, additive model: aOR=1.601, 95% CI=1.253–2.179, P<0.001, dominant model: aOR=1.287, 95% CI=1.058–1.570, P<0.001, allele model: OR=1.220, 95% CI=1.118–1.427, P<0.001; VEGFA +936C/T, additive model: aOR=1.509, 95% CI=1.105–2.311, P<0.001, recessive model: aOR=1.432, 95% CI=1.027–2.192, P=0.009, dominant model: aOR=1.207, 95% CI=1.031–1.514, P0.001, allele model: aOR=1.216, 95% CI=1.062–1.408, P<0.001). Conclusions We conclude that the 5 polymorphisms could serve as biomarkers for AMD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yi Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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6
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Monés J, Biarnés M. Geographic atrophy phenotype identification by cluster analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 102:388-392. [PMID: 28729371 PMCID: PMC5867406 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background/aims To identify ocular phenotypes in patients with geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (GA) using a data-driven cluster analysis. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of data from a prospective, natural history study of patients with GA who were followed for ≥6 months. Cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups within the population based on the presence of several phenotypic features: soft drusen, reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), primary foveal atrophy, increased fundus autofluorescence (FAF), greyish FAF appearance and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT). A comparison of features between the subgroups was conducted, and a qualitative description of the new phenotypes was proposed. The atrophy growth rate between phenotypes was then compared. Results Data were analysed from 77 eyes of 77 patients with GA. Cluster analysis identified three groups: phenotype 1 was characterised by high soft drusen load, foveal atrophy and slow growth; phenotype 3 showed high RPD load, extrafoveal and greyish FAF appearance and thin SFCT; the characteristics of phenotype 2 were midway between phenotypes 1 and 3. Phenotypes differed in all measured features (p≤0.013), with decreases in the presence of soft drusen, foveal atrophy and SFCT seen from phenotypes 1 to 3 and corresponding increases in high RPD load, high FAF and greyish FAF appearance. Atrophy growth rate differed between phenotypes 1, 2 and 3 (0.63, 1.91 and 1.73 mm2/year, respectively, p=0.0005). Conclusion Cluster analysis identified three distinct phenotypes in GA. One of them showed a particularly slow growth pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Monés
- Institut de la Màcula, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Biarnés
- Institut de la Màcula, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Macula Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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Liao SM, Zheng W, Zhu J, Lewis CA, Delgado O, Crowley MA, Buchanan NM, Jaffee BD, Dryja TP. Specific correlation between the major chromosome 10q26 haplotype conferring risk for age-related macular degeneration and the expression of HTRA1. Mol Vis 2017; 23:318-333. [PMID: 28659708 PMCID: PMC5479693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A region within chromosome 10q26 has a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that define a haplotype that confers high risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We used a bioinformatics approach to search for genes in this region that may be responsible for risk for AMD by assessing levels of gene expression in individuals carrying different haplotypes and by searching for open chromatin regions in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that might include one or more of the SNPs. METHODS We surveyed the PubMed and the 1000 Genomes databases to find all common (minor allele frequency > 0.01) SNPs in 10q26 strongly associated with AMD. We used the HaploReg and LDlink databases to find sets of SNPs with alleles in linkage disequilibrium and used the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database to search for correlations between genotypes at individual SNPs and the relative level of expression of the genes. We also accessed Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) to find segments of open chromatin in the region with the AMD-associated SNPs. Predicted transcription factor binding motifs were identified using HOMER, PROMO, and RegulomeDB software programs. RESULTS There are 34 polymorphisms within a 30-kb region that are in strong linkage disequilibrium (r2>0.8) with the reference SNP rs10490924 previously associated with risk for AMD. The expression of three genes in this region, PLEKHA1, ARMS2, and HTRA1 varies between people who have the low-AMD-risk haplotype compared with those with the high-AMD-risk haplotype. For PLEKHA1, 44 tissues have an expression pattern with the high-AMD-risk haplotype associated with low expression (rs10490924 effect size -0.43, p = 3.8 x 10-5 in ovary). With regard to ARMS2, the variation is most pronounced in testes: homozygotes with the high-AMD-risk haplotype express ARMS2 at lower levels than homozygotes with the low-AMD-risk haplotype; expression in heterozygotes falls in between (rs10490924 effect size -0.79, p = 7.5 x 10-24). For HTRA1, the expression pattern is the opposite; the high-AMD-risk haplotype has higher levels of expression in 27 tissues (rs10490924 effect size 0.40, p = 1.5 × 10-7 in testes). None of the other 22 genes within one megabase of rs10490924, or any gene in the entire genome, have mRNA expression levels that correlate with the high-AMD-risk haplotype. More than 100 other SNPs in the 10q26 region affect the expression of PLEKHA1 and ARMS2 but not that of HTRA1; none of these SNPs affects the risk for AMD according to published genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Two of the AMD-risk SNPs (rs36212732 and rs36212733) affect transcription factor binding sites in proximity to a DNase I hypersensitive region (i.e., a region of open chromatin) in RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS SNPs in chromosome 10q26 that influence the expression of only PLEKHA1 or ARMS2 are not associated with risk for AMD, while most SNPs that influence the expression of HTRA1 are associated with risk for AMD. Two of the AMD-risk SNPs affect transcription factor binding sites that may control expression of one of the linked genes in the RPE. These findings suggest that the variation in the risk for AMD associated with chromosome 10q26 is likely due to variation in HTRA1 expression. Modulating HTRA1 activity might be a potential therapy for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Mei Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Scientific Data Analysis, NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Casey A. Lewis
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Omar Delgado
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Maura A. Crowley
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Natasha M. Buchanan
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Bruce D. Jaffee
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thaddeus P. Dryja
- Department of Ophthalmology; NIBR Informatics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA
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Age-related macular degeneration associated polymorphism rs10490924 in ARMS2 results in deficiency of a complement activator. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28086806 PMCID: PMC5234120 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. The polymorphism rs10490924 in the ARMS2 gene is highly associated with AMD and linked to an indel mutation (del443ins54), the latter inducing mRNA instability. At present, the function of the ARMS2 protein, the exact cellular sources in the retina and the biological consequences of the rs10490924 polymorphism are unclear. Methods Recombinant ARMS2 was expressed in Pichia pastoris, and protein functions were studied regarding cell surface binding and complement activation in human serum using fluoresence-activated cell sorting (FACS) as well as laser scanning microscopy (LSM). Biolayer interferometry defined protein interactions. Furthermore, endogenous ARMS2 gene expression was studied in human blood derived monocytes and in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iPSdM) by PCR and LSM. The ARMS2 protein was localized in human genotyped retinal sections and in purified monocytes derived from AMD patients without the ARMS2 risk variant by LSM. ARMS2 expression in monocytes under oxidative stress was determined by Western blot analysis. Results Here, we demonstrate for the first time that ARMS2 functions as surface complement regulator. Recombinant ARMS2 binds to human apoptotic and necrotic cells and initiates complement activation by recruiting the complement activator properdin. ARMS2-properdin complexes augment C3b surface opsonization for phagocytosis. We also demonstrate for the first time expression of ARMS2 in human monocytes especially under oxidative stress and in microglia cells of the human retina. The ARMS2 protein is absent in monocytes and also in microglia cells, derived from patients homozygous for the ARMS2 AMD risk variant (rs10490924). Conclusions ARMS2 is likely involved in complement-mediated clearance of cellular debris. As AMD patients present with accumulated proteins and lipids on Bruch’s membrane, ARMS2 protein deficiency due to the genetic risk variant might be involved in drusen formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0776-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Whitmore SS, Sohn EH, Chirco KR, Drack AV, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Complement activation and choriocapillaris loss in early AMD: implications for pathophysiology and therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 45:1-29. [PMID: 25486088 PMCID: PMC4339497 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common and devastating disease that can result in severe visual dysfunction. Over the last decade, great progress has been made in identifying genetic variants that contribute to AMD, many of which lie in genes involved in the complement cascade. In this review we discuss the significance of complement activation in AMD, particularly with respect to the formation of the membrane attack complex in the aging choriocapillaris. We review the clinical, histological and biochemical data that indicate that vascular loss in the choroid occurs very early in the pathogenesis of AMD, and discuss the potential impact of vascular dropout on the retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and the photoreceptor cells. Finally, we present a hypothesis for the pathogenesis of early AMD and consider the implications of this model on the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scott Whitmore
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Kathleen R Chirco
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Arlene V Drack
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Budd A Tucker
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
| | - Robert F Mullins
- The Stephen A. Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, United States
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Ye Z, Mayer J, Ivacic L, Zhou Z, He M, Schrodi SJ, Page D, Brilliant MH, Hebbring SJ. Phenome-wide association studies (PheWASs) for functional variants. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:523-9. [PMID: 25074467 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful approach for studying the genetic complexities of human disease. Unfortunately, GWASs often fail to identify clinically significant associations and describing function can be a challenge. GWAS is a phenotype-to-genotype approach. It is now possible to conduct a converse genotype-to-phenotype approach using extensive electronic medical records to define a phenome. This approach associates a single genetic variant with many phenotypes across the phenome and is called a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). The majority of PheWASs conducted have focused on variants identified previously by GWASs. This approach has been efficient for rediscovering gene-disease associations while also identifying pleiotropic effects for some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, the use of SNPs identified by GWAS in a PheWAS is limited by the inherent properties of the GWAS SNPs, including weak effect sizes and difficulty when translating discoveries to function. To address these challenges, we conducted a PheWAS on 105 presumed functional stop-gain and stop-loss variants genotyped on 4235 Marshfield Clinic patients. Associations were validated on an additional 10 640 Marshfield Clinic patients. PheWAS results indicate that a nonsense variant in ARMS2 (rs2736911) is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These results demonstrate that focusing on functional variants may be an effective approach when conducting a PheWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Ye
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - John Mayer
- Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Lynn Ivacic
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- Parkland Center for Clinical Innovation, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min He
- 1] Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA [2] Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - David Page
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Murray H Brilliant
- Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Scott J Hebbring
- 1] Center for Human Genetics, Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI, USA [2] Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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