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Harvey BJ, Harvey HM. Sex Differences in Colon Cancer: Genomic and Nongenomic Signalling of Oestrogen. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2225. [PMID: 38137047 PMCID: PMC10742859 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy that exhibits distinct differences in incidence, prognosis, and treatment responses between males and females. These disparities have long been attributed to hormonal differences, particularly the influence of oestrogen signalling. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in colon cancer and the protective role of membrane and nuclear oestrogen signalling in CRC development, progression, and therapeutic interventions. We discuss the epidemiological and molecular evidence supporting sex differences in colon cancer, followed by an exploration of the impact of oestrogen in CRC through various genomic and nongenomic signalling pathways involving membrane and nuclear oestrogen receptors. Furthermore, we examine the interplay between oestrogen receptors and other signalling pathways, in particular the Wnt/β-catenin proliferative pathway and hypoxia in shaping biological sex differences and oestrogen protective actions in colon cancer. Lastly, we highlight the potential therapeutic implications of targeting oestrogen signalling in the management of colon cancer and propose future research directions to address the current gaps in our understanding of this complex phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Harvey
- Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry M. Harvey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z5, Canada;
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Jia X, Zhang T, Lv X, Du H, Sun Y, Guan Y. Identification of the six-hormone secretion-related gene signature as a prognostic biomarker for colon adenocarcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:523-535. [PMID: 38143338 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-230126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a globally prevalent cancer, with hormone secretion playing a crucial role in its progression. Despite this, there is limited understanding of the impact of hormone secretion on COAD prognosis. This study aimed to establish a prognostic signature based on hormone secretion-related genes and to elucidate the potential functional mechanisms of these genes in COAD. METHODS Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas COAD cohort (TCGA-COAD), six hormone secretion-related genes were identified (CYP19A1, FOXD1, GRP, INHBB, SPP1, and UCN). These genes were used to develop a Hormone secretion score (HSS), which was then evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier curve and multivariable Cox analysis. The HSS model was further validated with external GEO cohorts (GSE41258, GSE39582, and GSE87211). Functional enrichment analyses were performed, and the CIBERSORT and TIDE algorithms were used to assess tumor infiltration. RESULTS The study developed a prognostic signature, dividing patients into HSS-high and HSS-low groups. The HSS-high group showed a notably worse prognosis within the TCGA-COAD dataset and in three independent datasets: GSE41258, GSE39582, and GSE87211. Moreover, the HSS-high group predicted a shorter overall survival rate in patients maintaining microsatellite stability (MSS). The functional analysis associated HSS-high with the hypoxic, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and TGF-β signaling pathways and correlated with distant and lymph node metastases. The tumor immune microenvironment analysis revealed an elevated CIBERSORT score in the HSS-high group, suggesting an association with tumor metastasis. Further, the HSS-high group showed a higher TIDE score, indicating that patients with high HSS scores are less likely to benefit from Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) therapy. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the prognostic significance of a HSS signature based on six hormone secretion-related genes in COAD. The findings suggest that this gene signature may serve as a reliable biomarker for predicting survival outcomes in COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Heibei, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Heibei, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Heibei, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Heibei, China
| | - Xinze Lv
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiwei Du
- Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongkun Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Guan
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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He Y, Su Y, Zeng J, Chong W, Hu X, Zhang Y, Peng X. Cancer-specific survival after diagnosis in men versus women: A pan-cancer analysis. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e145. [PMID: 35783087 PMCID: PMC9246337 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of cancer‐specific survival differences in gender is critical for cancer prevention and treatment. Based on the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database, we included data from the most prevalent cancers (lung, esophageal, liver, pancreatic, stomach, colorectal, kidney, and bladder cancer). Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to estimate hazard ratios, simultaneously adjusting for demographic, clinical, and treatment factors. Overall, male patients had a worse cancer‐specific survival than female patients. After adjustment for cancer prevalence with 1:1 matching, gender remained a significant factor in cancer‐specific survival. Among the included cancer types, female patients showed survival benefit in lung, liver, colorectal, pancreatic, stomach, and esophageal cancer, and male patients showed better survival in bladder cancer. Except for kidney cancer, the gender disparity was consistent between cancer patients with nonmetastatic and metastatic disease. Overall, gender appears to be a significant factor influencing cancer‐specific survival, and the prognosis of female patients is better than male patients in most cancers. This work might inspire the development of strategies for gender‐specific precision cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yonglin Su
- Department of Rehabilitation West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Junsong Zeng
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Weelic Chong
- Department of Medical Oncology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University Chengdu China
| | - Xingchen Peng
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Losurdo P, Mastronardi M, de Manzini N, Bortul M. Survival and long-term surgical outcomes after colorectal surgery: are there any gender-related differences? Updates Surg 2022; 74:1337-1343. [PMID: 35810269 PMCID: PMC9338158 DOI: 10.1007/s13304-022-01323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality seems to be lower in women than in men. The present study aims to evaluate the impact of gender on CRC diagnosis, treatment, and survival. This is a retrospective cohort study based on a single-center dataset of CRC patients from the University Hospital of Trieste (Italy). Data of 1796 consecutive CRC patients referred to our center from November 11th, 2004, to December 31st, 2017, were analyzed. Right-sided carcinomas are more frequent in women than in men; furthermore, women had a lower surgical complication rate. Men showed a higher 5- and 10-year mortality. This survival benefit for women was observed independently of the tumor localization. The 5-year hazard ratio (HR) for women vs men was 0.776 (p 0.003), and after 10-year 0.816 (p 0.017). Regarding the disease-free survival (DFS), 5 and 10-year HR was 0.759 (p 0.034) and 0.788 (p 0.07), respectively. On multivariable analysis, respecting tumor localization, the odds of female gender were higher than man with right colon disease. Male gender was more independently associated with age at the surgery time. Women survival advantage was higher than men, except for patients older than 80. Surgical outcome and survival after CRC surgical treatment seem to be gender related. For this reason, gender could play an important role in CRC diagnosis and therapy, allowing an earlier diagnosis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Losurdo
- Surgical Clinic Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hospital of Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Manuela Mastronardi
- Surgical Clinic Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hospital of Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicolò de Manzini
- Surgical Clinic Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hospital of Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marina Bortul
- Surgical Clinic Unit, Division of General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Hospital of Cattinara, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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Li C, Li X. Antitumor Activity of lncRNA NBAT-1 via Inhibition of miR-4504 to Target to WWC3 in Oxaliplatin-Resistant Colorectal Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:9121554. [PMID: 35494512 PMCID: PMC9050265 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9121554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence shows that dysfunction of noncoding RNAs is implicated in cancer. Neuroblastoma associated transcript 1 (NBAT-1) has been identified as a tumor suppressive lncRNA that is aberrantly expressed in cancers. However, the function and the underlying mechanisms of the NBAT-1 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remain unknown. Methods Gene expression was detected by RT-qPCR. The influence of NBAT-1 on CRC was evaluated by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and an in vivo xenograft mouse model. The possible binding of NBAT-1 to miRNAs was predicted via the miRDB online tool and confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Protein expression was detected by western blot. Results NBAT-1 expression was significantly decreased in CRC tissues, especially in patients with oxaliplatin (OXA) resistance. NBAT-1 inhibited OXA-resistant CRC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. The mechanism study revealed that NBAT-1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of miR-4504. NBAT-1 bound miR-4504 and decreased miR-4504 expression in CRC cells. Furthermore, WW-and-C2-domain-containing protein family member 3 (WWC3) was identified as a target of miR-4504. Downregulation of NBAT-1 promoted miR-4504 expression and reduced the level of WWC3. Inhibition of WWC3 by NBAT-1 depletion inactivated Hippo signalling by inhibiting the phosphorylation of large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and yes-associated protein (YAP). Consistently, knockdown of NBAT-1 suppressed the expression of YAP transcriptional targets. Conclusions These findings demonstrated that lncRNA NBAT-1 suppresses OXA-resistant CRC cell growth via inhibition of miR-4504 to regulate the WWC3/LATS1/YAP axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Molecular Testing Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xu Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710048, China
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Topi G, Ghatak S, Satapathy SR, Ehrnström R, Lydrup ML, Sjölander A. Combined Estrogen Alpha and Beta Receptor Expression Has a Prognostic Significance for Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:739620. [PMID: 35360718 PMCID: PMC8963951 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.739620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that high estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) expression is independently associated with better prognosis in female colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is expressed at very low levels in normal colon mucosa, and its prognostic role in CRC has not been explored. Herein, we investigated the combined role of ERα and ERβ expression in the prognosis of female patients with CRC, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first study to investigate this topic. A total number of 306 primary CRCs were immunostained for ERα and ERβ expression. A Cox regression model was used to evaluate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The combined expression of high ERβ + negative ERα correlates with longer OS (HR = 0.23; 95% CI: 0.11–0.45, P <0.0001) and DFS (HR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.03–0.26, P < 0.0001) and a more favorable tumor outcome, as well as significantly higher expression of antitumorigenic proteins than combined expression of low ERβ + positive ERα. Importantly, we found that low ERβ expression was associated with local recurrence of CRC, whereas ERα expression was correlated with liver metastasis. Overall, our results show that the combined high ERβ + negative ERα expression correlated with a better prognosis for CRC patients. Our results suggest that the combined expression of ERα and ERβ could be used as a predictive combination marker for CRC patients, especially for predicting DFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geriolda Topi
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Souvik Ghatak
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Roy Ehrnström
- Division of Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marie-Louise Lydrup
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anita Sjölander
- Division of Cell Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Anita Sjölander
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Bouzo BL, Lores S, Jatal R, Alijas S, Alonso MJ, Conejos-Sánchez I, de la Fuente M. Sphingomyelin nanosystems loaded with uroguanylin and etoposide for treating metastatic colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17213. [PMID: 34446776 PMCID: PMC8390746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to provide new therapeutic options that can improve survival. Sphingomyelin nanosystems (SNs) are a promising type of nanocarriers with potential for association of different types of drugs and, thus, for the development of combination treatments. In this work we propose the chemical modification of uroguanylin, a natural ligand for the Guanylyl Cyclase (GCC) receptor, expressed in metastatic colorectal cancer tumors, to favour its anchoring to SNs (UroGm-SNs). The anti-cancer drug etoposide (Etp) was additionally encapsulated for the development of a combination strategy (UroGm-Etp-SNs). Results from in vitro studies showed that UroGm-Etp-SNs can interact with colorectal cancer cells that express the GCC receptor and mediate an antiproliferative response, which is more remarkable for the drugs in combination. The potential of UroGm-Etp-SNs to treat metastatic colorectal cancer cells was complemented with an in vivo experiment in a xenograft mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén L Bouzo
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, CIBERONC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Av. Barcelona s/n Campus Vida, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Saínza Lores
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, CIBERONC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raneem Jatal
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, CIBERONC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sandra Alijas
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, CIBERONC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María José Alonso
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Av. Barcelona s/n Campus Vida, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Av. Barcelona s/n Campus Vida, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María de la Fuente
- Nano-Oncology and Translational Therapeutics Unit, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), SERGAS, CIBERONC, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Shahraki N, Mehrabian A, Amiri-Darban S, Moosavian SA, Jaafari MR. Preparation and characterization of PEGylated liposomal Doxorubicin targeted with leptin-derived peptide and evaluation of their anti-tumor effects, in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing C26 colon carcinoma. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 200:111589. [PMID: 33545570 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Employing targeting ligands on the surface of liposomes has the great potential to improve therapeutic efficacy and decreases off-target effects of liposomal formulations. In the present study, a leptin-derived peptide (Lp31) was evaluated to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of PEGylated liposomal Doxorubicin (PLD, Caelyx®). Leptin is an appetite regulatory hormone that is secreted into the blood circulation by the adipose tissue and it functions via its over expressed receptors (Ob-R) in a wide variety of cancers. Lp31, as targeting ligand, was conjugated to Maleimide-PEG2000-DSPE and then post-inserted into Caelyx. The anti-tumor activity and therapeutic efficacy of leptin modified Caelyx were evaluated and compared with Caelyx. The in vitro experiments demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of Lp31-targeted Caelyx in C26 cell line compared to Caelyx. In BALB/c mice bearing C-26 murine carcinoma, Lp31 modified Caelyx groups exhibited significantly higher doxorubicin concentration at tumor tissue. Furthermore, Lp31 modified Caelyx at the dose of 10 mg/kg resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition and enhanced survival time compared to Caelyx. According to these results, the novel Lp31-liposomal doxorubicin offers great promise for the treatment of colon cancer and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Shahraki
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Mehrabian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrazad Amiri-Darban
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abancens M, Bustos V, Harvey H, McBryan J, Harvey BJ. Sexual Dimorphism in Colon Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:607909. [PMID: 33363037 PMCID: PMC7759153 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.607909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is found in males compared to females. Young women (18-44 years) with CRC have a better survival outcome compared to men of the same age or compared to older women (over 50 years), indicating a global incidence of sexual dimorphism in CRC rates and survival. This suggests a protective role for the sex steroid hormone estrogen in CRC development. Key proliferative pathways in CRC tumorigenesis exhibit sexual dimorphism, which confer better survival in females through estrogen regulated genes and cell signaling. Estrogen regulates the activity of a class of Kv channels (KCNQ1:KCNE3), which control fundamental ion transport functions of the colon and epithelial mesenchymal transition through bi-directional interactions with the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Estrogen also modulates CRC proliferative responses in hypoxia via the novel membrane estrogen receptor GPER and HIF1A and VEGF signaling. Here we critically review recent clinical and molecular insights into sexual dimorphism of CRC biology modulated by the tumor microenvironment, estrogen, Wnt/β-catenin signalling, ion channels, and X-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abancens
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Viviana Bustos
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Harry Harvey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jean McBryan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian J. Harvey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Centro de Estudios Cientificos CECs, Valdivia, Chile
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Heng MP, Sim KS, Tan KW. Nickel and zinc complexes of testosterone N4-substituted thiosemicarbazone: Selective cytotoxicity towards human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and their cell death mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111097. [PMID: 32438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new Schiff base ligands (TE and TF) were prepared from conjugation of testosterone with 4-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide, respectively. Their nickel (NE and NF) and zinc (ZE and ZF) complexes were reported. X-ray crystallography revealed a distorted square planar geometry was adopted by NE. The compounds demonstrated excellent selectivity towards the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 despite their weak preferences towards the prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP). Against HCT 116, all these compounds were able to arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent (TE, NE, and TF) and extrinsic apoptotic pathway (ZE, NF, and ZF). Moreover, only ZE was able to act as topoisomease I poison and halt its enzymatic reactions although all compounds presented excellent affinity towards DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mok Piew Heng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Shin Sim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Wai Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia..
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Sharma R. An examination of colorectal cancer burden by socioeconomic status: evidence from GLOBOCAN 2018. EPMA J 2020; 11:95-117. [PMID: 32140188 PMCID: PMC7028897 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND BACKGROUND Colon and rectum (colorectal) cancer cause substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. The management and control of a complex disease such as cancer cannot rely on the old strategy of "one disease one medicine" and must make a transition into new-age practices involving predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) at its core. Adoption of PPPM approach to cancer management at the policy level requires quantification of cancer burden at the country level. For this purpose, we examine the burden of colorectal cancer in 185 countries in 2018. Based on results, we discuss the opportunities presented by PPPM and challenges to be encountered while adopting PPPM for the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer. DATA AND METHODS Age- and sex-wise estimates of colorectal cancer were procured from the GLOBOCAN 2018. The country- and region-wise burden of colorectal cancer in 185 countries was examined using all-age and age-standardized incidence and mortality estimates. Human development index (HDI) was employed as the indicator of socioeconomic status of a country. Mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) was employed as the proxy of 5-year survival rate. RESULTS Globally, colorectal cancer claimed an estimated 880,792 lives (males 484,224; females 396,568) with 1.85 million new cases (males 1.03 million; females 823,303) were estimated to be diagnosed in 2018. Globally, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 19.7/100,000, whereas age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) recorded to be 16.3/100,000 in 2018. Age-standardized rates were the highest in developed countries led by Hungary with ASIR of 51.2/100,000 followed by South Korea with ASIR of 44.5/100,000. ASMR followed the patterns of ASIR with the highest ASMR recorded by Hungary (21.5 per 100,000) and Slovakia (20.4 per 100,000). Globally, MIR stood at 0.48, and among the countries recording more than 1000 cases, Nepal registered the highest MIR of 0.83 and the lowest was recorded by South Korea (0.27). The age-standardized rates exhibited nonlinear association with HDI, whereas MIR was negatively associated with HDI. CONCLUSION Colorectal cancer causes a substantial burden worldwide and exhibit a positive association with the socioeconomic status. With the aid of improving screening modalities, preventable nature of the disease (due to dietary and lifestyle risk factors) and improving treatment procedures, the burden of CRC can largely be curtailed. The high burden of CRC in developing countries, therefore, calls for effective prevention strategies, cost-effective screening, and early-stage detection, cost-effective predictive, and personalized treatment regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sharma
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, Vivek Vihar- Phase II, Delhi, 110095 India
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Gender comparison of clinical, histopathological, therapeutic and outcome factors in 185,967 colon cancer patients. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2020; 405:71-80. [PMID: 32002628 PMCID: PMC7036075 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-019-01850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal carcinomas represent the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in Germany. Although the incidence is significantly higher in men compared with women and gender is a well-established crucial factor for outcome in other diseases, detailed gender comparisons for colon cancer are lacking. Methods This retrospective population-based cohort study included all patients diagnosed with colon cancer in Germany between 2000 and 2016 who were included in the common dataset of colorectal cancer patients from the quality conference of the German Cancer Society. We compared clinical, histopathological, and therapeutic characteristics as well as overall and recurrence-free survival. Results A total of 185,967 patients were included in the study, of which 85,685 were female (46.1%) and 100,282 were male (53.9%). The proportion of women diagnosed with colon cancer decreased from 2000 to 2016 (f: 26.6 to 40.1%; m: 24.9 to 41.9%; p < 0.001), and the proportion of very old patients was especially high in women (f: 27.3%; m: 15.6%; p < 0.001). The localization in women was more right-sided (f: 45.0%, m: 36.7%; p < 0.001), and women had a higher tumor grading and a higher UICC stage (especially stage III nodal-positive) at diagnosis of primary colon cancer (UICC III: f: 22.7%, m: 21.0%; p < 0.001). We could detect a significantly better overall (hazard ratio: 0.853, lower 95%: 0.841, upper 95%: 0.864; p < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.857, lower 95%: 0.845, upper 95%: 0.868; p < 0.001) in women compared with men, even though women received chemotherapy less frequently compared with men (f: 26.1%, m: 28.1%; p < 0.001). Conclusion We could detect several variables that differed significantly between men and women regarding clinical, histopathological, therapeutic, and outcome factors. We believe that it is crucial to consider gender as a key factor in the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer. Sex-specific diagnostic tools could lead to an earlier diagnosis of colon cancer in women, and ways to increase the rate of chemotherapy in women should be evaluated. Furthermore, we recommend stratifying randomized trials by gender. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00423-019-01850-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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