1
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Hahn RC, Hagen F, Mendes RP, Burger E, Nery AF, Siqueira NP, Guevara A, Rodrigues AM, de Camargo ZP. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Current Status and Future Trends. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0023321. [PMID: 36074014 PMCID: PMC9769695 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00233-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), initially reported in 1908 in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, by Adolpho Lutz, is primarily a systemic and neglected tropical mycosis that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around Latin America, especially Brazil. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis sensu stricto, a classical thermodimorphic fungus associated with PCM, was long considered to represent a monotypic taxon. However, advances in molecular taxonomy revealed several cryptic species, including Paracoccidioides americana, P. restrepiensis, P. venezuelensis, and P. lutzii, that show a preference for skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and respiratory organs but can also affect many other organs. The classical diagnosis of PCM benefits from direct microscopy culture-based, biochemical, and immunological assays in a general microbiology laboratory practice providing a generic identification of the agents. However, molecular assays should be employed to identify Paracoccidioides isolates to the species level, data that would be complemented by epidemiological investigations. From a clinical perspective, all probable and confirmed cases should be treated. The choice of treatment and its duration must be considered, along with the affected organs, process severity, history of previous treatment failure, possibility of administering oral medication, associated diseases, pregnancy, and patient compliance with the proposed treatment regimen. Nevertheless, even after appropriate treatment, there may be relapses, which generally occur 5 years after the apparent cure following treatment, and also, the mycosis may be confused with other diseases. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of the immunopathology, laboratory diagnosis, clinical aspects, and current treatment of PCM, highlighting current issues in the identification, treatment, and patient follow-up in light of recent Paracoccidioides species taxonomic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosane Christine Hahn
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Alfenasgrid.411180.d (UNIFAL), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia Ferreira Nery
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Júlio Muller Hospital, EBSERH, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Nathan Pereira Siqueira
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Armando Guevara
- Medical Mycology Laboratory/Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Discipline of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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de Souza Suguiura IM, Macagnan R, Omori AM, Buck EL, Scarpassa JA, Pretto-Giordano LG, Vilas-Boas LA, de Camargo ZP, Itano EN, Ono MA. First report of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in fish. Med Mycol 2021; 58:737-743. [PMID: 31773156 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a deep mycosis endemic in Latin American countries that affects mainly male rural workers. Infection by P. brasiliensis has also been reported in several species of terrestrial animals; however, the capacity of the fungus to infect aquatic organisms is poorly known. The aim of this study was to detect P. brasiliensis in a fish species, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the most farmed and widely distributed fish in endemic areas for human PCM in Brazil. As a first step, the humoral immune response against the fungus was evaluated in an experimental group of three fish immunized with inactivated P. brasiliensis yeast cells. For the seroepidemiological study, serum samples of Nile tilapia raised in cages (n = 109) and in ponds (n = 105), collected from a fish slaughterhouse, were analyzed for P. brasiliensis antibodies by ELISA using gp43 as antigen. All the inoculated fish produced antibodies against the fungus. The seropositivity observed in fish raised in cages and ponds was 17.4 and 5.7%, respectively. Due to the higher seropositivity observed in caged fish, 100 tissue samples (encephalon, liver, and kidney), from another group of tilapia raised in cages, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Pb-ITSR and Pb-ITSE). Three tissue samples (liver n = 1, kidney n = 1, and enchepahlon n = 1) from three different fish resulted positive to PCR. This is the first report to show serological and molecular evidence of P. brasiliensis infection in a fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Massahiro de Souza Suguiura
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Macagnan
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Myuki Omori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elder Luis Buck
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Josiane Aniele Scarpassa
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Eiko Nakagawa Itano
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR 445 Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Arias Ramos D, Alzate JA, Giraldo Montoya ÁM, Trujillo YA, Arias Ramos LY. Thinking in paracoccidioidomycosis: a delayed diagnosis of a neglected tropical disease, case report and review of clinical reports and eco-epidemiologic data from Colombia since the 2000. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:119. [PMID: 32041552 PMCID: PMC7011283 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioidomycosis is a neglected tropical disease, endemic in several countries of South America including Colombia. We report a case of a patient with Chronic Multifocal Paracoccidioidomycosis with long-standing symptoms and a delayed diagnosis caused by several barriers to achieve it. We did a review of the papers published in Colombia about this disease, focusing in clinical data and eco-epidemiology with the finding of a lack of new information on this topic since the 2000 in our region. CASE PRESENTATION We present a 54-year-old man, farmer in his youth, with a chronic ulcerated lesion in the lower lip similar to a lip carcinoma, a deforming lesion in the nose, and respiratory symptoms with emphysematous lung. Lip biopsy with silver methenamine stain revealed small and large budding yeasts that resembles a "mariner's wheel" confirming Chronic Multifocal Paracoccidioidomycosis. He was treated successfully but subsequently lost to follow up. CONCLUSIONS It is very important to focus attention, reinforce the search and create networks for the study of neglected tropical diseases. The presented case illustrates a usual clinical presentation, but with a delayed diagnosis due to the difficulties that still occur in some regions like ours for the early recognition of a case of chronic multifocal paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deving Arias Ramos
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia. .,Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.
| | - John Alexander Alzate
- Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Ángela María Giraldo Montoya
- Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación en Medicina Interna, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia.,Hospital Universitario San Jorge, Pereira, Colombia
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4
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Petroni TF, Bonfietti LX, Zaninelli TH, Itano EN, Ono MA. Serological Evidence of Infection by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Dogs with Leishmaniasis. Mycopathologia 2017; 182:947-952. [PMID: 28523421 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-017-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis prevalent in Latin American countries, caused by the dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii. The habitat of these fungi in nature remains undefined, although it is believed that infection occurs by inhalation of infective propagules present in soil. Sentinel animals, such as dogs, can be valuable epidemiological markers of paracoccidioidomycosis. Taking into account that paracoccidioidomycosis and visceral leishmaniasis may occur in the same area, the objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of P. brasiliensis infection in dogs positive for Leishmania sp. Serum samples of dogs positive (n = 199) and negative (n = 101) for Leishmania sp. were analyzed by the immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis exoantigen, and 22 samples (7.3%) were positive. The serum samples positive in the immunodiffusion test were also analyzed by Western blotting using the P. brasiliensis gp43 recombinant protein, and 86% of the samples were positive. A high positive correlation (r = 0.96) between positivity for Leishmania sp. and P. brasiliensis was observed. These data suggest an association between leishmaniasis and paracoccidioidomycosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Ferreira Petroni
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.,Instituto Adolfo Lutz- CLR Araçatuba, Araçatuba-SP, 16015-030, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Henrique Zaninelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Eiko Nakagawa Itano
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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5
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Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-associated dermatitis and lymphadenitis in a dog. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:425-434. [PMID: 27757778 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Sbeghen MR, Zanata TB, Macagnan R, de Abreu KC, da Cunha WL, Watanabe MAE, de Camargo ZP, Ono MA. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Small Wild Mammals. Mycopathologia 2015; 180:435-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Albano APN, Klafke GB, Brandolt TM, Da Hora VP, Nogueira CEW, Xavier MO, Meireles MCA. Seroepidemiology of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in horses from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:513-7. [PMID: 26273267 PMCID: PMC4507544 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246246220140559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of the
major systemic mycosis in Brazil, called paracoccidioidomycosis. Although the
Rio Grande do Sul is considered an endemic area of the disease, there are few
studies on the ecology of P. brasiliensis in the state.
Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the infection of P.
brasiliensis in horses from the mesoregion of Southwest
Riograndense, using these animals as sentinels. Serological techniques, such as
double immunodiffusion in agar gel (AGID) and indirect ELISA, were performed to
detect the anti-gp43 P. brasiliensis antibody in horses from
five different farms in the region of Bagé, RS, Brazil. Serology was performed
in 200 Pure Blood English horses up to two years of age that were born and
raised exclusively at the farms. Of these horses, 12% had anti-gp43 antibodies
according to the ELISA results, with rates ranging from 0 to 30% according to
the farm of origin (p < 0.001). Based on the immunodiffusion results, all
equine serum samples were negative. These results indicate the presence of the
fungus P. brasiliensis in the middle region of the southwestern
state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Neuschrank Albano
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Baracy Klafke
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Tchana Martinez Brandolt
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa Pousada Da Hora
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Wayne Nogueira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mário Carlos Araújo Meireles
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil, Departamento de Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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8
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Teixeira MDM, Theodoro RC, Oliveira FFMD, Machado GC, Hahn RC, Bagagli E, San-Blas G, Soares Felipe MS. Paracoccidioides lutzii sp. nov.: biological and clinical implications. Med Mycol 2014; 52:19-28. [PMID: 23768243 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.794311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides lutzii, formerly known as 'Pb01-like' strains in the P. brasiliensis complex, is proposed as a new species based on phylogenetic and comparative genomics data, recombination analysis, and morphological characteristics. Conidia of P. lutzii are elongated, different from those of P. brasiliensis. P. lutzii occurs in the central and northern regions of Brazil. Studies comparing P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii may have significant clinical consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis.
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9
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Wild animals as sentinels of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Mycopathologia 2014; 177:207-15. [PMID: 24570039 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9731-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, a dimorphic pathogenic fungus, causes the principal form of systemic mycosis in Brazil. The literature furnishes only limited data on the ecology of this fungus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of fungal infection in wild animals, using serological tests and using the animals as sentinels of the presence of P. brasiliensis in three specified mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 128 wild animals from the three mesoregions were included in the study. The serum samples were evaluated by immunodiffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique to detect anti-gp43 antibodies from P. brasiliensis. Two conjugates were tested and compared with the ELISA technique. Although no positive samples were detected by immunodiffusion, 26 animals (20%), belonging to 13 distinct species, were found to be seropositive by the ELISA technique. The seropositive animals were from two mesoregions of the state. The results were similar according to the gender, age, and family of the animals, but differed significantly according to the conjugate used (p < 0.001), showing more sensitivity to protein A-peroxidase than to protein G-peroxidase. The finding that wild animals from the state of Rio Grande do Sul are exposed to P. brasiliensis suggests that the fungus can be found in this region despite the often-rigorous winters, which frequently include below-freezing temperatures.
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10
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Detection of Antibodies Against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Free-Range Domestic Pigs (Sus scrofa). Mycopathologia 2014; 177:91-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Travassos LR, Taborda CP, Colombo AL. Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis and new strategies investigated. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:251-62. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Belitardo DR, Calefi AS, Sbeghen MR, de Oliveira GG, Watanabe MAE, de Camargo ZP, Ono MA. Paracoccidioides brasiliensisinfection in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Mycoses 2013; 57:222-7. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Atilio Sersun Calefi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Mônica Raquel Sbeghen
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
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13
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Bocca AL, Amaral AC, Teixeira MM, Sato PK, Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Soares Felipe MS. Paracoccidioidomycosis: eco-epidemiology, taxonomy and clinical and therapeutic issues. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:1177-91. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired by inhalation of the thermal dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp. conidia, paracoccidioidomycosis ranges from symptomatic to severe and potentially fatal disseminated disease. The main focus of this review is to highlight clinical aspects of paracoccidioidomycosis and, its pathogens’ diversity ecology and particularities. In addition, we present strategies for therapy, including DNA vaccines and nanostructured drugs. Molecular and morphological data supported the split of the Paracoccidioides genus into two species, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. An acute form of the disease affects approximately 5% of cases and involves the phagocytic mononuclear system, resulting in progressive lymphadenopathy. The chronic form affects adult men and frequently involves lungs, skin and mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands. The clinical manifestations depend on the ability of the host to control the fungal multiplication and dissemination. The long survival time of the fungus in the host tissues allows it to evade immune responses; therefore, successful treatment often requires long-time therapy. The consensus for treatment must consider the severity of the disease and includes sulfone derivatives, amphotericin B and azoles. Novel strategies for therapy, based on DNA vaccines and nanostructured drugs are also presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Corrêa Amaral
- Biotechnology, Institute of Tropical Pathology & Public Health, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Keiko Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Shikanai-Yasuda
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Infectious & Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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de Oliveira GG, Belitardo DR, Balarin MRS, Freire RL, de Camargo ZP, Ono MA. Serological Survey of Paracoccidioidomycosis in Cats. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:299-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Evaluation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Dairy Goats. Mycopathologia 2013; 176:95-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Souza F, Alfieri AA, Alfieri AF, Lorenzetti E, Headley SA, Passos F, Silvestre T, Zago L, Mottin V, Montiani-Ferreira F, Lange R, Svoboda W, Gomes E. The evaluation of enteric viruses in asymptomatic free-ranging non-human primates (Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Callithrixspp., Callithrix penicillata,andLeontopithecus caissara)in southern Brazil. J Med Primatol 2012; 41:304-8. [PMID: 22889190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Souza
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Amauri A. Alfieri
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Paraná; Brazil
| | - Alice F. Alfieri
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Paraná; Brazil
| | - Elis Lorenzetti
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Paraná; Brazil
| | - Selwyn A. Headley
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Paraná; Brazil
| | - Fernando Passos
- Department of Zoology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Thiago Silvestre
- Graduate Program in Zoology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Luciana Zago
- Graduate Program in Zoology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Viviane Mottin
- Department of Zoology; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Lange
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Walfrido Svoboda
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba; Brazil
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Corte AC, Gennari SM, Labruna MB, Camargo LM, Itano EN, Freire RL, Camargo ZP, Ono MA. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in dogs from Western Brazilian Amazon. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000700011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in urban dogs from the municipality of Monte Negro, Rondonia, Western Brazilian Amazon. The serum samples (n=126) were analyzed by indirect ELISA and the immunodiffusion test using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. A positivity of 54.8% was observed only in the ELISA test and no statistical difference was observed in the seroprevalence in relation to age or sex. This is the first paracoccidioidomycosis survey carried out with dogs from the Western Brazilian Amazon. The higher positivity rates of P. brasiliensis infection observed in this study suggest that veterinarians must be alert to detect new cases of natural disease in dogs living in paracoccidioidomycosis endemic areas.
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Serological Survey of Paracoccidioidomycosis in Sheep. Mycopathologia 2011; 173:63-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-011-9463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Serological Evidence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Infection in Chickens from Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul States, Brazil. Mycopathologia 2010; 171:197-202. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9366-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Teixeira MM, Theodoro RC, de Carvalho MJA, Fernandes L, Paes HC, Hahn RC, Mendoza L, Bagagli E, San-Blas G, Felipe MSS. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a high level of speciation in the Paracoccidioides genus. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 52:273-83. [PMID: 19376249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic disease endemic to most of Latin America, with greatest impact in rural areas. The taxonomic status of one of the best studied Paracoccidioides isolates (Pb01) as P. brasiliensis remains unresolved due to its genomic differences from the other three previously described phylogenetic species (S1, PS2 and PS3; Carrero et al., 2008. Fungal Genet. Biol. 45, 605). Using the genealogic concordance method of phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) via maximum parsimony and Bayesian analysis, we identified a clade of 17 genotypically similar isolates, including Pb01, which are distinct from the S1/PS2/P3 clade. Consistent with GCPSR, this "Pb01-like" group can be considered a new phylogenetic species, since it is strongly supported by all independent and concatenated genealogies. "Pb01-like" species exhibit great sequence and morphological divergence from the S1/PS2/PS3 species clade, and we estimate that these groups last shared a common ancestor approximately 32 million years ago. In addition, recombination analysis revealed independent events inside both main groups suggesting reproductive isolation. Consequently, we recommend the formal description of the "Pb01-like" cluster as the new species Paracoccidioides lutzii, a tribute to Adolpho Lutz, discoverer of P. brasiliensis in 1908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Bianchini AAC, Petroni TF, Fedatto PF, Bianchini RR, Venancio EJ, Itano EN, Ono MA. Activation of the alternative complement pathway in canine normal serum by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:234-7. [PMID: 24031350 PMCID: PMC3769725 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822009000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a human granulomatous disease. Recently the first case of natural disease in dogs was reported. The complement system is an important effector component of humoral immunity against infectious agents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the activation of the dog alternative complement pathway by P. brasiliensis. Initially, the ability of erythrocytes of guinea pig, rabbit, sheep, chicken and swine to activate the dog alternative pathway was evaluated. The guinea pig erythrocytes showed the greatest capacity to activate dog alternative pathway. The alternative (AH50) hemolytic activity was evaluated in 27 serum samples from healthy dogs and the mean values were 87.2 AH50/ml. No significant differences were observed in relation to sex and age. The alternative pathway activation by P. brasiliensis was higher in serum samples from adult dogs when compared to puppies and aged dogs (p ≤ 0.05). This is the first report of dog alternative complement pathway activation by P. brasiliensis and suggests that it may play a protective role in canine paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A C Bianchini
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , Londrina, PR , Brasil
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Sparagano O, Foggett S. Diagnosis of clinically relevant fungi in medicine and veterinary sciences. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 66:29-52. [PMID: 19203647 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the most economically and epidemiologically important fungi affecting humans and animals. This paper will also summarize the different techniques, either molecular, based on nucleic acid and antibody analysis, or nonmolecular such as microscopy, culture, UV Wood's lamp, radiology, and spectroscopy used to identify species or group of fungi assisting clinicians to take the best control approach to clear such infections. On the molecular side, the paper will review results on genome sequencing which can help colleagues to identify their own DNA/RNA tests if they are interested in the diagnostic of fungi in medicine and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sparagano
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Aguiar LM, Ludwig G, Svoboda WK, Hilst CLS, Navarro IT, Passos FC. Occurrence, local extinction and conservation of Primates in the corridor of the Upper Paraná River, with notes on other mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752007000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The region of Porto Rico, on the Upper Paraná River, is a contact zone between the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado, with elements of the Pantanal wetlands. During surveys from September 2003 to September to 2005, we recorded the presence of non-volant mammals on 14 islands and the adjacent riverbanks. Surveys were by foot and by boat, and we also interviewed local people about the mammals of the region. Sightings of three primate species - Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (left margin of the river), C. libidinosus Spix, 1823 (right margin) and Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) (both margins and 12 islands) - were plotted on a satellite image. Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940 was not recorded. However, interviews indicated that this species has occurred in this region in the past. The survey of mammals revealed the occurrence of 32 native species, a native genus with one or more unidentified species, and two introduced species [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The study discusses the permeability of the Paraná River to dispersal, as well as its potential as a geographical barrier to some species. Hypothesis on the local extinction of A. clamitans is also addressed. This study provides information that can be useful for promoting the conservation of this region.
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