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Cammarata E, Cristo ND, Airoldi C, Veronese F, Esposto E, Giacomazzi C, Coppo P, Zavattaro E, Savoia P. Trichophyton erinacei infection in humans: a case report and a literature review. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024. [PMID: 39106217 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton (T.) erinacei is a rare but emerging zoonotic dermatophyte that is rarely isolated as a human pathogen, with only a few cases extensively described in the literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic search to identify eligible articles reporting demographics, clinical characteristics, and the therapeutic approach regarding T. erinacei infection in humans. RESULTS 168 patients affected by T. erinacei were reported in the international literature between inception and November 2023. Only 56 cases (32.1%) were fully described. The median age at diagnosis was 26 years, the female/male ratio was around 2:1. The main source of the disease was the hedgehog. The infection presented with a combination of erythema, scaly plaques, pustules, papules, vesicles, oedema, and erosion; the most common locations were the hands and the head. The most frequently conducted examination was fungal culture, but gene sequencing and mass spectrometry improved both speed and precision in the most recent diagnostic course. Topical clotrimazole and systemic terbinafine were the most chosen treatment. CONCLUSIONS Trichophyton erinacei should be considered in patients with erythematous scaly patches and recent contact with hedgehogs. Terbinafine should be considered as a first-line effective treatment, griseofulvin and azoles could be considered valid alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cammarata
- Azienda Ospedaliera "SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo", Alessandria, Italy
| | - Nunzia Di Cristo
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Airoldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Federica Veronese
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - Elia Esposto
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Paola Coppo
- Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Zavattaro
- Departement of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Paola Savoia
- Departement of Health Science, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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Schütte K, Springer A, Brandes F, Reuschel M, Fehr M, Strube C. Ectoparasites of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Germany and their health impact. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:2. [PMID: 38167501 PMCID: PMC10763030 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is known for high levels of ectoparasitism that not only represents a health risk for the animals themselves, but also for pet animals and humans as hedgehogs are frequently taken into human care. In the present study, patterns of ectoparasite infestation were assessed in hedgehogs taken into care at northern German animal rehabilitation centres. METHODS Ectoparasites (ticks, fleas and mites) of 498 hedgehogs were collected over a period of 3 years from July 2018 to May 2021. Species were identified based on morphological characteristics and also via amplification and sequencing of the partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX-2) gene for fleas of the family Ceratophyllidae. Seasonal changes in infestation patterns as well as correlations with animal age, body weight and health status were assessed using generalised linear models. RESULTS Infestation with ticks, fleas and mites occurred throughout the year. Overall, 86.5% (431/498) of the examined hedgehogs were infested with ticks, 91.4% (455/498) with fleas and 17.7% (88/498) with mites. Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus/Ixodes canisuga were the most common tick species detected, with the additional occurrence of one Ixodes frontalis. Significant seasonal changes were observed for I. ricinus, but not for I. hexagonus/I. canisuga. Additionally, I. ricinus nymph prevalence declined significantly as of 2020, probably as a consequence of the climate change-related drought as of 2018. In hedgehogs with flea infestations, Archaeopsylla erinacei, Ceratophyllus sciurorum, Nosopsyllus fasciatus and Ctenocephalides felis were identified. In all cases of mite infestation, Caparinia tripilis was detected, in addition to specimens of the family Macronyssidae and free-living mites of the family Acaridae. Statistical analyses showed correlations regarding the factors month, year, body weight and age, but no correlation was evident regarding the health status of the animals. CONCLUSIONS With a detected infestation rate of 98.6%, almost all of the examined hedgehogs were infested with at least one ectoparasite species. The seasonal activity patterns of the different ectoparasite species together with the complex annual cycle of hedgehogs lead to different seasonal patterns in ectoparasite prevalence and infestation intensities. Due to the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens as well as the possible negative impact on the host itself, hedgehogs should be treated against ectoparasites when taken into care facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Schütte
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Sachsenhagen, Sachsenhagen, Germany
| | - Andrea Springer
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Florian Brandes
- Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Sachsenhagen, Sachsenhagen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Reuschel
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Michael Fehr
- Department of Small Mammal, Reptile and Avian Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
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Kottferová L, Molnár L, Major P, Sesztáková E, Kuzyšinová K, Vrabec V, Kottferová J. Hedgehog Dermatophytosis: Understanding Trichophyton erinacei Infection in Pet Hedgehogs and Its Implications for Human Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1132. [PMID: 38132733 PMCID: PMC10744110 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pet hedgehogs, which are increasingly favoured companions, have garnered attention due to their potential as carriers of zoonotic diseases. These small insectivorous mammals, native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, are commonly kept as pets. The encroachment of humans into hedgehog habitats has brought these animals closer to people, raising concerns about disease transmission. This article reviews the current knowledge regarding zoonotic disease associated with pet hedgehogs, with a particular focus on mycotic infections caused by Trichophyton erinacei. Data from various regions and hedgehog species are synthesised to assess the significance of pet hedgehogs as potential reservoirs and transmitters of zoonotic pathogens. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the health risks associated with pet hedgehogs and underscores the need for continued research to mitigate zoonotic disease transmission from these potentially disease-carrying companions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kottferová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Ladislav Molnár
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Peter Major
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Edina Sesztáková
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Katarína Kuzyšinová
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- Clinic of Birds, Exotic and Free Living Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.M.); (E.S.); (K.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Jana Kottferová
- Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia;
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Dyląg M, Nowakiewicz A. European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus L.) as a Reservoir of Dermatophytes in Poland. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:363-375. [PMID: 34536095 PMCID: PMC9436838 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01866-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus) frequently colonises areas located close to human life in cities, as these are more suitable nest sites offering an abundance of food and allowing avoidance of predators. However, urbanisation has a significant impact on the epidemiology of infectious diseases, including dermatophytoses, the primary source of which are wild animals. In this study, we determined the spectrum of dermatophytes isolated from the European hedgehog and assessed their susceptibility profile to antifungal drugs. Symptomatic and asymptomatic dermatophyte infections were observed in 7.7% and 8% of the 182 examined free-living hedgehogs, respectively. In the pool of the isolated dermatophyte strains, Trichophyton erinacei was dominant (29.9%), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (17.9%), Trichophyton benhamiae (13.4%), Nannizzia gypsea (11.9%), Microsporum canis (10.4%), Nannizzia nana (7.5%), Paraphyton cookei (6.0%), and Nannizzia fulva (3.0%). Susceptibility tests revealed the highest activity of luliconazole and the lowest of activity fluconazole among the azole drugs applied. Although terbinafine generally exhibited high efficacy, two Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates showed resistance to this drug (MIC = 2 µg/ml) resulting from missense mutations in the SQLE gene corresponding to the amino acid substitution Leu393Phe. Summarising, our study has also revealed that such wildlife animals as hedgehogs can be a reservoir of pathogenic human dermatophytes, including harmful strains resistant to commonly used antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
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Carpouron JE, de Hoog S, Gentekaki E, Hyde KD. Emerging Animal-Associated Fungal Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:611. [PMID: 35736094 PMCID: PMC9225262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections (GAFFI) estimates that fungal diseases kill around 150 people each hour, and yet they are globally overlooked and neglected. Histoplasma and Talaromyces, which are associated with wildlife, cause systemic infections that are often lethal in patients with impaired cellular immunity. Dermatophytes that cause outbreaks in human hosts are often associated with domesticated animals. Changes in human behavior have been identified as a main cause of the emergence of animal-associated fungal diseases in humans, sometimes caused by the disturbance of natural habitats. An understanding of ecology and the transmission modes of causative agents is therefore essential. Here, we focus on fungal diseases contracted from wildlife and domesticated animals, their habitats, feces and carcasses. We discuss some basic fungal lifestyles and the risk of transmission to humans and illustrate these with examples from emerging and established diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eva Carpouron
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Centre/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Eleni Gentekaki
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin David Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand; (J.E.C.); (E.G.)
- Institute of Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Mushroom Research Foundation, 128 M.3 Ban Pa Deng T. Pa Pae, A. Mae Taeng, Chiang Mai 50150, Thailand
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Hedgehog-Transmitted Trichophyton erinaceid Causing Painful Bullous Tinea Manuum. J Hand Surg Am 2021; 46:430.e1-430.e3. [PMID: 32753229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Trichophyton is a species of fungus that commonly infects hedgehogs. As the popularity of keeping hedgehogs as pets increases, there have been reports of Trichophyton species infection in humans. Diagnosis and appropriate treatment of Trichophyton infection can be delayed owing to physicians' low index of suspicion and unfamiliarity with the physical manifestations. We describe a case of a 27-year-old healthy man who developed tinea manuum after handling a pet hedgehog. Presenting symptoms included a worsening bullous eruption and severe pain. Both fungal and histopathological study confirmed Trichophyton infection. He was treated with oral and topical antifungal medication. All symptoms resolved 2 weeks after initiation of treatment.
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7
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Abstract
Patient 1: After contact to a central European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), a 50-year-old female with atopy developed erythrosquamous tinea manus on the thumb and thenar eminence of the right hand. The patient had previously been scalded by hot steam at the affected site. The zoophilic dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei could be cultured from the hedgehog as well as from scrapings from the woman's skin. Antifungal treatment of the hedgehog was initiated using 2 weekly cycles of itraconazole solution (0.1 ml/kg body weight, BW). In addition, every other day enilconazole solution was used for topical treatment. The patient was treated with ciclopirox olamine cream and oral terbinafine 250 mg daily for 2 weeks, which led to healing of the Tinea manus .Patient 2: An 18-year-old woman presented for emergency consultation with rimmed, papulous, vesicular and erosive crusted skin lesions of the index finger, and an erythematous dry scaling round lesion on the thigh. The patient worked at an animal care facility, specifically caring for hedgehogs. One of the hedgehogs suffered from a substantial loss of spines. Fungal cultures from skin scrapings of both lesions yielded T. erinacei. Treatment with ciclopirox olamine cream and oral terbinafine 250 mg for 14 days was initiated which led to healing of the lesions. Identification of all three T. erinacei isolates from both patients and from the hedgehog was confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA, and of the translation elongation factor (TEF)-1-alpha gene. Using ITS sequencing discrimination between T. erinacei strains from European and from African hedgehogs is possible. T. erinacei should be considered a so-called emerging pathogen. In Germany the zoophilic dermatophyte T. erinacei should be taken into account as causative agent of dermatomycoses in humans after contact to hedgehogs.
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Phaitoonwattanakij S, Leeyaphan C, Bunyaratavej S, Chinhiran K. Trichophyton erinacei Onychomycosis: The First to Evidence a Proximal Subungual Onychomycosis Pattern. Case Rep Dermatol 2019; 11:198-203. [PMID: 31341462 PMCID: PMC6639565 DOI: 10.1159/000501424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton erinacei is an emerging cause of dermatophyte infections, which are frequently isolated from hedgehogs. Nail infections from T. erinacei are rarely reported. We describe the case of a 23-year-old Thai female who had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus with lupus nephritis type III and who developed widespread skin and nail infections caused by T. erinacei that were most likely transmitted from a hedgehog. Although the patient did not demonstrate a clinical improvement or mycological cure following systemic itraconazole and fluconazole treatment, she achieved clinical and mycological cures after terbinafine therapy. A drug susceptibility test should be performed in patients with T. erinacei infections to facilitate decision-making about antifungal therapy. Here, we are the first to report a case of proximal subungual onychomycosis from a T. erinacei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charussri Leeyaphan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumanus Bunyaratavej
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kittipoom Chinhiran
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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10
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Abarca ML, Castellá G, Martorell J, Cabañes FJ. Trichophyton erinacei in pet hedgehogs in Spain: Occurrence and revision of its taxonomic status. Med Mycol 2016; 55:164-172. [PMID: 27486214 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehogs have increased in popularity as pets in Spain but there are no data of infection rates of this exotic animal with dermatophytes in our country. During the period of 2008-2011 a total of 20 pet hedgehogs (19 African pygmy hedgehogs and 1 Egyptian long-eared hedgehog) suspected of having dermatophytoses were studied. This is the first survey of the occurrence of T. erinacei in household hedgehogs in Spain. The T. erinacei infection rate was 50% (9 out of 19 African pygmy hedgehogs, and the one Egyptian long-eared hedgehog surveyed). Morphological identification of the isolates was confirmed by molecular analysis. All the strains had the same ITS sequence and showed 100% sequence similarity to T. erinacei type strain CBS 511.73 (AB 105793). The Spanish isolates were confirmed as T. erinacei urease positive. On the basis of ITS sequences, T. erinacei is a species close to but separate from the taxa included in the A. benhamiae complex. Review of the current literature on DNA-based methods for identification of species included in this complex has highlighted the urgent need to reach a consensus in species circumscription and classification system accepted by all mycologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Abarca
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
| | - G Castellá
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
| | - J Martorell
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F J Cabañes
- Veterinary Mycology Group, Department of Animal Health and Anatomy
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Drira I, Neji S, Hadrich I, Sellami H, Makni F, Ayadi A. Tinea manuum due to Trichophyton erinacei from Tunisia. J Mycol Med 2015; 25:200-3. [PMID: 26091573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichophyton erinacei is a zoonotic fungus affecting hedgehogs. Although several human infections with this organism have been documented in the literature, it has rarely been isolated as a human pathogen. This paper reports on an erythematous lesion spotted on the hand of a 10-year-old girl. Based on the culture of the patient's skin scrapings, the pathogen was mycologically identified as T. erinacei, which was further confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacers of the fungal nuclear ribosomal DNA using universal primer ITS1-ITS4. This is the first case of T. erinacei in a Tunisian patient. A survey was carried out on the environment of our patient, and the results revealed the presence of hedgehogs with suspect scaly lesions. The same fungus was isolated from the hair and scales of the hedgehog, which was confirmed by PCR sequencing. The frequency of T. erinacei has often been underestimated, which is attributed not only to the gaps of knowledge still existing in the current understanding of the dermatophyte but also to differential diagnosis problems. Molecular study offers a simple and rapid tool to identify the source of infection and, hence, avoid the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Drira
- Laboratory of fungal and parasitic molecular biology, school of medicine, university of Sfax, Magida-Boulila street, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - S Neji
- Laboratory of parasitology-mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - I Hadrich
- Laboratory of fungal and parasitic molecular biology, school of medicine, university of Sfax, Magida-Boulila street, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - H Sellami
- Laboratory of fungal and parasitic molecular biology, school of medicine, university of Sfax, Magida-Boulila street, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - F Makni
- Laboratory of parasitology-mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - A Ayadi
- Laboratory of fungal and parasitic molecular biology, school of medicine, university of Sfax, Magida-Boulila street, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of parasitology-mycology, UH Habib Bourguiba, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Segal E, Frenkel M. Dermatophyte infections in environmental contexts. Res Microbiol 2015; 166:564-9. [PMID: 25634072 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal dermal diseases caused by the molds of the Dermatophyte family are among the most frequent infectious diseases affecting quality of life. There are 3 attributed sources of infection by Dermatophytes:1) humans; 2) animals and 3) soil. Dermatophytes posses the ability to utilize keratin from human and animal tissues, or debris from dead animal sources found in soil, such as feathers, skin or nails. Hence, Dermatophytes are abundant in different ecological niches. All 3 groups can infect humans, causing dermatophytoses manifested in different clinical entities involving skin, hair or nails. The mode of infection of the Dermatophytes is via direct or indirect contact. Dermatophytes are found universally, however the relative prevalence of dermatophytoses caused by different Dermatophytes may vary in different geographic areas according to climatic conditions or lifestyle. Thus, studies in different geographic areas assessing the specific fungal etiology involved are of epidemiological relevance serving as baseline information for management of dermatophytoses at the local level. The present article will focus, mostly, on epidemiological data from published surveys conducted in different geographic/climatic areas analyzing the prevalence of specific Dermatophyte species in regard to gender, age, type of infection in context of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Segal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Michael Frenkel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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[Taxonomic study of clinic isolates of Trichophyton in Rosario, Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2014; 45:248-53. [PMID: 24401778 DOI: 10.1016/s0325-7541(13)70031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the pleomorphism and cultural variability displayed by species of the genus Trichophyton, the identification methods based solely on morphological features are usually insufficient for their classification. The goal of the present work was to test a set of phenotypic methods in order to identify fungal isolates that belong to the aforementioned genus. These methods were based on a molecular taxonomic technique used as standard. Clinical isolates (56) were used as samples along with 6 reference strains. Macro and micromorphological studies were performed as well as biochemical and physiological tests such as in vitro hair perforation, nutritional requirements in Trichophyton agar media, urease production and growth on bromocresol purple-milk. solids-glucose (BCP-MS-G) agar. Additionally, PCR fingerprinting using the (GACA)4 primer was employed. As a result of the PCR method, specific profiles were observed for Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. Identical profiles were obtained for Arthroderma benhamiae y Trichophyton erinacei. Of the total number of clinical isolates, 39 matched the T. rubrum profile while 13 corresponded to A. benhamiae and 4 to T. interdigitale. The most useful phenotypic test to differentiate between T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes complex strains was alkalinization of the BCP-MS-G medium. Phenotypic tests did not allow differentiation among the T. mentagrophytes complex species. On the other hand, the molecular technique allowed characterization of T. rubrum isolates as well as of those observed in our study and included in the T. mentagrophytes complex: T. interdigitale and Trichophyton sp., the anamorph of A. benhamiae.
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Borges-Costa J, Martins MDL. Trichophyton erinacei skin infection after recreational exposure to an elephant in Southeast Asia. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 108:58-9. [PMID: 24548162 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoophilic fungal infections are a prevalent disease in tropical countries and clinicians must consider them in the differential diagnosis of pruritic skin lesions. We report a clinical case of Trichophyton erinacei skin infection after recreational exposure to an Asian Elephant. As far as we were able to search the literature, it is the first case described after contact with elephants.
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Sieklucki U, Oh SH, Hoyer LL. Frequent isolation of Arthroderma benhamiae from dogs with dermatophytosis. Vet Dermatol 2013; 25:39-e14. [PMID: 24267472 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular analysis methods have led to many changes in the taxonomy of dermatophyte species. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that fungi displaying morphology consistent with a traditional identification of 'Trichophyton mentagrophytes' represent multiple species, consistent with the new taxonomy. METHODS Fungal specimens (n = 20) were collected directly from animals with dermatophytosis, were among those submitted for diagnostic analysis or were part of historical teaching collections. Primers that amplified a portion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene and primers specific for a fragment from the internal transcribed spacer region were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA. The DNA sequences from the amplified products were compared with databases to identify the isolates. RESULTS Of the 80% (n = 16) of the fungal isolates identified as Arthroderma benhamiae, eight were collected from dogs. One isolate was identified as Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii, two were Trichophyton erinacei and one was Nannizziopsis (Chrysosporium) guarroi, which was probably present as a saprophyte. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Frequent isolation of A. benhamiae from dogs suggests a greater host range for this fungus than reflected in the current literature. Our data also suggest the potential for geographical restriction of strain types within the species. Efforts to identify fungal isolates using molecular techniques create a better understanding of diversity and epidemiology of the dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Sieklucki
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
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Sidwell RU, Chan I, Francis N, Bunker CB. Trichophyton erinacei kerion barbae from a hedgehog with direct osculatory transfer to another person. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013; 39:38-40. [PMID: 24016062 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of kerion tinea barbae infection due to Trichophyton erinacei in a 37-year-old man. The infection had also been transferred to his partner by direct contact from kissing. T. erinacei is a zoophilic dermatophyte occasionally harboured by the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). There are few reports of human infection in the literature, and it rarely causes a kerion. There is only one previous report of tinea barbae occurrence due to T. erinacei. This case highlights the possibility of one of the more unusual fungal infections that can be acquired in the UK, and highlights the necessity of asking specific questions to identify possible sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Sidwell
- Department of Dermatology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Weishaupt J, Kolb-Mäurer A, Lempert S, Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Hamm H, Goebeler M. A different kind of hedgehog pathway: tinea manus due to Trichophyton erinacei transmitted by an African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Mycoses 2013; 57:125-7. [PMID: 23889168 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unusual case of a 29-year-old woman with tinea manus caused by infection due to Trichophyton erinacei is described. The patient presented with marked erosive inflammation of the entire fifth finger of her right hand. Mycological and genomic diagnostics resulted in identification of T. erinacei as the responsible pathogen, which had been transmitted by a domestic African pygmy hedgehog, Atelerix albiventris. Upon prolonged treatment with topical and systemic antifungal agents skin lesions slowly resolved. This case illustrates that the increasingly popular keeping of extraordinary pets such as hedgehogs may bear the risk of infections with uncommon dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Weishaupt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Khettar L, Contet-Audonneau N. [Guinea pigs and dermatophytosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 139:631-5. [PMID: 23122376 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current trend of keeping "exotic" pets has led to the emergence of new types of fungal species that may be transmitted to humans [1]. We describe a form of dermatophytosis transmitted by a Guinea pig and caused by a new variety of dermatophyte. CASE REPORT A 13-year-old girl developed multiple erythematosquamous and vesicular lesions with a highly inflammatory edge several weeks after acquiring a Guinea pig of apparently healthy appearance. Direct examination and culture tests demonstrated the presence of a dermatophyte closely related to the erinacei variant of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, from which it differed in terms of microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The condition resolved on therapy with topical imidazole. DISCUSSION This new type of dermatophyte has been identified in many patients coming into close contact with Guinea pigs in the region of Nancy. We would suggest the emergence of a novel variety of T. mentagrophytes, which has adapted to its new host following transmission to Guineas pigs from hedgehogs. We propose that it be named T. mentagrophytes var. porcellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Khettar
- Laboratoire de mycologie, hôpital de Brabois, CHU de Nancy, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Concha M, Nicklas C, Balcells E, Guzmán AM, Poggi H, León E, Fich F. The first case of tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei isolated in Chile. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:283-5. [PMID: 22348562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei is a zoophilic dermatophyte transmitted by hedgehogs which human infections manifest as highly inflammatory and pruritic eruptions. METHODS We report a 21-year-old woman who presented with a two-week history of a pruritic scaly erythematous plaque on the nose. The patient had kept hedgehogs as pets, and one had bitten her on the tip of the nose two months prior to the appearance of the nasal lesion. RESULTS Fungal culture from the scales on the tip of the patient's nose was compatible with T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei. The strains isolated from cultures made from samples taken from the noses and ears of the pet hedgehogs were morphologically similar to the strain isolated from the patient. Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer. The lesion was diagnosed as tinea faciei, and therapy was initiated with topical and systemic terbinafine 250mg/day for eight weeks, which resulted in complete improvement. CONCLUSIONS Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei is the most common dermatophyte isolated in hedgehogs. Usually T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei infection manifests as an extremely inflammatory and pruritic eruption that is confined to the site of contact with the hedgehog. Although the identification of T. mentagrophytes by traditional methods is possible, identification by ITS region analysis is a fast, simple, and increasingly available method. The increasing frequency of the practice of keeping exotic animals as pets has resulted in the emergence of several zoonotic diseases that can potentially be transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Concha
- Departments of Dermatology Infectology Clinical Laboratory, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Molina-López RA, Adelantado C, Arosemena EL, Obón E, Darwich L, Calvo MA. Integument Mycobiota of Wild European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from Catalonia, Spain. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 2012:659754. [PMID: 23762757 PMCID: PMC3671702 DOI: 10.5402/2012/659754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are some reports about the risk of manipulating wild hedgehogs since they can be reservoirs of potential zoonotic agents like dermatophytes. The aim of this study was to describe the integument mycobiota, with special attention to dermatophytes of wild European hedgehogs. Samples from spines and fur were cultured separately in Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) with antibiotic and dermatophyte test medium (DTM) plates. Nineteen different fungal genera were isolated from 91 cultures of 102 hedgehogs. The most prevalent genera were Cladosporium (79.1%), Penicillium (74.7%), Alternaria (64.8%), and Rhizopus (63.7%). A lower prevalence of Aspergillus (P = 0,035; χ2 = 8,633) and Arthrinium (P = 0,043; χ2 = 8,173) was isolated during the spring time and higher frequencies of Fusarium (P = 0,015; χ2 = 10,533) during the autumn. The prevalence of Acremonium was significantly higher in young animals (70%, 26/37) than in adults (30%, 11/37) (P = 0,019; χ2 = 5,915). Moreover, the majority of the saprophytic species that grew at the SDA culture were also detected at the DTM. Finally, no cases of ringworm were diagnosed and no dermatophytes spp. were isolated. Concluding, this study provides the first description of fungal mycobiota of the integument of wild European hedgehogs in Spain, showing a large number of saprophytic species and the absence of dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Molina-López
- Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Catalan Wildlife Service, Forestal Catalana, 08130 Santa Perpètua de la Mogoda, Spain ; Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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