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Xu C, Pan C, Xu C, Zheng W, Yin Q, Pan H, Chen Y. Successful treatment of cutaneous protothecosis with fluconazole: A case report and epidemiology study of Prototheca infection in China. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:2190-2198. [PMID: 38481059 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protothecosis is an infection of humans and animals caused by a rare conditionally pathogenic fungus (prototheca). It can occur in immunocompromised or normal patients. AIMS To describe the epidemiology of prototheca infection in China. METHODS We report a case of successful treatment of cutaneous protothecosis with fluconazole and analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of prototheca infections in China. RESULTS We describe this case and 29 cases of prototheca infections in China. At present, Prototheca wickerhamii (Pw) infection is the most common infection in China, and single or combined itraconazole is the preferred treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results provide detailed information and relevant clinical treatment strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of protothecosis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandi Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, People's Hospital of Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaolan Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengan Xu
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Yin
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Center for General Practice Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, People's Hospital of Tiantai County, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Chen Y, Gao A, Ke Y, Zhou X, Lin L, Lu S, Liu Y. Successful Treatment of Cutaneous Protothecosis Due to Prototheca wickerhamii with Terbinafine. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:913-919. [PMID: 38689756 PMCID: PMC11059624 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s453620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Protothecosis, an infrequent human infection, is caused by achlorophyllic algae belonging to the genus Prototheca, particularly Prototheca wickerhamii. The skin stands as the most commonly affected organ. This report documents a case involving an 82-year-old male with Protothecosis. Histopathological analysis revealed granulomatous inflammation in the dermis, exhibiting necrotic features and hosting numerous non-budding spherical organisms. These organisms were positively stained using methenamine silver and periodic acid-Schiff stains, confirming identification as P. wickerhamii after validation through tissue culture and sequencing procedures. Initially, the patient received oral itraconazole at a dosage of 200 mg daily, accompanied by topical 1% naftifine-0.25% ketoconazole cream for a duration of 4 weeks, resulting in significant improvement. Subsequently, due to gastrointestinal discomfort presumably linked to itraconazole, terbinafine was administered. Over a span of 3 months, the patient received oral terbinafine at a dosage of 250 mg/day alongside the application of topical 1% naftifine-0.25% ketoconazole cream, leading to complete healing of the skin lesion, leaving behind a fibrotic scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aili Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Ke
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sha Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangzhou Dermatology Hospital, Guangzhou, 510095, People’s Republic of China
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Di Prinzio A, Ruf M, Torre AC, Duran Daza SV, Volonteri VI, Flores V, Mazzuoccuolo LD. Cutaneous protothecosis in a solid organ transplanted patient. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:723-725. [PMID: 37120408 PMCID: PMC10404499 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Ruf
- Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
| | - Ana C Torre
- Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires, CABA, Argentina
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Góes LDM, Monteiro VDS, Souza ATOD. Case for diagnosis. Ulcer and papular lesions in a patient with diabete mellitus. Protothecosis. An Bras Dermatol 2021; 96:613-616. [PMID: 34266685 PMCID: PMC8441448 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare disease caused by achlorophilic algae of the genus Prototheca spp. In general, three clinical forms are observed: cutaneous, articular and systemic. The cutaneous form is the most common one. This study describes a patient with isolated erythematous papules and erythematous papular plaques in the scapular regions, with a previous histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. New tests were conclusive for the diagnosis of protothecosis, caused by Prototheca wickerhamii.
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Herold S, Klodt T, Toelle D, Dennebaum M, Lippe E, Walz C, Kaes J, Kreft A, Siegel E, Munder M, Teschner D. Lethal systemic and brain infection caused by Prototheca zopfii algae in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Med Mycol Case Rep 2021; 32:17-20. [PMID: 33604236 PMCID: PMC7873573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic protothecosis is an exceptionally rare cause of sepsis with few available therapeutic options. Here, we report on a female patient with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia who died after start of chemotherapy due to a severe septic shock caused by a disseminated systemic infection with Prototheca zopfii including encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Herold
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tristan Klodt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniela Toelle
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martin Dennebaum
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Lippe
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cleo Walz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Kaes
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Kreft
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Siegel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Munder
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Teschner
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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6
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Zhao F, Chen M, Fu Y. Multiple cutaneous infections caused by Prototheca wickerhamii. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23492. [PMID: 32692420 PMCID: PMC7676219 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prototheca species are a group of organisms ubiquitously existing in nature but have become a pathogenic threat to public health, which has aroused wide attention. Species identification and antifungal susceptibility have essential and valuable meanings to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A case of an 84‐year‐old patient who had suffered from multiple cutaneous infections was reported. Tissue samples of the damaged skin were collected from the patient and used for microscopic examination and tissue culture. Staining methods, the VITEK system with YSD card and the molecular identification method based on partial mitochondrion‐encoded cytochrome b (cytb) gene amplification and sequencing were used for species identification. Antifungal susceptibility testing was completed by using YeastOne plate. Results The patient had type II diabetes mellitus. Round, grape‐like, and scattered morula forms were observed under the microscope in bright blue with lactophenol cotton blue staining and in green fluorescence with fungus fluorescence staining. Yeast‐like colonies were grown on both the blood plates and the Sabouraud agar. P wichehamii was identified and presented resistance to three echinocandins, fluconazole, and 5‐fluorocytosine, while was susceptible to amphotericin B, posaconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. Conclusion Our result revealed that an old patient with diabetes mellitus might be a dangerous population of cutaneous protothecosis. It also highlighted the contribution to microbial methodology on the diagnosis and treatment of such rare fungus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaode Chen
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Petitjean H, Bourojeni FB, Tsao D, Davidova A, Sotocinal SG, Mogil JS, Kania A, Sharif-Naeini R. Recruitment of Spinoparabrachial Neurons by Dorsal Horn Calretinin Neurons. Cell Rep 2019; 28:1429-1438.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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8
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De Kyvon MA, Carvalho-Schneider C, Lemaignen A, Dussart D, Barbaz M, Barbe PG, Lanotte P, Bernard L, Bailly É, Chandenier J, Desoubeaux G. A "Kelp-Like" Microorganism Within the Belly. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:1463-1466. [PMID: 30321356 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David Dussart
- Chirurgie digestive, Transplantation hépatique, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Lanotte
- Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Tours, France.,UMR ISP1282 INRA Université de Tours, France
| | - Louis Bernard
- Médecine interne & Maladies infectieuses, Tours, France
| | - Éric Bailly
- Parasitologie, Mycologie, Médecine tropicale, Tours, France
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9
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cytb as a New Genetic Marker for Differentiation of Prototheca Species. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.00584-18. [PMID: 30068534 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00584-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Achlorophyllous unicellular microalgae of the genus Prototheca (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) are the only known plants that cause infections in both humans and animals, collectively referred to as protothecosis. Human protothecosis, most commonly manifested as cutaneous, articular, and disseminated disease, is primarily caused by Protothecawickerhamii, followed by Protothecazopfii and, sporadically, by Protothecacutis and Protothecamiyajii In veterinary medicine, however, P. zopfii is a major pathogen responsible for bovine mastitis, which is a predominant form of protothecal disease in animals. Historically, identification of Prototheca spp. has relied upon phenotypic criteria; these were later replaced by molecular typing schemes, including DNA sequencing. However, the molecular markers interrogated so far, mostly located in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cluster, do not provide sufficient discriminatory power to distinguish among all Prototheca spp. currently recognized. Our study is the first attempt to develop a fast, reliable, and specific molecular method allowing identification of all Prototheca spp. We propose the mitochondrial cytb gene as a new and robust marker for diagnostics and phylogenetic studies of the Prototheca algae. The cytb gene displayed important advantages over the rDNA markers. Not only did the cytb gene have the highest discriminatory capacity for resolving all Prototheca species, but it also performed best in terms of technical feasibility, understood as ease of amplification, sequencing, and multiple alignment analysis. Based on the species-specific polymorphisms in the partial cytb gene, we developed a fast and straightforward PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay for identification and differentiation of all Prototheca species described so far. The newly proposed method is advocated to be a new gold standard in diagnostics of protothecal infections in human and animal populations.
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10
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Wang F, Feng P, Lin Y, Chen X, Xu D, Wang Z, Han J. Human Cutaneous Protothecosis: A Case Report and Review of Cases from Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Mycopathologia 2018; 183:821-828. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Liu ZH. If it's red and scaly look for fungus: remember cutaneous protothecosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:e327. [PMID: 29444363 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z-H Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University, West Lake Rd 38, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
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12
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Tseng HC, Chen CB, Ho JC, Cheng YW, Huang HW, Sun PL, Lee CH. Clinicopathological features and course of cutaneous protothecosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2018; 32:1575-1583. [PMID: 29356140 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protothecosis is an uncommon infection caused by the achlorophyllic algae found more commonly in tropical areas. Only a limited number of cases have been reported. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes of cutaneous protothecosis. METHODS We retrospectively identified 20 pathology-confirmed cases of cutaneous protothecosis based on skin biopsies in two tertiary medical centres in Taiwan from 1997 to 2015. RESULTS The age of the patients at the time of diagnosis ranged from 48 to 85 years (mean age of 74 years). All lesions developed on the limbs. Twelve (60%) patients had adrenal insufficiency, but no patients had active malignancy at diagnosis. Interestingly, four (20%) patients had concurrent scabies infestation. Clinically, most lesions were erythematous plaques studded with punctate ulcers. Microscopically, the most common finding was granulomatous inflammation. Nineteen (95%) cases were successfully treated with itraconazole for 14-148 days with only one case of recurrence. Concomitant scabies should be suspected if pruritus is recalcitrant despite itraconazole treatment. CONCLUSION Despite its rarity, cutaneous protothecosis has become more significant due to an increased prevalence of immunocompromised individuals. Steroid overuse or iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency predisposes individuals to high-risk infections. Neglecting the disease leads to a chronic and incurable state. Protothecosis should be suspected in chronic eczematous and ulcerative plaques on the limbs refractory to conventional antibacterial and antiviral treatments, especially in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Clinical suspicion should be confirmed by skin biopsies, and confirmed cases can be successfully treated with itraconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Tseng
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Yuh Ying Junior College of Healthcare and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-B Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - J-C Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Y-W Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - H-W Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - P-L Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals, Linkou, Taipei, and Keelung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - C-H Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Kazantseva IA, Molochkov AV, Sukhov AV, Bondarenko EV. [A case of cutaneous protothecosis]. Arkh Patol 2017; 79:52-55. [PMID: 28295008 DOI: 10.17116/patol201779152-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes a case of a rare opportunistic infection, such as skin lesion caused by achlorophyllic unicellular algae of the genus Prototheca. It provides a detailed pathologic description of the foci of cutaneous protothecosis, such as pandermal inflammatory infiltrate, granulomas, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, and intraepidermal abscesses. Criteria for pathogen detection in histological sections are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Kazantseva
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Molochkov
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Sukhov
- Healthy Skin Center, Polyclinic One Hundred and Twenty-Nine, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Bondarenko
- M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute, Moscow, Russia
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McMullan B, Pollett S, Biswas C, Packham D. Successful treatment of cutaneous protothecosis with liposomal amphotericin and oral itraconazole. Med Mycol Case Rep 2016; 12:21-3. [PMID: 27642561 PMCID: PMC5018200 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare algal infection, affecting primarily immunocompromised hosts. Optimal management is unclear: in-vitro antimicrobial breakpoints are not established and therapeutic decisions are primarily based on case reports. We present a case of cutaneous Prototheca wickerhamii infection in an immunosuppressed 63 year old male, successfully treated with liposomal amphotericin and prolonged itraconazole. Inoculation may have been through frequent hot-tub use, highlighting hot-tub exposure as an infection risk for the immunocompromised host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan McMullan
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney 2031, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Simon Pollett
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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Cutaneous Protothecosis in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Case Report and Literature Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2015; 1:4-12. [PMID: 29376895 PMCID: PMC5770008 DOI: 10.3390/jof1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protothecosis is a rare infection, which has the potential to cause severe disease in patients with underlying immunosuppression. We describe a case of an elderly female with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), as well as other risk factors, who presented with pustular and erythematous plaques, initially presumed to be leukemia cutis. A biopsy with special stains revealed the lesions to be cutaneous protothecosis, thus presenting a most unusual concurrence of disease entities. The literature to date on this rare infection will be reviewed.
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Takano M, Hoshi S, Nagai K, Ishidaira H, Onozaki M, Satoh K, Makimura K. The first case of human protothecosis caused by Prototheca zopfii in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:647-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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A Case of Cutaneous Protothecosis Mimics Eczema. Mycopathologia 2014; 179:163-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-014-9812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Seok JY, Lee Y, Lee H, Yi SY, Oh HE, Song JS. Human cutaneous protothecosis: report of a case and literature review. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:575-8. [PMID: 24421852 PMCID: PMC3887161 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.6.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Prototheca species is achlorophyllic algae and rarely causes human infection. Human protothecosis presents clinically as a cutaneous infection, olecranon bursitis, and disseminated systemic disease. We report a case of human cutaneous protothecosis involving the left wrist. A 68-year-old man presented with an ill-defined erythematous lesion with crust at the dorsal aspect of his left wrist. A punch biopsy was performed to reveal the histologic features of granulomatous inflammation with necrosis at the upper dermis, containing Prototheca organisms, of which, the characteristic features were highlighted by special staining. Through a molecular study, the Prototheca zopfii species was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Seok
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yoonho Lee
- Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sang Yeop Yi
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hwa Eun Oh
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Song
- Department of Pathology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
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