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Ely VL, Felipetto Cargnelutti J, Segabinazzi Ries A, Gressler LT, Costa S, Braz PH, Pötter L, Matiuzzi da Costa M, Gomes da Silva Júnior F, Pequeno de Oliveira H, Sangioni LA, Brayer Pereira DI, de Avila Botton S. Prototheca bovis in goats: Experimental mastitis and treatment with polypyrrole. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105950. [PMID: 36528325 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca bovis has been associated with several cases of mastitis in cattle but no record of intramammary infections has been reported in goats. This infection does not respond to available treatments and the disposal recommendation of affected animals cause great damage to the dairy industry. Alternatives for dealing with infections caused by Prototheca spp. are required worldwide. In vitro results suggest polypyrrole as promising molecule for combating this alga, because an algaecide effect was observed on tested Prototheca spp. isolates. Thus, this study evaluated goats as an experimental model for intramammary infection by P. bovis and a protocol for treating these animals with an intramammary polypyrrole solution. The possibility of P. bovis promoting an intramammary infection in goats was experimentally proven, demonstrating this species as an important model for studies involving algae mastitis. Furthermore, polypyrrole reduced the counts of Prototheca sp. in the analyzed samples, showing potential to fight this microorganism also in vivo. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the ability of P. bovis to colonize breast tissue in lactating goats and the highly soluble molecule of polypyrrole has potential use for the treatment of protothecosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Ananda Segabinazzi Ries
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Trevisan Gressler
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Samay Costa
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha 7 de Setembro, BR 386 - KM 40 s/n, Frederico Westphalen, RS, 98400-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pötter
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gomes da Silva Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/nº, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Sangioni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto de Biologia, Campus Capão do Leão s/n, Capão do Leão, RS, 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44 (CCRII), Sala 5132, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Hosseini A, Alipour A, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. A comprehensive and mechanistic review on protective effects of kaempferol against natural and chemical toxins: Role of NF-κB inhibition and Nrf2 activation. Biofactors 2022; 49:322-350. [PMID: 36471898 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different toxins, including chemicals and natural, can be entered from various routes and influence human health. Herbal medicines and their active components can attenuate the toxicity of agents via multiple mechanisms. For example, kaempferol, as a flavonoid, can be found in fruits and vegetables, and has an essential role in improving disorders such as cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, cancer, pain, and inflammation situations. The beneficial effects of kaempferol may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB) as well as the modulation of apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This flavonoid boasts a wide spectrum of toxin targeting effects in tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress thus shows promising protective effects against natural and chemical toxin induced hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, lung, and intestinal in the in vitro and in vivo setting. The most remarkable aspect of kaempferol is that it does not focus its efforts on just one organ or one molecular pathway. Although its significance as a treatment option remains questionable and requires more clinical studies, it seems to be a low-risk therapeutic option. It is crucial to emphasize that kaempferol's poor bioavailability is a significant barrier to its use as a therapeutic option. Nanotechnology can be a promising way to overcome this challenge, reviving optimism in using kaempferol as a viable treatment agent against toxin-induced disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azar Hosseini
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alieh Alipour
- Pharmacological Research Centre of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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LI J, CHEN X, JIN E, WANG G, WU L, SHAO Z, WAN P, HU C, LI J, CHEN J, DING M. A survey of Prototheca bovis infection in dairy farms of the Hubei province, China. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1248-1255. [PMID: 34193721 PMCID: PMC8437709 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis, caused by Prototheca bovis, has received much attention worldwide. To investigate the status of P. bovis infection in dairy farms of Hubei, we collected 1,158 milk samples and 90 environmental samples from 14 dairy farms of Hubei, China. The isolates were identified with traditional biological methods and molecular biological techniques, and their pathogenicity was tested through mice infection experiments. Isolates from 57 milk and 20 environmental samples were identified as P. bovis. The mice infection tests proved that the isolated P. bovis could cause mastitis in mice, manifesting as severe red swelling of the mammary glands. Histopathological analysis of tissue sections showed necrosis and nodules lesions formed in the infected mice mammary tissue, accompanied by macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. These results suggested the existence of pathogenic P. bovis in dairy farms of the Hubei province, China, with brewer's grains and fresh feces possibly playing important roles in the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin LI
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiabing CHEN
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Erguang JIN
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Guiqiang WANG
- Livestock and Poultry Breeding Center of Hubei Province,
Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lijun WU
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Zhiyong SHAO
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Pingmin WAN
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Changmin HU
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhua LI
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jie CHEN
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430208, China
| | - Mingxing DING
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural
University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Ely VL, Costa MMD, Oliveira HPD, Silva Júnior FAGD, Pereira DIB, Soares MP, Vargas ACD, Sangioni LA, Cargnelutti JF, Ribeiro MG, Botton SDA. In vitro algicidal effect of polypyrrole on Prototheca species isolates from bovine mastitisAlgicidal activity of polypyrrole on Prototheca spp. Med Mycol 2021; 58:1114-1119. [PMID: 32364239 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae of the genus Prototheca are microorganisms involved in the occurrence of diseases in humans and animals. In bovine species, Prototheca spp. cause environmental mastitis, productive losses in dairy herds, mainly leading to the discard of infected cows. Currently, there are no effective anti-Prototheca spp. drugs to combat this infection. Thus, the search for an efficacious therapy for Prototheca spp. infections have become essential. Highly soluble polypyrrole (Ppy) is a molecule with known antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to characterize Prototheca spp. isolates from bovine mastitis as well as to evaluate the susceptibility profile and to verify the morphological alterations on Prototheca spp. isolates treated with Ppy. In this research, 36 Brazilian isolates of Prototheca spp. were characterized by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) assay for the mitochondrial cytB gene. Additionally, Ppy algicidal activity against these isolates of Prototheca spp. was assessed by minimal microbicidal concentration method in microplates. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to verify the morphological alterations on Prototheca spp. isolates in response to Ppy. The isolates were characterized as belonging to Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 (35/36) and Prototheca blaschkeae (1/36). Ppy had an algicidal effect on all isolates tested at concentrations ranging from 15.625 μg ml-1 to 62.5 μg ml-1. SEM showed changes on planktonic and sessile P. zopfii, including a decrease of the number of cells with the presence of an amorphous substance involving the cells. The algicidal activity of Ppy suggests the therapeutic potential of this molecule in the prevention and treatment of Prototheca spp. in bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valessa Lunkes Ely
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Helinando Pequeno de Oliveira
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Gomes da Silva Júnior
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Rodovia BR 407 - Km 12, Lote 543, Projeto Irrigação Senador Nilo Coelho s/n°, Petrolina, CEP 56300-990, Brazil
| | - Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira
- Departament of Microbiology and Parasitology, Instituto de Biologia, Federal University of Pelotas, Prédio 18, Sala 14. Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n°, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pereira Soares
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, s/n°, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Agueda Castagna de Vargas
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University - UNESP, CEP 18618-681, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Medicine (PPGMV), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine (DMVP), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 44, Sala 5007, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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Prototheca zopfii genotype II induces mitochondrial apoptosis in models of bovine mastitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:698. [PMID: 31959834 PMCID: PMC6971270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii is an alga increasingly isolated from bovine mastitis. Of the two genotypes of P. zopfii (genotype I and II (GT-I and -II)), P. zopfii GT-II is the genotype associated with acute mastitis and decreased milk production, although its pathogenesis is not well known. The objective was to determine inflammatory and apoptotic roles of P. zopfii GT-II in cultured mammary epithelial cells (from cattle and mice) and murine macrophages and using a murine model of mastitis. Prototheca zopfii GT-II (but not GT-I) invaded bovine and murine mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and induced apoptosis, as determined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. This P. zopfii GT-II driven apoptosis corresponded to mitochondrial pathways; mitochondrial transmembrane resistance (ΔΨm) was altered and modulation of mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis regulating genes changed (increased transcriptional Bax, cytochrome-c and Apaf-1 and downregulated Bcl-2), whereas caspase-9 and -3 expression increased. Apoptotic effects by P. zopfii GT-II were more pronounced in macrophages compared to MECs. In a murine mammary infection model, P. zopfii GT-II replicated in the mammary gland and caused severe inflammation with infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-1β and Cxcl-1) and also apoptosis of epithelial cells. Thus, we concluded P. zopfii GT-II is a mastitis-causing pathogen that triggers severe inflammation and also mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Shahid M, Gao J, Zhou Y, Liu G, Ali T, Deng Y, Sabir N, Su J, Han B. Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31938-31947. [PMID: 28404882 PMCID: PMC5458260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine protothecal mastitis results in considerable economic losses worldwide. However, Prototheca zopfii induced morphological alterations and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is not comprehensively studied yet. Therefore, the aim of this current study was to investigate the P. zopfii induced pathomorphological changes, oxidative stress and apoptosis in bMECs. Oxidative stress was assessed by evaluating catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, while ROS generation and apoptosis was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results revealed that infection of P. zopfii genotype II (GTII) significantly changed bMECs morphology, increased apoptotic rate and MDA contents at 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) in comparison with control group, in time-dependent manner. LDH activity and ROS generation was also increased (p < 0.01) at 12 h and 24 h. However, SOD and CAT contents in bMECs infected with GTII were decreased (p < 0.05) at 12 h, while GPx (p < 0.01), SOD (p < 0.05) and CAT (p < 0.01) levels were reduced at 24 h. In case of GTI, only CAT and GPx activities were significantly decreased when the duration prolonged to 24 h but lesser than GTII. This suggested that GTII has more devastating pathogenic effects in bMECs, and the findings of this study concluded that GTII induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in bMECs via the imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant defenses as well as the production of intracellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Yanan Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Youtian Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Jingliang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P R China
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Jagielski T, Bakuła Z, Di Mauro S, Casciari C, Cambiotti V, Krukowski H, Turchetti B, Ricchi M, Manuali E, Buzzini P. A comparative study of the in vitro activity of iodopropynyl butylcarbamate and amphotericin B against Prototheca spp. isolates from European dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7435-7445. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shahid M, Wang J, Gu X, Chen W, Ali T, Gao J, Han D, Yang R, Fanning S, Han B. Prototheca zopfii Induced Ultrastructural Features Associated with Apoptosis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:299. [PMID: 28752077 PMCID: PMC5508007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prototheca zopfii infections are becoming global concerns in humans and animals. Bovine protothecal mastitis is characterized by deteriorating milk quality and quantity, thus imparting huge economic losses to dairy industry. Previous published studies mostly focused on the prevalence and characterization of P. zopfii from mastitis. However, the ultrastructural pathomorphological changes associated with apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) are not studied yet. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate the in vitro comparative apoptotic potential of P. zopfii genotype-I and -II on bMECs using flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed fast growth rate and higher adhesion capability of genotype-II in bMECs as compared with genotype-I. The viability of bMECs infected with P. zopfii genotype-II was significantly decreased after 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) in comparison with control cells. Contrary, genotype-I couldn't show any significant effects on cell viability. Moreover, after infection of bMECs with genotype-II, the apoptosis increased significantly at 12 h (p < 0.05) and 24 h (p < 0.01) as compared with control group. Genotype-I couldn't display any significant effects on cell apoptosis. The host specificity of P. zopfii was also tested in mouse osteoblast cells, and the results suggest that genotype-I and -II could not cause any significant apoptosis in these cell lines. SEM interpreted the pathomorphological alterations in bMECs after infection. Adhesion of P. zopfii with cells and further disruption of cytomembrane validated the apoptosis caused by genotype-II under SEM. While genotype-1 couldn't cause any significant apoptosis in bMECs. Furthermore, genotype-II induced apoptotic manifested specific ultrastructure features, like cytoplasmic cavitation, swollen mitochondria, pyknosis, cytomembrane disruption, and appearance of apoptotic bodies under TEM. The findings of the current study revealed that genotype-II has the capability to invade and survive within the bMECs, thus imparting significant damages to the mammary cells which result in apoptosis. This study represents the first insights into the pathomorphological and ultrastructure features of apoptosis in bMECs induced by P. zopfii genotype-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Dandan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Deng Z, Shahid M, Zhang L, Gao J, Gu X, Zhang S, Zou J, Fanning S, Han B. An Investigation of the Innate Immune Response in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Challenged by Prototheca zopfii. Mycopathologia 2016; 181:823-832. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Shahid M, Ali T, Zhang L, Hou R, Zhang S, Ding L, Han D, Deng Z, Rahman A, Han B. Characterization of Prototheca zopfii Genotypes Isolated from Cases of Bovine Mastitis and Cow Barns in China. Mycopathologia 2015; 181:185-95. [PMID: 26450620 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-015-9951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protothecal mastitis, caused mostly by Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii), is increasing in dairy herds and is being reported globally. The present study was aimed at studying the epidemiology of mastitis and at molecular characterization of P. zopfii isolates from dairy herds and their surroundings in three provinces of China using microbiological, biochemical and molecular methods, and antibiotic susceptibility tests. Samples from milk (n = 620) of mastitic cows and their barns sources (n = 410) including feces, feed, bedding materials and drinking water were analyzed. Among other pathogens recovered from mastitic milk, 84 (13.5%) of the isolates were identified as P. zopfii. All of the P. zopfii isolates recovered from milk were recognized as genotype 2, whereas 58 (73.4%) and 21 (26.6%) isolates from environmental sources were found to be P. zopfii genotypes 1 and 2, respectively. The isolates were susceptible to some antibiotics and antifungal agents, including amikacin (78.1%), streptomycin (58.5%), gentamicin (17.8%), amphotericin B (68.6%) and nystatin (64.4%). Additionally, the two genotypes displayed versatile patterns of susceptibility to different antimicrobials agents. Phylogeny of the genotypes on the basis of 18S SSU rDNA and 28S SSU rDNA was also investigated. The isolates of the two genotypes separated into different clades, and no interrelationship was observed among these as shown by phylogenetic analysis. The genotype 1 isolates from cow barn sources were non-pathogenic and may not present any risk of mastitis. We conclude that P. zopfii genotype 2 might play an important role in bovine mastitis in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tariq Ali
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongguang Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Laidi Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoju Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No. 2, Haidian District, 100193, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Cao R, Fu K, Lv X, Li W, Zhang N. Protective effects of kaempferol on lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice. Inflammation 2015; 37:1453-8. [PMID: 24743918 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kaempferol isolated from the root of Zingiberaceae plants galangal and other Chinese herbal medicines have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis are unknown and their underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be explored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of kaempferol on LPS-induced mouse mastitis. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of mammary gland. Kaempferol was injected 1 h before and 12 h after induction of LPS intraperitoneally. The present results showed that kaempferol markedly reduced infiltration of neutrophilic granulocyte, activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO), expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in a dose-dependent manner, which were increased in LPS-induced mouse mastitis. Furthermore, kaempferol suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit and the degradation of its inhibitor IκBα. All results suggest that anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol against the LPS-induced mastitis possibly through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Kaempferol may be a potential therapeutic agent for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130062, People's Republic of China
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