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McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Carlander U. Modelled lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles in occupational scenarios: a comparison to doses used in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:969-985. [PMID: 35188583 PMCID: PMC8921161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translating particle dose from in vitro systems to relevant human exposure remains a major challenge for the use of in vitro studies in assessing occupational hazard and risk of particle exposure. This study aimed to model the lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles following occupational scenarios and subsequently compare the lung doses to those used in vitro. We reviewed published welding fume concentrations and size distributions to identify input values simulating real-life exposure scenarios in the multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The majority of the particles were reported to be below 0.1 μm and mass concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 45 mg/m3. Following 6-h exposure to 5 mg/m3 with a count median diameter of 50 nm, the tracheobronchial lung dose (0.89 µg/cm2) was found to exceed the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose (0.125 µg/cm2) previously assessed by us in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt). However, the tracheobronchial retention decreased rapidly when no exposure occurred, in contrast to the alveolar retention which builds-up over time and exceeded the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose after 1.5 working week. After 1 year, the tracheobronchial and alveolar retention was estimated to be 1.15 and 2.85 µg/cm2, respectively. Exposure to low-end aerosol concentrations resulted in alveolar retention comparable to cytotoxic in vitro dose in HBEC-3kt after 15-20 years of welding. This study demonstrates the potential of combining real-life exposure data with particle deposition modelling to improve the understanding of in vitro concentrations in the context of human occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Debia M, Carpentier M, L'Espérance G. Characterization of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles During the Finishing Process of a Hardwood Floor Manufacturing Plant. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:868-873. [PMID: 33733669 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have an enormous economic impact. In the surface coating industry, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles are commonly incorporated into varnishes, paints, and finishing products. These ENMs are used for UV-active properties and self-cleaning activities, as well as for the durability and resistance they provide. However, several health concerns are associated with the inhalation of some ENMs. In this case study, occupational exposures to engineered nanoparticles were investigated in an industrial hardwood floor manufacturing plant during the finishing task of an automated spraying equipment. A combination of air and surface sampling was carried out during two workdays. Airborne and deposited particles were measured using a combination of real-time and filter-based sampling methods and analyzed by microscopy and spectrometry. Results indicate that the wood floor coating process generates airborne TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles which include individual particles in the nanoscale range (lower than 100 nm) and agglomerated particles of several hundred nanometers containing individual nanoparticles. Finishing activities significantly increased total particle number concentrations (45 620 and 117 880 particles cm-3) and surface-specific mass concentrations (154 µm2 cm-3). Concentrations of TiO2 ranged from 13 to 97 µg m-3 for personal measurements and from 36 to 55 µg m-3 for ambient measurements in the finishing location. Characterization of the deposited particles indicated the dispersion of the engineered airborne nanoparticles from the finishing location to the packaging area. Using a multimetric approach, this study shows high evidence that the worker was exposed to engineered TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles during the finishing process of the wood floor production facility. In addition, this study indicates that workers outside the finish spray area could be exposed to airborne engineered TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles coming from the finishing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Debia
- Centre de recherche en Santé Publique (CReSP), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, 2375 chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal H3T 1A8, Canada
| | - Mireille Carpentier
- Direction de Santé publique du CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, 6555, Boul., Métropolitain Est, Montréal, Quebec H1P 3H3, Canada
| | - Gille L'Espérance
- Department of Mathematical and Industrial Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, PO Box 6079, Main Station, Montréal, Québec H3C3A7, Canada
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3
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Lovén K, Franzén SM, Isaxon C, Messing ME, Martinsson J, Gudmundsson A, Pagels J, Hedmer M. Emissions and exposures of graphene nanomaterials, titanium dioxide nanofibers, and nanoparticles during down-stream industrial handling. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:736-752. [PMID: 32546827 PMCID: PMC8263341 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-0241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Today, engineered nanomaterials are frequently used. Nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively used for many years and graphene is one type of emerging nanomaterial. Occupational airborne exposures to engineered nanomaterials are important to ensure safe workplaces and to extend the information needed for complete risk assessments. The main aim of this study was to characterize workplace emissions and exposure of graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, TiO2 nanofibers (NFs) and nanoparticles (NPs) during down-stream industrial handling. Surface contaminations were also investigated to assess the potential for secondary inhalation exposures. In addition, a range of different sampling and aerosol monitoring methods were used and evaluated. The results showed that powder handling, regardless of handling graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, TiO2 NFs, or NPs, contributes to the highest particle emissions and exposures. However, the exposure levels were below suggested occupational exposure limits. It was also shown that a range of different methods can be used to selectively detect and quantify nanomaterials both in the air and as surface contaminations. However, to be able to make an accurate determination of which nanomaterial that has been emitted a combination of different methods, both offline and online, must be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lovén
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sara M Franzén
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria E Messing
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Martinsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Hedmer
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
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Ameen F, Alsamhary K, Alabdullatif JA, ALNadhari S. A review on metal-based nanoparticles and their toxicity to beneficial soil bacteria and fungi. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112027. [PMID: 33578100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The unregulated deposition of metal-based nanoparticles in terrestrial ecosystems particularly in agricultural systems has alarmingly threatened the sustainability of the environment and diversity of beneficial microbial populations such as soil bacteria and fungi. This occurs due to the poor treatment of biosolids during wastewater treatment and their application in agricultural fields to enhance the fertility of soils. Continuous deposition, low biodegradability, and longer persistence of metal nanoparticles in soils adversely impact the population of soil beneficial bacteria and fungi. The current literature suggests the toxic outcome of nanoparticle-fungi and nanoparticle-bacteria interactions based on various toxicity endpoints. Therefore, due to the extreme importance of beneficial soil bacteria and fungi for soil fertility and plant growth, this review summarizes the production, application, release of metal nanoparticles in the soil system and their impact on various soil microbes specifically plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, cellular toxicity and impact of nanoparticles on bioactive molecule production by microbes, destructive nanoparticle impact on unicellular, mycorrhizal, and cellulose/lignin degrading fungi. This review also highlights the molecular alterations in fungi and bacteria-induced by nanoparticles and suggests a plausible toxicity mechanism. This review advances the understanding of the nano-toxicity aspect as a common outcome of nanoparticles and fungi/bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khawla Alsamhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamila A Alabdullatif
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh ALNadhari
- Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Evaluation of the Effect of an Exhaust Reduction System in Fire Stations. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11226358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Firefighters are known to be exposed to a variety of hazardous materials and combustion products during operational and training activities, as well as in fire stations. However, exposure to diesel exhaust emissions, classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), is also present in the fire station environment. In this study, concentrations of elemental carbon (EC), which is a surrogate of diesel exhaust and indoor air pollutants, has been measured to compare the effect of an exhaust reduction system (ERS) that was installed in the engine bays of two fire stations to mitigate indoor air pollution levels in the garage, duty offices, and dormitory/shower areas. The levels of most pollutants were reduced after the installation of the ERS. Pollutants may disperse inside of fire stations. Therefore, the ERS is a valuable strategy to mitigate pollutant exposure among firefighters and outdoor air pollution using the filtration ability of an ERS. The results of this study suggest that all truck bays should install an ERS to reduce pollutant exposure and that installation is especially necessary for EURO 3 fire vehicles.
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is now widely used in industry as well as consumer products, such as electrical devices, cosmetics, medicine, and household appliances. In the life cycle of the nano-products, including production, use, and disposal, nanoparticles may be released to the environment. However, there is no current consensus on the best method for evaluating and characterizing nanoparticle exposure. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the nanoparticle exposure assessment methods and sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Basinas I, Jiménez AS, Galea KS, Tongeren MV, Hurley F. A Systematic Review of the Routes and Forms of Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:639-662. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Basinas
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Araceli Sánchez Jiménez
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen S Galea
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fintan Hurley
- Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
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Mino J, Quémerais B. Using a Particle Counter to Inform the Creation of Similar Exposure Groups and Sampling Protocols in a Structural Steel Fabrication Facility. TOXICS 2017; 5:toxics5040034. [PMID: 29168761 PMCID: PMC5750562 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this project was to create similar exposure groups (SEGs) for occupational monitoring in a structural steel fabrication facility. Qualitative SEG formation involved worksite observation, interviews, and audits of materials and procedures. These were supplemented with preliminary task-based shop survey data collected using a condensation particle counter. A total of six SEGs were formed, with recommendations for occupational exposure sampling for five groups, as well as ambient sampling recommendations to address areas on the operational floor found to have higher particle concentrations. The combination of direct reading device data and qualitative SEG formation techniques is a valuable approach, as it contains both the monetary and temporal costs of worksite exposure monitoring. This approach also provides an empowering in-house analysis of potentially problematic areas, and results in the streamlining of occupational exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Mino
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Bernadette Quémerais
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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9
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Brouwer D, le Feber M, Fransman W. Understanding workers' exposure: Systematic review and data-analysis of emission potential for NOAA. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:349-359. [PMID: 27801630 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1252843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational handling of NOAA. Analyses were made per source domain to derive emission levels which can be used for models to quantitatively predict the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Bekker
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- b Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - D Brouwer
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- c School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, RSA , Johannesburg , South Africa
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10
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Tolaymat T, El Badawy A, Genaidy A, Abdelraheem W, Swqueria R. Analysis of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterial environmental emissions. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2017; 143:401-412. [PMID: 32489231 PMCID: PMC7266090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents evidence on metallic and metal oxide engineered nanomaterial (ENM) emissions into the environment and an analytic perspective of the outcomes of evaluated studies with respect to different individual end points along the lifecycle trajectory. The key findings suggest that 1) the published literature on emissions of metallic ENMs is limited in both the number and information available on the characteristics of emitted ENMs; 2) the studies are classified as experimental and computational studies focused on predicting ENM emissions; 3) the majority of studies investigated ENM emissions during nanomaterial use and waste management, followed by raw material manufacturing, and finally, nano-enabled product manufacturing; 4) the studies primarily reported the concentration/quantity of emitted ENMs, whereas the physical-chemical characteristics of emitted ENMs were rarely measured or reported; and 5) the published literature primarily focused on emissions of silver and titanium dioxide ENMs and lacked similar information on other surging metallic and metal oxide ENMs such as nano-zero valent iron (nZVI), aluminum (Al), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) ENMs. The evidence suggests that emitted nanoparticles into the air cover a wide range of concentrations below and above the allowable occupational exposure limits. The concentrations of nanoparticles in water systems are considered in the toxic to very toxic range for a variety of biological species. Given the critical gaps in knowledge, one cannot read across different sources of emissions for metallic and metal oxide ENMs hampering efforts with respect to understanding realistic scenarios for transformations in the natural environment and biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabet Tolaymat
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, WorldTek Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Amro El Badawy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, WorldTek Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ash Genaidy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, WorldTek Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Wael Abdelraheem
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, WorldTek Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Reynold Swqueria
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA, WorldTek Inc, Cincinnati, OH, USA, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
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11
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Boyles MSP, Ranninger C, Reischl R, Rurik M, Tessadri R, Kohlbacher O, Duschl A, Huber CG. Copper oxide nanoparticle toxicity profiling using untargeted metabolomics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:49. [PMID: 27609141 PMCID: PMC5017021 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly increasing number of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), and products containing NPs, raises concerns for human exposure and safety. With this increasing, and ever changing, catalogue of NPs it is becoming more difficult to adequately assess the toxic potential of new materials in a timely fashion. It is therefore important to develop methods which can provide high-throughput screening of biological responses. The use of omics technologies, including metabolomics, can play a vital role in this process by providing relatively fast, comprehensive, and cost-effective assessment of cellular responses. These techniques thus provide the opportunity to identify specific toxicity pathways and to generate hypotheses on how to reduce or abolish toxicity. RESULTS We have used untargeted metabolome analysis to determine differentially expressed metabolites in human lung epithelial cells (A549) exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs). Toxicity hypotheses were then generated based on the affected pathways, and critically tested using more conventional biochemical and cellular assays. CuO NPs induced regulation of metabolites involved in oxidative stress, hypertonic stress, and apoptosis. The involvement of oxidative stress was clarified more easily than apoptosis, which involved control experiments to confirm specific metabolites that could be used as standard markers for apoptosis; based on this we tentatively propose methylnicotinamide as a generic metabolic marker for apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are well aligned with the current literature on CuO NP toxicity. We thus believe that untargeted metabolomics profiling is a suitable tool for NP toxicity screening and hypothesis generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. P. Boyles
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Ranninger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roland Reischl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marc Rurik
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Tessadri
- Faculty of Geo- and Atmospheric Science, Institute of Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oliver Kohlbacher
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,Department of Computer Science, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,Quantitative Biology Center, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,Faculty of Medicine, University of Tübingen, Geissweg 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstraße 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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12
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Comparison of Real Time Nanoparticle Monitoring Instruments in the Workplaces. Saf Health Work 2016; 7:381-388. [PMID: 27924243 PMCID: PMC5127974 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relationships among portable scanning mobility particle sizer (P-SMPS), condensation particle counter (CPC), and surface area monitor (SAM), which are different metric measurement devices, were investigated, and two widely used research grade (RG)-SMPSs were compared to harmonize the measurement protocols. Methods Pearson correlation analysis was performed to compare the relation between P-SMPS, CPC, and SAM and two common RG-SMPS. Results For laboratory and engineered nanoparticle (ENP) workplaces, correlation among devices showed good relationships. Correlation among devices was fair in unintended nanoparticle (UNP)-emitting workplaces. This is partly explained by the fact that shape of particles was not spherical, although calibration of sampling instruments was performed using spherical particles and the concentration was very high at the UNP workplaces to allow them to aggregate more easily. Chain-like particles were found by scanning electron microscope in UNP workplaces. The CPC or SAM could be used as an alternative instrument instead of SMPS at the ENP-handling workplaces. At the UNP workplaces, where concentration is high, real-time instruments should be used with caution. There are significant differences between the two SMPSs tested. TSI SMPS showed about 20% higher concentration than the Grimm SMPS in all workplaces. Conclusions For nanoparticle measurement, CPC and SAM might be useful to find source of emission at laboratory and ENP workplaces instead of P-SMPS in the first stage. An SMPS is required to measure with high accuracy. Caution is necessary when comparing data from different nanoparticle measurement devices and RG-SMPSs.
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13
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Ham S, Kim S, Lee N, Kim P, Eom I, Lee B, Tsai PJ, Lee K, Yoon C. Comparison of data analysis procedures for real-time nanoparticle sampling data using classical regression and ARIMA models. J Appl Stat 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2016.1182132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghon Ham
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunju Kim
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Naroo Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilje Kim
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Igchun Eom
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungcheun Lee
- Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kiyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Fransman W, Brouwer D, Tromp P, Vlaanderen J, Godderis L, Hoet P, Lan Q, Silverman D, Vermeulen R, Pronk A. Occupational Exposure to Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes During Commercial Production Synthesis and Handling. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:305-17. [PMID: 26613611 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The world-wide production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has increased substantially in the last decade, leading to occupational exposures. There is a paucity of exposure data of workers involved in the commercial production of CNTs. The goals of this study were to assess personal exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during the synthesis and handling of MWCNTs in a commercial production facility and to link these exposure levels to specific activities. Personal full-shift filter-based samples were collected, during commercial production and handling of MWCNTs, R&D activities, and office work. The concentrations of MWCNT were evaluated on the basis of EC concentrations. Associations were studied between observed MWCNT exposure levels and location and activities. SEM analyses showed MWCNTs, present as agglomerates ranging between 200 nm and 100 µm. Exposure levels of MWCNTs observed in the production area during the full scale synthesis of MWCNTs (N = 23) were comparable to levels observed during further handling of MWCNTs (N = 19): (GM (95% lower confidence limit-95% upper confidence limit)) 41 μg m(-3) (20-88) versus 43 μg m(-3) (22-86), respectively. In the R&D area (N = 11) and the office (N = 5), exposure levels of MWCNTs were significantly (P < 0.05) lower: 5 μg m(-3) (2-11) and 7 μg m(-3) (2-28), respectively. Bagging, maintenance of the reactor, and powder conditioning were associated with higher exposure levels in the production area, whereas increased exposure levels in the R&D area were related to handling of MWCNTs powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Bekker
- 1.TNO - PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; 4.IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- 3.Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Kapucijnenvoer 35/5, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra Silverman
- 5.Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- 2.IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Kim Y, Yoon C, Ham S, Park J, Kim S, Kwon O, Tsai PJ. Emissions of Nanoparticles and Gaseous Material from 3D Printer Operation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12044-53. [PMID: 26402038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the emissions characteristics of hazardous material during fused deposition modeling type 3D printing. Particulate and gaseous materials were measured before, during, and after 3D printing in an exposure chamber. One ABS and two PLA (PLA1 and PLA2) cartridges were tested three times. For online monitoring, a scanning mobility particle sizer, light scattering instrument, and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) monitor were employed and a polycarbonate filter and various adsorbent tubes were used for offline sampling. The particle concentration of 3D printing using ABS material was 33-38 times higher than when PLA materials were used. Most particles were nanosize (<100 nm) during ABS (96%) and PLA1 (98%) use, but only 12% were nanosize for PLA2. The emissions rates were 1.61 × 10(10) ea/min and 1.67 × 10(11) ea/g cartridge with the ABS cartridge and 4.27-4.89 × 10(8) ea/min and 3.77-3.91 × 10(9) ea/g cartridge with the PLA cartridge. TVOCs were also emitted when the ABS was used (GM; 155 ppb, GSD; 3.4), but not when the PLA cartridges were used. Our results suggest that more research and sophisticated control methods, including the use of less harmful materials, blocking emitted containments, and using filters or adsorbents, should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsik Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghon Ham
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Park
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Songha Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ohhun Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Seoul National University , 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Perng-Jy Tsai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University , 138, Sheng-Li Rd., Tainan 70428, Taiwan
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16
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Heitbrink WA, Lo LM. Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Upon Emissions From Cutting and Sanding Carbon Fiber-Epoxy Composites. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 17:335. [PMID: 26478716 PMCID: PMC4605888 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-015-3140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being incorporated into structural composites to enhance material strength. During fabrication or repair activities, machining nanocomposites may release CNTs into the workplace air. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the emissions generated by cutting and sanding on three types of epoxy-composite panels: Panel A containing graphite fibers, Panel B containing graphite fibers and carbon-based mat, and Panel C containing graphite fibers, carbon-based mat, and multi-walled CNTs. Aerosol sampling was conducted with direct-reading instruments, and filter samples were collected for measuring elemental carbon (EC) and fiber concentrations. Our study results showed that cutting Panel C with a band saw did not generate detectable emissions of fibers inspected by transmission electron microscopy but did increase the particle mass, number, and EC emission concentrations by 20% to 80% compared to Panels A and B. Sanding operation performed on two Panel C resulted in fiber emission rates of 1.9×108 and 2.8×106 fibers per second (f/s), while no free aerosol fibers were detected from sanding Panels A and B containing no CNTs. These free CNT fibers may be a health concern. However, the analysis of particle and EC concentrations from these same samples cannot clearly indicate the presence of CNTs, because extraneous aerosol generation from machining the composite epoxy material increased the mass concentrations of the EC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Ming Lo
- Division of Applied Research and technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
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17
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Gomez V, Irusta S, Balas F, Navascues N, Santamaria J. Unintended emission of nanoparticle aerosols during common laboratory handling operations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:75-84. [PMID: 25038576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Common laboratory operations such as pouring, mashing in an agate mortar, transferring with a spatula, have been assessed as potential sources for emission of engineered nanoparticles in simulated occupational environments. Also, the accidental spilling from an elevated location has been considered. For workplace operations, masses of 1500 or 500mg of three dry-state engineered nanoparticles (SiO2, TiO2 and Ce-TiO2) with all dimensions under 30nm, and one fibrous nanomaterial (MWCNT) with diameter under 10nm and length about 1.5μm were used. The measured number emission factors (NEF) for every operation and material in this work were in the range of 10(5) #s(-1). The traceability of emitted nanoparticles has been improved using Ce-doping on TiO2 nanoparticles. With this traceable material it was possible to show that generated aerosol nanoparticles are rapidly associated with background particles to form large-sized aerosol agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Balas
- Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Navascues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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18
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Direct-reading methods for analysis of volatile organic compounds and nanoparticles in workplace air. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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