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Pande S. Liposomes for drug delivery: review of vesicular composition, factors affecting drug release and drug loading in liposomes. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:428-440. [PMID: 37594208 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2247036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are considered among the most versatile and advanced nanoparticle delivery systems used to target drugs to specific cells and tissues. Structurally, liposomes are sphere-like vesicles of phospholipid molecules that are surrounded by equal number of aqueous compartments. The spherical shell encapsulates an aqueous interior which contains substances such as peptides and proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, antifungal and anticancer agents. This structural property of liposomes makes it an important nano-carrier for drug delivery. Extrusion is one of the most frequently used technique for preparing monodisperse uni-lamellar liposomes as the technique is used to control vesicle size. The process involves passage of lipid suspension through polycarbonate membrane with a fixed pore size to produce vesicles with a diameter near the pore size of the membrane used in preparing them. An advantage of this technique is that there is no need to remove the organic solvent or detergent from the final preparation. This review focuses on composition of liposome formulation with special emphasis on factors affecting drug release and drug-loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pande
- Drug Product Technical Services, Wave Life Sciences, Lexington, MA, USA
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Saraf S, Jain SK. pH-sensitive liposomes bearing a chemotherapeutic agent and a natural apoptosis modulator for effective intracellular delivery to the solid tumor. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2961-2981. [PMID: 37306925 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of the drug to the solid tumor is a major challenge in the treatment of solid tumors. This project aims to increase cytosolic drug delivery using the endosomal escape of drugs. Topotecan (TPT) and capsaicin were used for the treatment of solid tumors. The pH-dependent conversion of active lactone form to inactive carboxylic form is a major problem of TPT that limits its therapeutic use. Liposomal encapsulation of TPT improved the stability of active lactone form and increased the therapeutic efficacy of TPT. Endosomal degradation of liposomes may reduce the content in the target cells. To solve these problems, pH-sensitive liposomes (pSLPs) were developed which improved the intracellular drug delivery by the endosomal escape of drugs. The liposomes (LPs) bearing the drug(s) were prepared using the cast film method and optimized for various formulation and process variables using the Design-Expert 7 software by employing the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The developed hyaluronic acid (HA)-conjugated pSLPs (HA-pSLPs) displayed a vesicle size of 166.5 ± 2.31 nm, zeta potential - 30.53 ± 0.91, and entrapment efficiency of 44.39 ± 1.78%, and 73.48 ± 2.15% for TPT and CAP, respectively. HA-pSLPs displayed better cytotoxicity in comparison to free drugs either single or in combination on the MCF-7 cell line. The apoptosis and cellular uptake of HA-pSLPs were increased ⁓ 4.45-fold and ⁓ 6.95-fold as compared to unconjugated pSLPs, respectively. The pharmacokinetic studies in Balb/c mice demonstrated that HA-pSLPs increased the half-life, MRT, and AUC in comparison to the free drug solution. The HA-pSLPs formulation has shown remarkable tumor regression as compared to PpSLPs, pSLPs, and free drug combinations. These results demonstrated that TPT- and CAP-loaded HA-pSLPs offer a potential platform for targeted drug delivery to solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Saraf
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P, India, 470003
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P, India, 470003.
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Raikwar S, Jain A, Saraf S, Bidla PD, Panda PK, Tiwari A, Verma A, Jain SK. Opportunities in combinational chemo-immunotherapy for breast cancer using nanotechnology: an emerging landscape. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:247-268. [PMID: 35184620 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2044785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast carcinoma (BC) is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death among women, which is due to the poor response to conventional therapy. There are several complications associated with monotherapy for cancer, such as cytotoxicity to normal cells, multidrug resistance (MDR), side effects, and limited applications. To overcome these challenges, a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines) has been introduced. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have more applications in BC treatment owing to their controlled and targeted drug release with lower toxicity and reduced adverse drug effects. Several nanocarriers, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and micelles, have been used for the effective delivery of drugs. AREAS COVERED This article presents opportunities and challenges in BC treatment, the rationale for cancer immunotherapy, and several combinational approaches with their applications for BC treatment. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology can be used for the early prognosis and cure of BC. Several novel and targeted DDSs have been developed to enhance the efficacy of anticancer drugs. This article aims to understand new strategies for the treatment of BC and the appropriate design of nanocarriers used as a combinational DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarjana Raikwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pooja Das Bidla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Pritish Kumar Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar (M.P.), India
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Costa C, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. Mapping hair follicle-targeted delivery by particle systems: What has science accomplished so far? Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121273. [PMID: 34763036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the hair follicle in the process of cutaneous drug penetration has been established since this skin appendage was recognized as an entry point for topically applied substances. A comprehensive review on the hair follicle as a target per se is here provided, exploring the current knowledge on both targeted regions and delivery systems that take advantage of this permeation route. The follicular penetration is a complex process, whose effectiveness and efficiency strongly depends on a diversity of different factors including follicular density and size, activity status of hair follicles and physicochemical properties of the topically applied substances. Nanocarriers represent a heterogeneous assembly of molecules organized into particles and they have revolutionized drug delivery in several areas of medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. As they possess an inherent ability to use the follicular route, they are reviewed here having in perspective the hair follicle zones that they are able to reach as reported. In this way, a follicular road map for the different delivery systems was compiled to assist as a guiding tool for those that have interest in the development and/or application of such delivery systems for hair and skin treatment or care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Pakdaman Goli P, Bikhof Torbati M, Parivar K, Akbarzadeh Khiavi A, Yousefi M. Preparation and evaluation of gemcitabin and cisplatin-entrapped Folate-PEGylated liposomes as targeting co-drug delivery system in cancer therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Verma A, Tiwari A, Saraf S, Panda PK, Jain A, Jain SK. Emerging potential of niosomes in ocular delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:55-71. [PMID: 32903034 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1822322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Niosomes have recently grabbed attention as one of the best tools for various site-specific drug delivery systems, including ophthalmic drug delivery. Surfactants (nonionic; tweens and spans) of different HLB values and cholesterol are the fundamental components for these formulations. It is an alternative controlled ocular drug delivery system to liposomes to overcome the problems associated with sterilization, large-scale production, and stability. It also enhances the adhesion or retention ability of drug at the ocular site. Hydrophilic or lipophilic or amphoteric drugs can be easily encapsulated in niosomes. Besides, niosomes are a leading vesicular system compatible with most of the drugs for site-specific delivery. AREAS COVERED This article reveals challenges and barriers for ocular drug delivery, various transporters and receptors present in the ocular region for the transportation of therapeutics as well as nutrients, and various method of preparations, loading methods and application potential of niosomes in ocular drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Niosomes, a vesicular system offers numerous advantages and applicability because of its good stability, non-immunogenicity, permeation potential, and controlled release ability etc. This drug delivery system has been efficiently used in the treatment of many ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Verma
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India
| | - Shivani Saraf
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India
| | - Pritish Kumar Panda
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India.,Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar, India
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Saraf S, Jain A, Tiwari A, Verma A, Jain SK. Engineered liposomes bearing camptothecin analogue for tumour targeting: in vitro and ex-vivo studies. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:326-341. [PMID: 32718195 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1801725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Saraf
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Amit Verma
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, India
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A potential breast cancer dual therapy using phytochemicals-loaded nanoscale penetration enhancing vesicles: A double impact weapon in the arsenal. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Saraf S, Jain A, Tiwari A, Verma A, Panda PK, Jain SK. Advances in liposomal drug delivery to cancer: An overview. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Bishnoi M, Jain A, Singla Y, Shrivastava B. Sublingual delivery of chondroitin sulfate conjugated tapentadol loaded nanovesicles for the treatment of osteoarthritis. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:30-44. [PMID: 32064982 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1730400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent treatment approaches of osteoarthritis (OA) face a number of obstacles due to the progressive multitude of pain generators, nociceptive mechanisms, first pass mechanism, less efficacy and compromised safety. The present study was aimed to bring a novel approach for the effective management of OA, by developing sublingual targeted nanovesicles (NVs) bearing tapentadol HCl (TAP), surface modified with chondroitin sulfate (CS). Optimized nontargeted nanovesicle formulation (MB-NV) was developed by an ultrasound method, characterized as spherical in shape, nanometric in size (around 150 nm) with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index <0.5), and good entrapment efficiency (around 50%). MB-NV conjugated with CS which was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. C-MB-NV showed improved pharmacokinetics parameters i.e. increased t1/2 (9.7 h), AUC (159.725 μg/mL*h), and MRT (14.99 h) of TAP than nontargeted formulation and plain drug soln. C-MB-NV in in vitro release studies proved sustained drug release pattern for more than 24 h following Higuchi model kinetics with Fickian diffusion (n ≤ 0.5).Targeted nanovesicles exhibited an improved bioavailability and enhanced analgesic activity in a disease-induced Wistar rat model which indicated the superior targeting potential of C-MB-NV exploiting CD44 receptors as mediators, overexpressed at the affected joints in the OA model. It could be a propitious approach to accustomed therapies for methodical and efficient management in advanced OA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Bishnoi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Dr. Harisingh Gour University, Sagar, India.,Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Yashpaul Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | - Birendra Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, India
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Verma A, Tiwari A, Panda PK, Saraf S, Jain A, Raikwar S, Bidla P, Jain SK. Liposomes for Advanced Drug Delivery. ADVANCED BIOPOLYMERIC SYSTEMS FOR DRUG DELIVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46923-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ferrihydrite nanoparticles interaction with model lipid membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 226:104851. [PMID: 31836519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years was observed an increased interest towards the use of metal nanoparticles for various biomedical applications, such as therapeutics, delivery systems or imaging. As biological membranes are the first structures with which the nanoparticles interact, it is necessary to understand better the mechanisms governing these interactions. In the present paper we aim to characterize the effect of three different ferrihydrite nanoparticles (simple or doped with cooper or cobalt) on the fluidity of model lipid membranes. First we evaluated the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles: size and composition. Secondly, their effect on lipid membranes was also evaluated using Laurdan, TMA-DPH and DPH fluorescence. Our results can help better understand the mechanisms involved in nanoparticles and membrane interactions.
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Verma A, Jain A, Tiwari A, Saraf S, Panda PK, Agrawal GP, Jain SK. Folate Conjugated Double Liposomes Bearing Prednisolone and Methotrexate for Targeting Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharm Res 2019; 36:123. [PMID: 31218557 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, applications of ultrasound (US) in drug delivery have been documented widely for local and site-specific release of bioactives in a controlled manner, after acceptable use in mild physical therapy for tendinitis and bursitis, and for high-energy applications in fibroid ablation, cataract removal, bone fracture healing, etc. US is a non-invasive, efficient, targetable and controllable technique. Drug delivery can be enhanced by applying directed US in terms of targeting and intracellular uptake. US cannot only provide local hyperthermia but can also enhance local extravasations and permeability of the cell membrane for delivery of cell-impermeable and poorly permeable drugs. It is also found to increase the anticancer efficacy of drug against solid tumors by facilitating uniform drug delivery throughout the tumor mass. This review summarizes the mechanism of US; various drug delivery systems like microbubbles, liposomes, and micelles; and biological manifestations employed for improving treatment of cancer, i.e., hyperthermia and enhanced extravasation. Safety issues are also discussed for better therapeutic outcomes of US-assisted drug delivery to tumors. This review can be a beneficial asset to the scientists looking at non-invasive techniques (externally guided) for improving the anticancer potential of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, Mathura, UP, 281 406, India
| | - Ankita Tiwari
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470 003, India
| | - Amit Verma
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470 003, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470 003, India.
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Jain SK, Tiwari A, Jain A, Verma A, Saraf S, Panda PK, Gour G. Application Potential of Polymeric Nanoconstructs for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-4781-5.ch002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous applications of colon-specific drug delivery have been found in a wide array of diseases like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), colorectal cancer, and diverticulitis. Drug delivery to the colon has different anatomic and pathophysiological barriers. In recent advancements, these barriers were overcome by using biodegradable polymeric nanoconstructs, which are exhibiting minimal systemic adverse effects. Various polymeric nanoconstructs (PNCs) such as nanoparticles, micelles, and dendrimers have been exploited for effective targeting to pathological sites of colon. PNCs on oral administration not only protect the bioactive from physicochemical degradation but also prevent premature leakage in the upper parts of gastrointestinal tract. The chapter summarizes various PNCs-based approaches for colon-specific drug delivery.
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Vyas A, Jain A, Hurkat P, Jain A, Jain SK. Targeting of AIDS related encephalopathy using phenylalanine anchored lipidic nanocarrier. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 131:155-61. [PMID: 25988279 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Transport of the anti-HIV agents across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a prerequisite to treat acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related encephalopathy. In the present study, we explored facilitated transport of efavirenz (EFV, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor) across BBB using phenylalanine anchored solid lipid nanoparticles (PA-SLN). PA (amino acid micro-nutrient) was used as a ligand which facilitated carrier mediated transport (CMT) via l-amino acid transporter i.e. LAT1 to traverse BBB. PA was coupled to SLN via amide linkage using carbodiimide chemistry and coupling was confirmed by comparative infrared spectroscopic analysis. SLNs (SLN and PA-SLN) were nanometric in size (around 150nm) and possessed good entrapment efficiency (around 70%). In vitro drug release revealed controlled release pattern for more than 24h. In vivo studies showed 2-3-folds and 7-8-folds accumulation of PA-SLN in brain as compared to SLN and EFV, respectively. Further, transcytosis studies confirmed capability of PA-SLN to cross BBB i.e. 10-fold higher transcytosis potential as compared to EFV. Fluorescence microscopic imaging reassured enhanced brain localization of PA-SLN. Thus, PA-SLN improved the EFV bioavailability and maintained therapeutic levels in the brain for an extended period of time that can result in significant eradication of the viral load therein. Such nutrient mediated drug targeting could bring forth advances in biocompatible and biodegradable drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vyas
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India
| | - Ankit Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India
| | - Pooja Hurkat
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. H. S. Gour Central University, Sagar 470 003, MP, India.
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