Silver nanoparticles-chitosan composites activity against resistant bacteria: tolerance and biofilm inhibition

Reducing the effective dose of doxycycline using chitosan silver nanocomposite as a carriers on gram positive and gram-negative bacteria

Doxycycline (Doxy) is a tetracycline antibiotic with a potent antibacterial activity against a broad range of bacteria. Using nanotechnology is one feasible way to increase the antibiotics' ability to penetrate the body and increase their antibacterial effectiveness. In this work, we report the formation of a stable green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by chitosan with Doxy nanocomposite for the first time. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta-potential, UV-Visible spectroscopy and four transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRs). The antibacterial effect of doxy, AgNPs and doxy/AgNPs were determined on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia. This combined therapeutic agent restored the susceptibility of doxy and showed an antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. AgNPs has absorption peak at 445 nm, mixing of Doxy with AgNPs causes all doxy absorptions to red shift and a broadening in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for AgNPs and show a slight increase in particle size of AgNPs from 12 ± 2 nm to 14 ± 2 nm with high stability as zeta potential was 29 mv and 48.5mv for AgNPs and Doxy/AgNPs respectively. The antibacterial effect of Doxy/AgNPs nanocomposite was found to be twice effect of free doxy, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the two components. In conclusion, synergy of doxy with AgNPs is quite promising for antibiotic resistant strains. These results highlight the ability of AgNPs to boost the efficacy of the doxycycline.

Potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Justicia adhatoda metabolites for inhibiting biofilm on urinary catheters

In the present study, we investigated the anti-biofilm effect of urinary catheters fabricated with biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from metabolites of Justicia adhatoda under in vitro conditions against human pathogenic bacteria. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in the reaction mixture composed of 2 % w/v of 0.1 M of precursor (silver nitrate) and 0.2 g of the metabolites obtained from ethanolic extract of Justicia adhatoda. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done by UV visible spectroscopy, fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the structural and functional properties. Primary conformation of nanoparticles synthesis by UV visible spectroscopy revealed the notable absorption spectra at 425 nm with a wavelength shift around 450 nm, likely due to surface plasmon resonance excitation. SEM analysis showed spherical, monodisperse, nano scale particles with a size range of 50-60 nm. Crystaline phase of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by x ray diffraction studies which showed the distinct peaks at (2θ) 27.90, 32.20, 46.30, 54.40, and 67.40, corresponding to (111), (200), (220), (222), and (311) planes of nano scale silver. The biocompatibility of these nanoparticles was assessed through zebrafish embryonic toxicity study which showed more than 90 % of embryos were alive and healthy. No marked changes on the blood cells also confirmed best hemocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Synthesized nanoparticles thus obtained were fabricated on the urinary catheter and the fabrication was confirmed by FTIR and SEM analysis. Notable changes in the absorption peaks, uniform coating and embedding of silver nanoparticles studied by FTIR and SEM analysis confirmed the fabrication of silver nanoparticles. The coated catheters demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterial strains, including E. coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Anti-biofilm studies, conducted using a modified microtiter plate crystal violet assay, revealed effective inhibition of both bacterial adhesion and biofilm development. 85 % of biofilm inhibition was recorded against both the tested strains. The coating method presented in this study shows promise for enhancing infection resistance in commonly used medical devices like urinary catheters, thus addressing device-associated infections.

Ocimum basilicum seed-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: characterization and evaluation of biological properties

Nanoparticles synthesized from green sources have attracted great recognition in the present times, which can be ascribed to their distinctive attributes and diversified applicability. Therefore, the present study employed Ocimum basilicum seed extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles. UV-vis spectrophotometry revealed strenuous peaks for different concentrations of silver nanoparticles ranging between 400 and 430 nm. The average crystal size calculated using X-ray diffraction analysis was 6.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis clearly displayed the presence of silver ions in the elemental structure of the synthesized nanoparticles. The morphology of synthesized nanoparticles revealed by scanning electron microscopy was documented in terms of spherical shape surrounded by an organic layer and nanoparticle size was estimated to be in between 10 and 80 nm. The nanoparticles exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against 46 foodborne bacterial isolates and 15 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae, with the largest inhibition zones measuring 24 and 13 mm, respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration values ranged between 500 and 800 µl/ml for various isolates. The antibacterial effect of all antibiotics revealed considerable enhancement when combined with nanoparticles. The calculated fractional inhibitory concentration index values were < 1 validating excellent synergism between nanoparticles and all antibiotics except ciprofloxacin against the majority of bacterial isolates. Interestingly, the biogenic nanoparticles showed significant antioxidant potential with IC50 value of 165 µg/ml as well as anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 82 µg/ml. Conclusively, the seed extract of Ocimum basilicum can be prospected for the development of antibacterial silver nanoparticles against pathogenic bacteria.

Marine-derived bioactive materials as antibiofilm and antivirulence agents

Microbial infections are major human health issues, and, recently, the mortality rate owing to bacterial and fungal infections has been increasing. In addition to intrinsic and extrinsic antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation is a key adaptive resistance mechanism. Several bioactive compounds from marine organisms have been identified for use in biofilm therapy owing to their structural complexity, biocompatibility, and economic viability. In this review, we discuss recent trends in the application of marine natural compounds, marine-bioinspired nanomaterials, and marine polymer conjugates as possible therapeutic agents for controlling biofilms and virulence factors. We also comprehensively discuss the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and inhibition of virulence factors by marine-derived materials and propose possible applications of novel and effective antibiofilm and antivirulence agents.

Synthesis and Application of Silver Nanoparticles for Caries Management: A Review

Silver nanoparticles have unique physical, chemical, and biological properties that make them attractive for medical applications. They have gained attention in dentistry for their potential use in caries management. This study reviews the different synthesis methods of silver nanoparticles and the application of them for caries management. Silver nanoparticles are tiny silver and are typically less than 100 nanometres in size. They have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, making them highly reactive and allowing them to interact with bacteria and other materials at the molecular level. Silver nanoparticles have low toxicity and biocompatibility. Researchers have employed various methods to synthesise silver nanoparticles, including chemical, physical, and biological methods. By controlling the process, silver nanoparticles have defined sizes, shapes, and surface properties for wide use. Silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antibacterial properties, capable of inhibiting a broad range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains. They inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans. They can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, interfere with enzyme activity, and inhibit bacterial replication. Silver nanoparticles can inhibit biofilm formation, reducing the risk of caries development. Additionally, nano silver fluoride prevents dental caries by promoting tooth remineralisation. They can interact with the tooth structure and enhance the deposition of hydroxyapatite, aiding in repairing early-stage carious lesions. Silver nanoparticles can also be incorporated into dental restorative materials such as composite resins and glass ionomer cements. The incorporation can enhance the material's antibacterial properties, reducing the risk of secondary caries and improving the longevity of the restoration.

Advancing biomedical applications: an in-depth analysis of silver nanoparticles in antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound healing roles

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained significant attention in biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties. This review focuses on the roles of AgNPs in antimicrobial activity, anticancer therapy, and wound healing, highlighting their potential to address critical health challenges. Methods: A bibliometric analysis was conducted using publications from the Scopus database, covering research from 2002 to 2024. The study included keyword frequency, citation patterns, and authorship networks. Data was curated with Zotero and analyzed using Bibliometrix R and VOSviewer for network visualizations. Results: The study revealed an increasing trend in research on AgNPs, particularly in antimicrobial applications, leading to 8,668 publications. Anticancer and wound healing applications followed, with significant contributions from India and China. The analysis showed a growing focus on "green synthesis" methods, highlighting a shift towards sustainable production. Key findings indicated the effectiveness of AgNPs in combating multidrug-resistant bacteria, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, and promoting tissue regeneration in wound healing. Discussion: The widespread research and applications of AgNPs underscore their versatility in medical interventions. The study emphasizes the need for sustainable synthesis methods and highlights the potential risks, such as long-term toxicity and environmental impacts. Future research should focus on optimizing AgNP formulations for clinical use and further understanding their mechanisms of action. Conclusion: AgNPs play a pivotal role in modern medicine, particularly in addressing antimicrobial resistance, cancer treatment, and wound management. Ongoing research and international collaboration are crucial for advancing the safe and effective use of AgNPs in healthcare.

Mechanisms of Triton X-100 reducing the Ag+-resistance of Enterococcus faecalis

To investigate the mechanism of Triton X-100 (TX-100) reducing the Ag+-resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and evaluate the antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ against the induced Ag+-resistant E. faecalis (AREf). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNO3 against E. faecalis with/without TX-100 were determined to verify the enhanced antibacterial activity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the morphological changes of E. faecalis after treatment. The intra- and extracellular concentration of Ag+ in treated E. faecalis was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The changes in cell membrane potential and integrity of treated E. faecalis were also observed using the flow cytometer. Moreover, AREf was induced through continuous exposure to sub-MIC of Ag+ and the antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ on AREf was further evaluated. The addition of 0.04% TX-100 showed maximal enhanced antibacterial effect of Ag+ against E. faecalis. The TEM and ICP-MS results demonstrated that TX-100 could facilitate Ag+ to enter E. faecalis through changing the membrane structure and integrity. Flow cytometry further showed the effect of TX-100 on membrane potential and permeability of E. faecalis. In addition, the enhanced antibacterial effect of TX-100 + Ag+ was also confirmed on induced AREf. TX-100 can facilitate Ag+ to enter E. faecalis through disrupting the membrane structure and changing the membrane potential and permeability, thus reducing the Ag+-resistance of E. faecalis and enhancing the antibacterial effect against either normal E. faecalis or induced AREf.

Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Potential of Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel Containing Vancomycin against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of bacterial cellulose hydrogel produced by Zoogloea sp. (HYDROGEL) containing vancomycin (VAN) against bacterial strains that cause wound infections, such as multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Initially, HYDROGEL was obtained from sugar cane molasses, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to determine morphological characteristics. Then, VAN was incorporated into HYDROGEL (VAN-HYDROGEL). The antibacterial activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was assessed using the broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591, S. epidermidis INCQS 00016 (ATCC 12228), five clinical isolates of MRSA, and nine clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was studied using the time-kill assay. Subsequently, the antibiofilm activity of VAN, HYDROGEL, and VAN-HYDROGEL was evaluated using crystal violet and Congo red methods, as well as SEM analysis. VAN and VAN-HYDROGEL showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against MRSA and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains. HYDROGEL did not show any antibacterial activity. Analysis of the time-kill assay indicated that HYDROGEL maintained the antibacterial efficacy of VAN, highlighting its efficiency as a promising carrier. Regarding antibiofilm activity, VAN and HYDROGEL inhibited biofilm formation but did not demonstrate biofilm eradication activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains. However, it was observed that the biofilm eradication potential of VAN was enhanced after incorporation into HYDROGEL, a result also proven through images obtained by SEM. From the methods carried out in this study, it was possible to observe that HYDROGEL preserved the antibacterial activity of vancomycin, aside from exhibiting antibiofilm activity and enhancing the antibiofilm effect of VAN. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the potential of HYDROGEL as a candidate and/or vehicle for antibiotics against MDR bacteria that cause wound infections.

Antibiofilm Effects of Oleuropein against Staphylococcus aureus: An In Vitro Study

Staphylococcus aureus has posed a huge threat to human health and the economy. Oleuropein has antibacterial activities against various microorganisms but research on its effect on the S. aureus biofilm is limited. This research aimed to estimate the antibiofilm activities of oleuropein against S. aureus. The results suggest that the minimum inhibitory concentration of oleuropein against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was 3 mg/mL. The biomass of biofilms formed on the microplates and coverslips and the viability of bacteria were significantly reduced after the treatment with oleuropein. The scanning electron microscopy observation results indicated that the stacking thickness and density of the biofilm decreased when S. aureus was exposed to oleuropein. It had a bactericidal effect on biofilm bacteria and removed polysaccharides and proteins from mature biofilms. The effects of oleuropein on the biofilm could be explained by a reduction in bacterial secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and a change in bacterial surface hydrophobicity. Based on the above findings, oleuropein has the potential to be used against food pollution caused by S. aureus biofilms.

Saponin-Derived Silver Nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera (Ajwa Dates) Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Bioactivities Combating Bacterial Infections

The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humankind, emphasizing the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study focuses on investigating the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum-sensing (anti-QS) activities of saponin-derived silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-S) obtained from Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The design and synthesis of these novel nanoparticles were explored in the context of developing alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. The Ajwa date saponin extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize AgNPs-S, which was characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biosynthesized AgNPs-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their capability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein contents. The AgNPs-S effectively inhibited biofilm formation and quorum-sensing (QS) activity by interfering with QS signaling molecules, which play a pivotal role in bacterial virulence and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the AgNPs-S demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and cytotoxicity against small lung cancer cells (A549 cells). Overall, the findings of the present study provide valuable insights into the potential use of these nanoparticles as alternative therapeutic agents for the design and development of novel antibiotics. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the possible mechanism involved and safety concerns when it is used in vivo, paving the way for future therapeutic applications in combating bacterial infections and overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Advanced Hydrogels Combined with Silver and Gold Nanoparticles against Antimicrobial Resistance

The development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has increased dramatically in the last decade as a natural consequence of the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes that this is one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity today, demanding urgent multisectoral action. The UK government foresees that bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) could kill 10 million people per year by 2050 worldwide. In this sense, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their outstanding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. The efficient delivery of the NPs is also a matter of concern, and recent studies have demonstrated that hydrogels present an excellent ability to perform this task. The porous hydrogel structure with a high-water retention capability is a convenient host for the incorporation of the metallic nanoparticles, providing an efficient path to deliver the NPs properly reducing bacterial infections caused by MDR pathogenic microorganisms. This article reviews the most recent investigations on the characteristics, applications, advantages, and limitations of hydrogels combined with metallic NPs for treating MDR bacteria. The mechanisms of action and the antibiofilm activity of the NPs incorporated into hydrogels are also described. Finally, this contribution intends to fill some gaps in nanomedicine and serve as a guide for the development of advanced medical products.

Metal nanoparticles against multi-drug-resistance bacteria

Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infections remain a significant public health concern. The situation is exacerbated by the rapid development of bacterial resistance to currently available antimicrobials. Metal nanoparticles represent a new perspective in treating AMR due to their unique mechanisms, such as disrupting bacterial cell membrane potential and integrity, biofilm inhibition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, enhancing host immune responses, and inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis by inducing intracellular processes. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) properties such as size, shape, surface functionalization, surface charges, and co-encapsulated drug delivery capability all play a role in determining their potential against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Silver, gold, zinc oxide, selenium, copper, cobalt, and iron oxide nanoparticles have recently been studied extensively against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. This review aims to provide insight into the size, shape, surface properties, and co-encapsulation of various MNPs in managing multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

Microbial silver resistance mechanisms: recent developments

In this mini-review, after a brief introduction into the widespread antimicrobial use of silver ions and nanoparticles against bacteria, fungi and viruses, the toxicity of silver compounds and the molecular mechanisms of microbial silver resistance are discussed, including recent studies on bacteria and fungi. The similarities and differences between silver ions and silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents are also mentioned. Regarding bacterial ionic silver resistance, the roles of the sil operon, silver cation efflux proteins, and copper-silver efflux systems are explained. The importance of bacterially produced exopolysaccharides as a physiological (biofilm) defense mechanism against silver nanoparticles is also emphasized. Regarding fungal silver resistance, the roles of metallothioneins, copper-transporting P-type ATPases and cell wall are discussed. Recent evolutionary engineering (adaptive laboratory evolution) studies are also discussed which revealed that silver resistance can evolve rapidly in bacteria and fungi. The cross-resistance observed between silver resistance and resistance to other heavy metals and antibiotics in bacteria and fungi is also explained as a clinically and environmentally important issue. The use of silver against bacterial and fungal biofilm formation is also discussed. Finally, the antiviral effects of silver and the use of silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses are mentioned. To conclude, silver compounds are becoming increasingly important as antimicrobial agents, and their widespread use necessitates detailed understanding of microbial silver response and resistance mechanisms, as well as the ecological effects of silver compounds. Figure created with BioRender.com.

Synergism between metallic nanoparticles and antibiotics

The discovery of antibiotics in the twentieth century made it possible to treat bacterial infections and revolutionized modern medicine. However, gradually, it is possible to perceive a decrease in the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents against pathogenic isolates, which, together with the low investment in the discovery and/or development of new antibiotics by large pharmaceutical companies since the 1960s, makes it increasingly difficult to treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms. The search for strategies capable of potentiating the effect of existing drugs through the development of new therapeutic approaches, which also have the potential to circumvent bacterial resistance to antibiotics, has become indispensable. In this context, metallic nanoparticles stand out, as they could be used to act synergistically with drugs. Thus, the objective of this review was to present the latest information on the synergistic activity of antibiotics with metallic nanoparticles, pointing out this association as a promising alternative for the preservation of bacterial sensitivity to these drugs. The different metallic nanoparticles can present different benefits in the treatment of bacterial infections, with this being able to potentiate the bacterial activity of antibiotics that are widely used in the clinic, being able to increase the susceptibility in multiresistant microorganisms. KEY POINTS: • Metallic nanoparticles increased the antimicrobial action of drugs; • Metallic nanoparticles compromise the action of bacterial efflux pumps; • Biofilm formation was inhibited after treatment with metallic nanoparticles.

Gallium-Curcumin Nanoparticle Conjugates as an Antibacterial Agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Synthesis and Characterization

Combating antibiotic resistance has found great interest in the current clinical scenario. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen, is well known for its deadly role in hospital-acquired infections. Infections by P. aeruginosa are among the toughest to treat because of its intrinsic and acquired resistance to antibiotics. In this study, we project gallium-curcumin nanoparticle (GaCurNP) conjugates as a prospective candidate to fight against P. aeruginosa. The synthesized GaCurNPs were spherical with an average size ranging from 25-35 nm. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy deduced the nature of interaction between gallium and curcumin. Conjugate formation with gallium was found to improve the stability of curcumin at the physiological pH. When tested after 24 h of contact, at the physiological pH and 37 °C, the degradation of curcumin bound in the GaCurNPs was 26%, while that of native curcumin was 95%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GaCurNPs was found to be 82.75 μg/mL for P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). GaCurNPs also showed excellent biofilm inhibition at 4MIC concentration. Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that GaCurNPs are capable of disrupting the cells of P. aeruginosa within 3 h of contact. Live/dead imaging also confirmed the compromised membrane integrity in cells treated with GaCurNPs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed membrane lysis and cell structure damage. The AlamarBlue assay showed that when L929 cell lines were treated with GaCurNPs with concentrations as high as 350 μg/mL, the cell viability elicited by the nanoparticles was 70.89%, indicating its noncytotoxic nature. In short, GaCurNPs appear to be a promising antibacterial agent capable of fighting a clinically significant pathogen, P. aeruginosa.