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Ma S, Chong Y, Zhang R, Quan W, Gui J, Li L, Wang J, Miao S, Shi X, Zhao M, Zhang K. Glycyrrhizic acid treatment ameliorates anxiety-like behaviour via GLT1 and Per1/2-dependent pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118013. [PMID: 38453099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Glycyrrhiza. URALENSIS Fisch. (licorice root, chinese name: Gancao) has a variety of medicinal values and is widely used clinically. Its main active ingredient, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), is believed to have a neuroprotective effect. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of GA on stress-induced anxiety disorders are still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the anti-anxiety effect of GA and its underlying mechanism. METHODS We selected the anxiety model induced by repeated chronic restraint stress (CRS) for 2 h on each of 7 consecutive days. GA (4, 20, 100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 1 week. The potential GA receptors were identified using whole-cell patches and computer-assisted docking of molecules. High-throughput RNA sequencing, adeno-associated virus-mediated gene regulation, Western blotting, and RT-qPCR were used to assess the underlying molecular pathways. RESULTS GA alleviate depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors in CRS mice. GA decreased synaptic transmission by facilitating glutamate reuptaking in mPFC. Meanwhile, long-term GA treatment increased the expression of clock genes Per1 and Per2. Suppressing both Per1 and Per2 abolished the anxiolytic effects of GA treatment. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that GA may be developed for the treatment of stress-induced anxiety disorders, and its mechanism is related to GLT1 and Per1/2-dependent pathways. This presents a novel approach to discovering potent therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanbo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Ye Chong
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiayue Gui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Minggao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Bakr AF, Shao P, Farag MA. Recent advances in glycyrrhizin metabolism, health benefits, clinical effects and drug delivery systems for efficacy improvement; a comprehensive review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:153999. [PMID: 35220130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.153999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a major active constituent of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) that is considered one of the oldest and most frequently employed botanicals in Chinese medicine and worldwide, with most effects attributed to its rich GL content. Structurally, GL a triterpene saponin that is widely used as a flavoring agent in foodstuffs and cosmetics, and also proposed for various clinical applications with a myriad of health benefits. Pharmacological and biological activities of GL include antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities (in vitro and in vivo). Currently, there is no comprehensive review on GL biological effects and its action mechanisms. PURPOSE This review summarizes GL pharmacological actions from a molecular biology perception, presented on its metabolism and side effects based on in vitro, in vitro and clinical studies. Moreover, the potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also summarized. The progress in drug delivery research using GL presented herein is expected to provide a theoretical basis for developing other novel drugs formulations. METHODS A systematic review was carried out in several electronic databases (Science Direct, SpringerLink, CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and Scopus), using the following key words: glycyrrhizin "AND" bioactivity "OR" clinic "OR" therapeutic "OR" drug delivery. This search included manuscripts published between 1989 and 2021. RESULTS 126 researches were selected and summarized in this review. The analysis of these studies indicated that GL has antiviral activity against different viruses. Further, GL efficiently suppressed the respiratory manifestations associated with COVID-19 by reducing the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) that employed by the virus as an entry point. Otherwise, GL was found to induce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-modulatory, and anticancer activity. Besides, diminution the particle size of GL to nanometer size significantly augments their action and biodistribution. CONCLUSION This article summarizes the pharmacological actions of GL. The potential of GL as a nanomedicine delivery system is also presented. Nevertheless, most studies reported provide no deep insight of GL health effects warranting for more future studies to elucidate its action mechanism and potential therapeutic benefits through preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Gamaa St., Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ping Shao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Food Macromolecular Resources Processing Technology Research, China National Light Industry, China.
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
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Potentiometric Studies of Ternary Complexes Involving Palladium(II) with Fluoxetine Drug and Some Bio-ligands. J SOLUTION CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-017-0611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gevorgyan MM, Idova GV, Al'perina EL, Tikhonova MA, Kulikov AV. Effect of Antidepressants on Immunological Reactivity in ASC Mice with Genetically Determined Depression-Like State. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:266-9. [PMID: 27383160 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) and imipramine (25 mg/kg) on the number of antibody-producing cells and the main T cell subpopulations in ASC mice characterized by genetic predisposition to depression-like states was studied at the peak of the SE-induced immune response (5×10(8)). Fluoxetine produced an immunostimulatory effect manifested in an increase in the relative and absolute number of IgM antibody-producing cells in the spleen and index of immunoreactivity (CD4/CD8). Administration of fl uoxetine to parental mouse strains without depression (CBA and AKR) had no effect (CBA) or reduced the immune response. The CD4/CD8 ratio did not increase under these conditions. Imipramine was ineffective in the correction of immune reactions in a depression-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Gevorgyan
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - G V Idova
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E L Al'perina
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - M A Tikhonova
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Kulikov
- Research Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ojha S, Javed H, Azimullah S, Abul Khair SB, Haque ME. Glycyrrhizic acid Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress in Rotenone Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:275-87. [PMID: 26607911 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting humans. It is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration, mitochondrial impairment, and oxidative stress, enhanced lipid peroxidation, and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of glycyrrhizic acid (GA), an active component of licorice, against rotenone-induced-oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in a PD rat model. Since PD is progressive and chronic, we investigated the effect of chronic administration of GA for 4 weeks (50 mg/kg/day), 30 min prior to rotenone administration. Rotenone administration significantly reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase, and caused the depletion of reduced glutathione. A concomitant increase in the levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde was observed. It also significantly enhanced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the midbrain and elevated the levels of inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significant increments in ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) levels, and in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels, and loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta upon rotenone challenge. GA treatment significantly attenuated the dopamine neuron loss and decreased the Iba-1 and GFAP activation induced by the rotenone insult. GA also improved antioxidant enzyme activity, prevented glutathione depletion, inhibited lipid peroxidation, and attenuated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, GA attenuated the increased levels of the inflammatory mediators COX-2 and iNOS. In conclusion, GA protects against rotenone-induced-PD. The neuroprotective effects of GA are attributed to its potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hayate Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salema B Abul Khair
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - M Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Glycyrrhizae radix methanol extract attenuates methamphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:152063. [PMID: 25386216 PMCID: PMC4214053 DOI: 10.1155/2014/152063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix modulates the neurochemical and locomotor alterations induced by acute psychostimulants in rodents via GABAb receptors. This study investigated the influence of methanol extract from Glycyrrhizae Radix (MEGR) on repeated methamphetamine- (METH-) induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference (CPP). A cohort of rats was treated with METH (1 mg/kg/day) for 6 consecutive days, subjected to 6 days of withdrawal, and then challenged with the same dose of METH to induce locomotor sensitization; during the withdrawal period, the rats were administered MEGR (60 or 180 mg/kg/day). A separate cohort of rats was treated with either METH or saline every other day for 6 days in METH-paired or saline-paired chambers, respectively, to induce CPP. These rats were also administered MEGR (180 mg/kg) prior to every METH or CPP expression test. Pretreatment with MEGR (60 and 180 mg/kg/day) attenuated the expression of METH-induced locomotor sensitization dose-dependently, and 180 mg/kg MEGR significantly inhibited the development and expression of METH-induced CPP. Furthermore, administration of a selective GABAb receptor antagonist (SCH50911) prior to MEGR treatment effectively blocked the inhibitory effects of MEGR on locomotor sensitization, but not CPP. These results suggest that Glycyrrhizae Radix blocked repeated METH-induced behavioral changes via GABAb receptors.
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Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness and safety of Free and Easy Wanderer Plus, a polyherbal preparation for depressive disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1518-24. [PMID: 21820672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Free and Easy Wanderer Plus (FEWP) is a polyherbal preparation which therapeutic benefits have been extensively evaluated in patients with various depressive disorders. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the overall effectiveness and safety of FEWP. Following systematic review, a total of 14 high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified and included in the meta-analysis. Statistically greater treatment effects were found in FEWP monotherapy compared to placebo and in FEWP combined with conventional anti-depressants (CADs) compared to CADs alone. Patients taking FEWP alone and combined with CADs experienced fewer adverse events of dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, and constipation compared to CADs alone. These data suggest that FEWP may be an effective herbal agent in treating depressive symptoms. The addition of FEWP also enhances antidepressant effects of CADs. FEWP may have a higher safety profile compared to CADs.
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Jeon JP, Buono RJ, Han BG, Jang EY, Kim SC, Yang CH, Hwang M. Proteomic and Behavioral Analysis of Response to Isoliquiritigenin in Brains of Acute Cocaine Treated Rats. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:5094-102. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800237s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Pil Jeon
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Russell J. Buono
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Bok Ghee Han
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Eun Young Jang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Chae Ha Yang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
| | - Meeyul Hwang
- The Research Center for Biomedical Resource of Oriental Medicine Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, Korea BioBank, National Institute of Health, Seoul, Korea, Department of Physiology, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea, and Research Service, Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320
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Jang EY, Choe ES, Hwang M, Kim SC, Lee JR, Kim SG, Jeon JP, Buono RJ, Yang CH. Isoliquiritigenin suppresses cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in rat brain through GABA(B) receptor. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 587:124-8. [PMID: 18495107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae radix (licorice) comprises a variety of flavonoids as major constituents including isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and glycyrrihizin. It has shown various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and antihistamic. As very little is known in regard to drug addiction, we carried out a study on the effect of G. radix and its active component, isoliquiritigenin, on acute cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine release in moving rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with methanolic extracts of G. radix or isoliquiritigenin 1 h prior to an injection of cocaine (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)). Extracellular dopamine was measured by in vivo microdialysis. Extract of G. radix and isoliquiritigenin inhibited cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine level in the nucleus accumbens by dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of dopamine release by isoliquiritigenin resulted in attenuation of the expression of c-Fos, an immediately early gene induced by cocaine. Effect of isoliquiritigenin was completely prevented by a GABA(B) receptor antagonist. Thus, these results showed that G. radix and isoliquiritigenin inhibit cocaine-induced dopamine release by modulating GABA(B) receptor, suggesting that isoliquiritigenin might be effective in blocking the reinforcing effects of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jang
- Department of Physiology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828, South Korea
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Clotfelter ED, O'Hare EP, McNitt MM, Carpenter RE, Summers CH. Serotonin decreases aggression via 5-HT1A receptors in the fighting fish Betta splendens. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 87:222-31. [PMID: 17553555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) in the modulation of conspecific aggression in the fighting fish (Betta splendens) was investigated using pharmacological manipulations. We used a fish's response to its mirror image as our index of aggressive behavior. We also investigated the effects of some manipulations on monoamine levels in the B. splendens brain. Acute treatment with 5-HT and with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT both decreased aggressive behavior; however, treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 did not increase aggression. Chronic treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine caused no significant changes in aggressive behavior and a significant decline in 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations. Treatment with the serotonin synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine resulted in no change in aggression, yet serotonergic activity decreased significantly. Finally, a diet supplemented with L-tryptophan (Trp), the precursor to 5-HT, showed no consistent effects on aggressive behavior or brain monoamine concentrations. These results suggest a complex role for serotonin in the expression of aggression in teleost fishes, and that B. splendens may be a useful model organism in pharmacological and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan D Clotfelter
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002, United States.
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