The effects of desensitization of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons on the microcirculation in the stomach in rats depend on the blood glucocorticoid hormone level

Toll-like receptor 4 protects against stress-induced ulcers via regulation of glucocorticoid production in mice

Stress-induced gastric ulcer is an important life-threatening condition, while the molecular basis of its development is incompletely understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), an innate immune pattern recognition receptor, can induce pro-inflammatory transcription, aggravating a stress ulcer. The present study found that TLR4 played a protective role in a mouse model of water immersion (23 °C) restraint stress. Wild-type (WT) and TLR4^-/- male mice were respectively divided into five groups (5 per group), and exposed to the stressor for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 hours. Gastric ulcer index, determined post mortem, increased with time in both types of mice but was greater in TLR4^-/- mice. Furthermore, increased serum cortisol and corticosterone concentrations were observed in WT mice only, and such increases were detected only in WT mice 4 h after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection). Moreover, the administration of cortisol alleviated the gastric injury in TLR4^-/- mice. Western blotting showed expression in the adrenal of P450scc (CYP11A1), the first rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of steroids, was increased 4 h after water immersion restraint stress or LPS treatment in WT mice, but was conversely decreased in TLR4^-/- mice after either stressor. Furthermore, in adrenal glands of TLR4^-/- mice, structural distortion of mitochondria (which contain CYP11A1) was found with electron microscopy, and lack of lipid-storing droplets was found using light microscopy on adrenal cryosections stained with Oil red O. These data indicate that TLR4 plays a protective role in stress-induced gastric ulcer that is exerted via impacting synthesis of glucocorticoid in the adrenal gland.