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Russo G, Capuozzo A, Barbato F, Irace C, Santamaria R, Grumetto L. Cytotoxicity of seven bisphenol analogues compared to bisphenol A and relationships with membrane affinity data. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:432-440. [PMID: 29529570 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used in numerous industrial applications. Due to its well ascertained toxicity as endocrine disruptor, industries have started to replace it with other bisphenols whose alleged greater safety is scarcely supported by literature studies. In this study, the toxicity of seven BPA analogues was evaluated using both in silico and in vitro techniques, as compared to BPA toxicity. Furthermore, their affinity indexes for phospholipids (i.e. phospholipophilicity) were determined by immobilized artificial membrane liquid chromatography (IAM-LC) and possible relationships with in vitro toxic activity were also investigated. The results on four different cell cultures yielded similar ranking of toxicity for the bisphenols considered, with IC50 values confirming their poor acute toxicity. As compared to BPA, bisphenol AF, bisphenol B, bisphenol M, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether resulted more toxic, while bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol E were found as the less toxic congeners. These results are partly consistent with the scale of phospholipid affinity showing that toxicity increases at increasing membrane affinity. Therefore, phospholipophilicity determination can be assumed as a useful preliminary tool to select less toxic congeners to surrogate BPA in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Russo
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Capuozzo
- BioChem Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Barbato
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- BioChem Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- BioChem Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Pharm-Analysis & Bio-Pharm Laboratory - Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan AR, Mansouri S, Ataei ML, Jahanshahi M, Hosseini M. The effects of soy and tamoxifen on apoptosis in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus in a pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model of ovariectomized rats. Anat Sci Int 2018; 93:218-230. [PMID: 28283880 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-017-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of tamoxifen and soy on apoptosis of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of ovariectomized rats after repeated seizures were investigated. Female rats were divided into: (1) Control, (2) Sham, (3) Sham-Tamoxifen (Sham-T), (4) Ovariectomized (OVX), (5) OVX-Tamoxifen (OVX-T), (6)OVX-Soy(OVX-S) and (7) OVX-S-T. The animals in the OVX-S, OVX-T and OVX-S-T groups received soy extract (60 mg/kg; i.p.), tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) or both for 2 weeks before induction of seizures. The animals in these groups additionally received the mentioned treatments before each injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ; 40 mg/kg) for 6 days. The animals in the Sham and OVX groups received a vehicle of tamoxifen and soy. A significant decrease in the seizure score and TUNEL-positive neurons was seen in the OVX group compared to the Sham (P < 0.001). The animals in both the OVX-T and OVX-S groups had a significantly higher seizure score as well as number of TUNEL-positive neurons compared to the OVX group (P < 0.01-P < 0.001). Co-treatment of the OVX rats by the extract and tamoxifen decreased the seizure score and number of TUNEL-positive neurons compared to OVX-S (P < 0.001). Treatment of the OVX rats by either soy or tamoxifen increased the seizure score as well as the number of TUNEL-positive neurons in the hippocampal formation. Co-administration of tamoxifen and soy extract inhibited the effects of the soy extract and tamoxifen when they were administered alone. It might be suggested that both soy and tamoxifen have agonistic effects on estrogen receptors by changing the seizure severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somaieh Mansouri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mariam Lale Ataei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Jahanshahi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Grogan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran.
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Bugel SM, Wehmas LC, La Du JK, Tanguay RL. Phenotype anchoring in zebrafish reveals a potential role for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tamoxifen's effects on skin epithelium. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 296:31-41. [PMID: 26908177 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish is a powerful alternative model used to link phenotypes with molecular effects to discover drug mode of action. Using a zebrafish embryo-larval toxicity bioassay, we evaluated the effects of tamoxifen--a widely used anti-estrogen chemotherapeutic. Zebrafish exposed to ≥ 10 μM tamoxifen exhibited a unique necrotic caudal fin phenotype that was rapidly induced regardless of developmental life-stage when treatment was applied. To define tamoxifen's bioactivity resulting in this phenotype, targeted gene expression was used to evaluate 100 transcripts involved in tissue remodeling, calcium signaling, cell cycle and cell death, growth factors, angiogenesis and hypoxia. The most robustly misregulated transcripts in the tail were matrix metalloproteinases mmp9 and mmp13a, induced 127 and 1145 fold, respectively. Expression of c-fos, c-jun, and ap1s1 were also moderately elevated (3-7 fold), consistent with AP-1 activity--a transcription factor that regulates MMP expression. Immunohistochemistry confirmed high levels of induction for MMP13a in affected caudal fin skin epithelial tissue. The necrotic caudal fin phenotype was significantly attenuated or prevented by three functionally unique MMP inhibitors: EDTA (metal chelator), GM 6001 (broad MMP inhibitor), and SR 11302 (AP-1 transcription factor inhibitor), suggesting MMP-dependence. SR 11302 also inhibited induction of mmp9, mmp13a, and a putative MMP target, igfbp1a. Overall, our studies suggest that tamoxifen's effect is the result of perturbation of the MMP system in the skin leading to ectopic expression, cytotoxicity, and the necrotic caudal fin phenotype. These studies help advance our understanding of tamoxifen's non-classical mode of action and implicate a possible role for MMPs in tissues such as skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bugel
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Leah C Wehmas
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Jane K La Du
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States.
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Zu H, Wu J, Zhang J, Yu M, Hong Z. Testosterone up-regulates seladin-1 expression by iAR and PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway in C6 cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 514:122-6. [PMID: 22405892 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The previous study indicated that DHCR24/seladin-1 was an important neuroprotective effector. However, the molecular mechanisms that androgen modulates the expression of seladin-1 remain incompletely defined. In this paper, we showed that the expression of seladin-1 was significantly increased by testosterone at all concentrations tested at the protein and mRNA levels in C6 cells, the selective AR antagonist flutamide obviously inhibited the effect in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that testosterone significantly increased the phosphorylation level of V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (Akt), a key effector of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt signaling pathway, while a specific PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 obviously prevented the activation of Akt phosphorylation. In addition, the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 also markedly blocked the up-regulation expression of seladin-1 gene induced by testosterone at the protein and mRNA levels. Collectively, the above results suggested that testosterone regulated the expression of seladin-1 by the intracellular androgen receptor (iAR)-mediated genomic signaling pathway and the non-genomic PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway in C6 glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengbing Zu
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200540, China.
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Su C, Rybalchenko N, Schreihofer DA, Singh M, Abbassi B, Cunningham RL. Cell Models for the Study of Sex Steroid Hormone Neurobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; S2. [PMID: 22860237 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7536.s2-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To date many aspects of neurons and glia biology remain elusive, due in part to the cellular and molecular complexity of the brain. In recent decades, cell models from different brain areas have been established and proven invaluable toward understanding this complexity. In the field of steroid hormone neurobiology, an important question is: what is the profile of steroid hormone receptor expression in these specific cell lines? Currently, a clear summary of such receptor profiling is lacking. For this reason, we summarized in this review the expression of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in several widely used cell lines (glial and neuronal) derived from the forebrain and midbrain, based on our own data and that from the literature. Such information will aid in the selection of specific cell lines used to test hypotheses related to the biology of estrogens, progestins, and/or androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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Kabat GC, Etgen AM, Rohan TE. Do Steroid Hormones Play a Role in the Etiology of Glioma?: Figure 1. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2421-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Du J, Lu WL, Ying X, Liu Y, Du P, Tian W, Men Y, Guo J, Zhang Y, Li RJ, Zhou J, Lou JN, Wang JC, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Dual-Targeting Topotecan Liposomes Modified with Tamoxifen and Wheat Germ Agglutinin Significantly Improve Drug Transport across the Blood−Brain Barrier and Survival of Brain Tumor-Bearing Animals. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:905-17. [PMID: 19344115 DOI: 10.1021/mp800218q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Men
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Ning Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China, and Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China−Japan Friendship Hospital, The Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Huang CC, Cheng HH, Lin KL, Cheng JS, Tsai JY, Liao WC, Fang YC, Jan CR. Tamoxifen-induced [Ca2+]i rise and apoptosis in corneal epithelial cells. Toxicology 2009; 255:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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CHU SAUTUNG, HUANG CHORNGCHIH, HUANG CHUNJEN, CHENG JINSHIUNG, CHAI KUOLIANG, CHENG HEHSIUNG, FANG YICHIEN, CHI CHAOCHUAN, SU HSINGHAO, CHOU CHIANGTING, JAN CHUNGREN. Tamoxifen-Induced [Ca2+]iRises and Ca2+-Independent Cell Death in Human Oral Cancer Cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 27:353-67. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890701699660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Tabassum H, Parvez S, Rehman H, Banerjee BD, Raisuddin S. Catechin as an antioxidant in liver mitochondrial toxicity: Inhibition of tamoxifen-induced protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2007; 21:110-7. [PMID: 17623883 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tamoxifen (TAM) is a nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogenic drug widely used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. TAM brings about a collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. It acts both as an uncoupling agent and as a powerful inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain. The effect of catechin pretreatment on the mitochondrial toxicity of TAM was studied in liver mitochondria of Swiss albino mice. TAM treatment caused a significant increase in the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the protein carbonyls (PCs). It also caused a significant increase in superoxide radical production. Pretreatment of mice with catechin (40 mg/kg) showed significant protection as demonstrated by marked attenuation of increased oxidative stress parameters such LPO, PCs, and superoxide production. It also restored the decreased nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants of mitochondria. The inhibitory effect of catechin on TAM-:induced oxidative damage suggests that it may have potential benefits in prevention of human diseases where reactive oxygen species have some role as causative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Tabassum
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
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Kipp M, Karakaya S, Pawlak J, Araujo-Wright G, Arnold S, Beyer C. Estrogen and the development and protection of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons: concerted action of a multitude of signals, protective molecules, and growth factors. Front Neuroendocrinol 2006; 27:376-90. [PMID: 16949139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The nigrostriatal dopamine system comprises the dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain, their axonal connections to the forebrain, and their direct cellular target cells in the striatal complex, i.e. GABAergic neurons. The major function of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic unit is the coordination and fine tuning of motor functions at the extrapyramidal level. Numerous biologically active factors including different types of growth factors (neurotrophins, members of the TGFbeta family, IGFs) and peptide/steroid hormones have been identified in the past to be implicated in the regulation of developmental aspects of this neural system. Some of these developmentally active determinants have in addition been found to play a crucial role in the mediation of neuroprotection concerning dopaminergic neurons. Estrogen was identified as such a compound interfering with embryonic neuronal differentiation and cell survival. The physiological mechanisms underlying these effects are very complex and include interactions with other developmental signals (growth factors), inflammatory processes as well as apoptotic events, but also require the activation of nonneuronal cells such as astrocytes. It appears that estrogen is assuming control over or at least influences a multitude of developmental and protective cellular mechanisms rather than taking over the part of a singular protagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kipp
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Nelson K, Helmstaedter V, Lage H. The influence of tamoxifen on growth behavior and cell-cell adhesion in OSCC in vitro. Oral Oncol 2006; 43:720-7. [PMID: 17112777 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tamoxifen on the growth and aggregation behavior, focusing on the expression pattern of E-cadherin and beta-catenin, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro. Oral squamous cancer cell lines (UM-SCC-14A, UM-SCC-14B and UM-SCC-14C) were treated with various concentrations of tamoxifen. Growth and aggregation behavior as well as the protein expression and its changes were analysed. All cell lines are estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Tamoxifen induced a significant growth inhibition and induced the ability to form cell aggregates. This phenomena was not accompanied by a change in E-cadherin or beta-catenin expression or due to transcriptional changes. beta-catenin showed isolated membrane staining and nuclear distribution in all cell lines. A defective Ecadherin/beta-catenin complex was seen in UM-SCC-14C with no restoration through tamoxifen treatment. The cell-cell formation is increased in all cell lines without any alterations in the functional and quantitative status of E-cadherin or beta-catenin, indicating that novel cell-cell adhesion complexes not involving the classical E-cadherin/beta-catenin influence cell growth and intercellular adhesion in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Nelson
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Clinic for Navigation and Robotics, Charité Campus Virchow Clinic, Augustenburger Platz 01, Berlin, Germany.
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