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Hodroj MH, Jardaly A, Abi Raad S, Zouein A, Rizk S. Andrographolide potentiates the antitumor effect of topotecan in acute myeloid leukemia cells through an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1079-1088. [PMID: 29785137 PMCID: PMC5955015 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s160924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Topotecan (TP) is an anticancer drug acting as topoisomerase I inhibitor that is used in the treatment of many types of cancers including leukemia, but it has significant side effects. Andrographolide, a compound extracted from Andrographis paniculata, was recently proven to inhibit the growth of cancer cells and can induce apoptosis. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible synergism between TP and andrographolide in acute myeloid cells in vitro. Materials and methods U937 acute myeloid leukemic cells were cultured using Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium and then treated for 24 h with TP and andrographolide prepared through the dilution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) stocks with RPMI on the day of treatment. Cell proliferation was assessed using cell proliferation assay upon treatment with both compounds separately and in combination. Cell-cycle study and apoptosis detection were performed by staining the cells with propidium iodide (PI) stain and Annexin V/PI stain, respectively, followed by flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of various proteins involved in apoptotic pathways. Results Both TP and andrographolide showed an antiproliferative effect in a dose-dependent manner when applied on U937 cells separately; however, pretreating the cells with andrographolide before applying TP exhibited a synergistic effect with lower inhibitory concentrations (half-maximal inhibitory concentration). Treating the cells with TP alone led to specific cell-cycle arrest at S phase that was more prominent upon pretreatment combination with andrographolide. Using Annexin V/PI staining to assess the proapoptotic effect following the pretreatment combination showed an increase in the number of apoptotic cells, which was supported by the Western blot results that manifested an upregulation of several proapoptotic proteins expression. Conclusion The pretreatment of U937 with andrographolide followed by low doses of TP showed an enhancement in inducing apoptosis when compared to the application of each compound separately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Achraf Jardaly
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Abi Raad
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Annalise Zouein
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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2
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Bernstock JD, Ye D, Gessler FA, Lee YJ, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Baumgarten P, Johnson KR, Maric D, Yang W, Kögel D, Pluchino S, Hallenbeck JM. Topotecan is a potent inhibitor of SUMOylation in glioblastoma multiforme and alters both cellular replication and metabolic programming. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7425. [PMID: 28785061 PMCID: PMC5547153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein SUMOylation is a dynamic post-translational modification shown to be involved in a diverse set of physiologic processes throughout the cell. SUMOylation has also been shown to play a role in the pathobiology of myriad cancers, one of which is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). As such, the clinical significance and therapeutic utility offered via the selective control of global SUMOylation is readily apparent. There are, however, relatively few known/effective inhibitors of global SUMO-conjugation. Herein we describe the identification of topotecan as a novel inhibitor of global SUMOylation. We also provide evidence that inhibition of SUMOylation by topotecan is associated with reduced levels of CDK6 and HIF-1α, as well as pronounced changes in cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism, thereby highlighting its putative role as an adjuvant therapy in defined GBM patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel Ye
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florian A Gessler
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yang-Ja Lee
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Edinger Institute, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Bioinformatics Section, Information Technology & Bioinformatics Program, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donat Kögel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John M Hallenbeck
- Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Risk assessment in paediatric glioma—Time to move on from the binary classification. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 111:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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4
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Maugeri-Saccà M, Barba M, Vici P, Pizzuti L, Sergi D, Catenaro T, Di Lauro L, Mottolese M, Santini D, Milella M, De Maria R. Presurgical window of opportunity trial design as a platform for testing anticancer drugs: Pros, cons and a focus on breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:132-42. [PMID: 27637358 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The high attrition rate is a major issue in anticancer drug development. Among the alternative trial designs, presurgical window of opportunity trials envision a short course treatment in the time window between diagnostic biopsy and surgery in a moderately-sized patient population. This approach allows testing therapeutics when pre- and post-treatment tumor tissues are available for comprehensive molecular analyses. The emerging evidence may help define the ability of a given agent to modulate its target(s) and help obtain a broader picture of the molecular changes operated by the treatment. The resulting gain may outweigh the potential harms for patients in the early disease setting. Window of opportunity trials have been extensively applied to breast cancer. Overall, a wider use of these trial designs might lead to the identification of potential responders, ineffective drugs or combinations, and ultimately contribute to enhance the efficiency of the clinical developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Barba
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy; Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Pizzuti
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Catenaro
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Lauro
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Mottolese
- Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Milella
- Division of Medical Oncology A, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggero De Maria
- Scientific Direction, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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5
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Khalife R, El-Hayek S, Stephany EH, Tarras O, Hodroj MH, Rizk S. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of topotecan in combination with thymoquinone on acute myelogenous leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2015; 14 Suppl:S46-55. [PMID: 25486955 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topotecan has shown promising antineoplastic activity in solid tumors and acute leukemia. Because of the primary dose-limiting toxicity of topotecan, it is necessary to identify other agents that can work synergistically with topotecan, potentially increasing its efficacy while limiting its toxicity. Many studies showed synergism in combination of topotecan with gemcitabine and bortezomib. Other studies report the increase in growth inhibition of gemcitabine or oxaliplatin when cells were preexposed to naturally occurring drugs such as thymoquinone. The aim of this project was to study the mode of action of topotecan along with thymoquinone, on survival and apoptosis pathways in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell lines, and to investigate the potential synergistic effect of thymoquinone on topotecan. MATERIALS AND METHODS U937 cells were incubated with different topotecan and thymoquinone concentrations for 24 and 48 hours, separately and in combination. Cell proliferation was determined using WST-1 (Roche) reagent. The effect of the compounds on protein expression of Bax, Bcl2, p53, caspase-9, -8, and -3 was determined using Western blot analysis. Cell cycle analysis was performed in addition to annexin/propidium iodide staining. RESULTS Thymoquinone and topotecan exhibited antiproliferative effects on U937 cells when applied separately. In combination, the reduction in proliferation was extremely significant with a major increase in the expression levels of Bax/Bcl2, p53, and caspase-3 and -9. Preexposure with thymoquinone resulted in an increase in cell growth inhibition compared with topotecan treatment. CONCLUSION Thymoquinone, when combined with topotecan in noncytotoxic doses, produced synergistic antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in AML cells. Preexposure to thymoquinone seems to be more effective than simultaneous application with topotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Khalife
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - El-Hayek Stephany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omayr Tarras
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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6
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MacDonald TJ, Aguilera D, Kramm CM. Treatment of high-grade glioma in children and adolescents. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1049-58. [PMID: 21784756 PMCID: PMC3177659 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade gliomas (HGGs)--including glioblastoma multiforme, anaplastic astrocytoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma--are difficult to treat and are associated with an extremely poor prognosis. There are no effective chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of pediatric HGG, but many new treatment options are in active investigation. There are crucial molecular differences between adult and pediatric HGG such that results from adult clinical trials cannot simply be extrapolated to children. Molecular markers overexpressed in pediatric HGG include PDGFRα and P53. Amplification of EGFR is observed, but to a lesser degree than in adult HGG. Potential molecular targets and new therapies in development for pediatric HGG are described in this review. Research into bevacizumab in pediatric HGG indicates that its activity is less than that observed in adult HGG. Similarly, tipifarnib was found to have minimal activity in pediatric HGG, whereas gefitinib has shown greater effects. After promising phase I findings in children with primary CNS tumors, the integrin inhibitor cilengitide is being investigated in a phase II trial in pediatric HGG. Studies are also ongoing in pediatric HGG with 2 EGFR inhibitors: cetuximab and nimotuzumab. Other novel treatment modalities under investigation include dendritic cell-based vaccinations, boron neutron capture therapy, and telomerase inhibition. While the results of these trials are keenly awaited, the current belief is that multimodal therapy holds the greatest promise. Research efforts should be directed toward building multitherapeutic regimens that are well tolerated and that offer the greatest antitumor activity in the setting of pediatric HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J MacDonald
- Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory Children's Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Suite 442, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA.
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7
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Glimelius B, Lahn M. Window-of-opportunity trials to evaluate clinical activity of new molecular entities in oncology. Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1717-25. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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8
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Zhou F, Zhang J, Li P, Niu F, Wu X, Wang G, Roberts MS. Toward a new age of cellular pharmacokinetics in drug discovery. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:335-45. [PMID: 21395404 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.560607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacology, and toxicology are the major determinants of the success or failure of candidates during drug development. Because inappropriate pharmacokinetics often leads to inefficacy, even toxicity, pharmacokinetics studies have been regarded as crucial components in drug preclinical and clinical research. However, new data increasingly reveal that drug concentrations in plasma or tissues cannot totally explain the efficacy of drug on the target organ. For most drugs that interact with targets localized in cells, intracellular penetration, accumulation, distribution, and elimination are important parameters governing the efficacy in the target cells. So, there is a pressing need to clarify the cellular pharmacokinetics and thus evaluate the efficacy of drugs in the target cells. This review provides a general overview regarding current knowledge about cellular pharmacokinetics in some specific cells and also summarizes the factors that can influence cellular pharmacokinetics. It concludes by discussing potential strategies for optimizing cellular pharmacokinetics and advocating that global cellular pharmacokinetics studies be conducted in future research toward improving drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing
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9
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Carcaboso AM, Elmeliegy MA, Shen J, Juel SJ, Zhang ZM, Calabrese C, Tracey L, Waters CM, Stewart CF. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib enhances topotecan penetration of gliomas. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4499-508. [PMID: 20460504 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, increases brain parenchymal extracellular fluid (ECF) accumulation of topotecan, a substrate of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-glycoprotein (Pgp/MDR-1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). The effect of modulating these transporters on topotecan penetration in gliomas has not been thoroughly studied. Thus, we performed intracerebral microdialysis on mice bearing orthotopic human gliomas (U87 and MT330) and assessed topotecan tumor ECF (tECF) penetration and the effect of gefitinib on topotecan tECF penetration and intratumor topotecan distribution. We found that topotecan penetration (P(tumor)) of U87 was 0.96 +/- 0.25 (n = 7) compared with that of contralateral brain (P(contralateral), 0.42 +/- 0.11, n = 5; P = 0.001). In MT330 tumors, P(tumor) (0.78 +/- 0.26, n = 6) and P(contralateral) (0.42 +/- 0.11, n = 5) also differed significantly (P = 0.013). Because both tumor models had disrupted blood-brain barriers and similar P(tumor) values, we used U87 and a steady-state drug administration approach to characterize the effect of gefitinib on topotecan P(tumor). At equivalent plasma topotecan exposures, we found that P(tumor) after gefitinib administration was lower. In a separate cohort of animals, we determined the volume of distribution of unbound topotecan in tumor (V(u,tumor)) and found that it was significantly higher in groups receiving gefitinib, implying that gefitinib administration leads to a greater proportion of intracellular topotecan. Our results provide crucial insights into the role that transporters play in central nervous system drug penetration and provide a better understanding of the effect of coadministration of transporter modulators on anticancer drug distribution within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Carcaboso
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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10
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Leblond P, Vinchon M, Bernier-Chastagner V, Chastagner P. [Diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma in children: current treatment and future directions]. Arch Pediatr 2009; 17:159-65. [PMID: 20018494 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous clinical trials undertaken, the prognosis of children with diffuse brain stem glioma remains very poor. This review examines the different strategies for the treatment of malignant brain stem glioma such as radiation therapy, concurrent radiochemotherapy, and classical cytotoxic drugs, with a particular focus on the novel targeted and antiangiogenic drugs recently introduced in pediatric oncology. The strategy using integrin inhibitors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Leblond
- Unité d'oncologie pédiatrique, centre Oscar-Lambret, 59020 Lille cedex, France.
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11
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Shen J, Carcaboso AM, Hubbard KE, Tagen M, Wynn HG, Panetta JC, Waters CM, Elmeliegy MA, Stewart CF. Compartment-specific roles of ATP-binding cassette transporters define differential topotecan distribution in brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5885-92. [PMID: 19567673 PMCID: PMC2729173 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Topotecan is a substrate of the ATP-binding cassette transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp/MDR1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). To define the role of these transporters in topotecan penetration into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF) and brain parenchymal extracellular fluid (ECF) compartments, we performed intracerebral microdialysis on transporter-deficient mice after an intravenous dose of topotecan (4 mg/kg). vCSF penetration of unbound topotecan lactone was measured as the ratio of vCSF-to-plasma area under the concentration-time curves. The mean +/- SD ratios for wild-type, Mdr1a/b(-/-), Bcrp1(-/-), and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice were 3.07 +/- 0.09, 2.57 +/- 0.17, 1.63 +/- 0.12, and 0.86 +/- 0.05, respectively. In contrast, the ECF-to-plasma ratios for wild-type, Bcrp1(-/-), and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice were 0.36 +/- 0.06, 0.42 +/- 0.06, and 0.88 +/- 0.07. Topotecan lactone was below detectable limits in the ECF of Mdr1a/b(-/-) mice. When gefitinib (200 mg/kg) was preadministered to inhibit Bcrp1 and P-gp, the vCSF-to-plasma ratio decreased to 1.29 +/- 0.09 in wild-type mice and increased to 1.13 +/- 0.13 in Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice, whereas the ECF-to-plasma ratio increased to 0.74 +/- 0.14 in wild-type and 1.07 +/- 0.03 in Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice. Preferential active transport of topotecan lactone over topotecan carboxylate was shown in vivo by vCSF lactone-to-carboxylate area under the curve ratios for wild-type, Mdr1a/b(-/-), Bcrp1(-/-), and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp1(-/-) mice of 5.69 +/- 0.83, 3.85 +/- 0.64, 3.61 +/- 0.46, and 0.78 +/- 0.19, respectively. Our results suggest that Bcrp1 and P-gp transport topotecan into vCSF and out of brain parenchyma through the blood-brain barrier. These findings may help to improve pharmacologic strategies to treat brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - Angel M. Carcaboso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - K. Elaine Hubbard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - Michael Tagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - Henry G. Wynn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - John C. Panetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | | | - Mohamed A. Elmeliegy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis
| | - Clinton F. Stewart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, University of Tennessee, Memphis
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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12
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Jakacki RI, Yates A, Blaney SM, Zhou T, Timmerman R, Ingle AM, Flom L, Prados MD, Adamson PC, Pollack IF. A phase I trial of temozolomide and lomustine in newly diagnosed high-grade gliomas of childhood. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:569-76. [PMID: 18497327 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase I trial was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of temozolomide given in combination with lomustine in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with high-grade gliomas. Response was assessed following two courses of therapy at the MTD. Temozolomide was administered to cohorts of patients at doses of 100, 125, 160, or 200 mg/m(2) on days 1-5, along with 90 mg/m(2) lomustine on day 1. Two courses of lomustine/temozolomide were given prior to radiation therapy (RT) and up to six courses were administered afterward. Thirty-two patients were enrolled. Dose-limiting myelosuppression was seen in two of three patients enrolled at the 200 mg/m(2) dose level. One of 14 patients in the expanded MTD cohort (160 mg/m(2)) experienced dose-limiting thrombocytopenia. After two courses at the MTD, one patient with a 5-mm enhancing nodule postoperatively had a complete response, one patient with a large residual temporal lobe glioblastoma had a partial response, and eight patients had stable disease. Several patients developed transient radiographic worsening after completing RT. Median 1- and 2-year overall survivals at the MTD were 60% +/- 13% and 40% +/- 13% with a median of 17.6 months. Thirteen of 20 patients (65%) who underwent MRI scans within 6 months prior to death developed metastatic disease. In conclusion, when administered with 90 mg/m(2) lomustine on day 1, the MTD of temozolomide is 160 mg/m(2)/day x 5. Radiographic changes following RT make determination of early tumor progression difficult. Metastatic disease is common prior to death.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chemotherapy has gained a larger importance in the management of brain tumours, especially in children. RECENT FINDINGS Converging results were presented in 2005 by the German, French and North-American cooperative groups indicating that a subgroup of young children with medulloblastoma (i.e. those with desmoplastic histology) could be cured with chemotherapy only strategies. The usefulness of high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem-cell transplant was shown not only as salvage strategy but also upfront in high-risk patients with medulloblastoma. Diffuse pontine glioma remains a devastating disease despite numerous attempts to improve on the standard radiotherapy. Targeted therapies have entered the paediatric neuro-oncology field as well. SUMMARY In the most frequent paediatric brain tumors (medulloblastoma and low grade gliomas), the improvements have been impressive in recent years. These patients still await new targeted therapies to lower the burden of treatments and their related side-effects. Most of the brain tumours, however, are rare and the development of specific protocols too slow. Likely, they may have very specific biologic abnormalities that could be efficiently targeted in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Grill
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancerology Institute, Villejuif, France.
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14
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Zhuang Y, Fraga CH, Hubbard KE, Hagedorn N, Panetta JC, Waters CM, Stewart CF. Topotecan Central Nervous System Penetration Is Altered by a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Cancer Res 2006; 66:11305-13. [PMID: 17145877 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A potential strategy to increase the efficacy of topotecan to treat central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is modulation of the activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers to enhance topotecan CNS penetration. This study focused on topotecan penetration into the brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a mouse model and the effect of modulation of ABC transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (gefitinib). After 4 and 8 mg/kg topotecan i.v., the brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone was 0.21 +/- 0.04 and 0.61 +/- 0.16, respectively; the ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio was 1.18 +/- 0.10 and 1.30 +/- 0.13, respectively. To study the effect of gefitinib on topotecan CNS penetration, 200 mg/kg gefitinib was administered orally 1 hour before 4 mg/kg topotecan i.v. The brain ECF to plasma AUC ratio of unbound topotecan lactone increased by 1.6-fold to 0.35 +/- 0.04, which was significantly different from the ratio without gefitinib (P < 0.05). The ventricular CSF to plasma AUC ratio significantly decreased to 0.98 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.05). Breast cancer resistance protein 1 (Bcrp1), an efficient topotecan transporter, was detected at the apical aspect of the choroid plexus in FVB mice. In conclusion, topotecan brain ECF penetration was lower compared with ventricular CSF penetration. Gefitinib increased topotecan brain ECF penetration but decreased the ventricular CSF penetration. These results are consistent with the possibility that expression of Bcrp1 and P-glycoprotein at the apical side of the choroid plexus facilitates an influx transport mechanism across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, resulting in high topotecan CSF penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhuang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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