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Rissi DR, Reyes VAA, Donovan TA, Church ME, Howerth EW, Klang A, Woolard KD, Miller AD. Primary and secondary leptomeningeal gliomatosis in dogs. Vet Pathol 2024; 61:171-178. [PMID: 37577961 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231193104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal gliomatosis (LG) is characterized by extensive dissemination of neoplastic glial cells in the subarachnoid space either without an intraparenchymal glioma (primary LG or PLG) or secondary to an intraparenchymal glioma (secondary LG or SLG). Given the low frequency of LG in human and veterinary medicine, specific diagnostic criteria are lacking. Here, we describe 14 cases of canine LG that were retrospectively identified from 6 academic institutions. The mean age of affected dogs was 7.3 years and over 90% of patients were brachycephalic. Clinical signs were variable and progressive. Relevant magnetic resonance image findings in 7/14 dogs included meningeal enhancement of affected areas and/or intraparenchymal masses. All affected dogs were euthanized because of the poor prognosis. Gross changes were reported in 12/14 cases and consisted mainly of gelatinous leptomeningeal thickening in the brain (6/12 cases) or spinal cord (2/12 cases) and 1 or multiple, gelatinous, gray to red intraparenchymal masses in the brain (6/12 cases). Histologically, all leptomeningeal neoplasms and intraparenchymal gliomas were morphologically consistent with oligodendrogliomas. Widespread nuclear immunolabeling for OLIG2 was observed in all neoplasms. The absence of an intraparenchymal glioma was consistent with PLG in 3 cases. The remaining 11 cases were diagnosed as SLG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Klang
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Kobayashi K, Tanaka K, Iwai A, Taki J, Kitagawa M, Hayashi T, Tsuzuki S, Yamamoto T, Yoshioka T, Hirato J, Maihara T, Yamada K, Usami I, Heike T. Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor Initially Masquerading as Guillain–Barré Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1742251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA 10-year-old male child patient was admitted with a chief complaint of progression of lower limb weakness lasting for 5 weeks. An initial clinical picture was reminiscent of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytological examinations were negative for neoplastic cells, but leptomeningeal biopsy targeting positron emission tomography (PET) avid lesion confirmed the invasion of tumor cells which were negatively stained with Brahma-related gene 1. An extensive literature review identified five cases of primary diffuse leptomeningeal atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and the clinical characteristics, including ours, were characterized as follows: (1) there was a bimodal age distribution in young children and adolescents with a male predominance, (2) roughly half of the patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of albuminocytologic dissociation and CSF cytology was neither sensitive nor specific to establish a definitive diagnosis, and (3) cerebrospinal magnetic resonance imaging findings were mostly indistinguishable from those of infectious or inflammatory diseases. We would like to suggest that primary leptomeningeal tumor should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive polyneuropathy even in the absence of CSF cytological findings and implementation of preoperative PET may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of such a miscellaneous central nervous system tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Junya Taki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitagawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Tsuzuki
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takako Yoshioka
- Department of Pathology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Japan
| | - Junko Hirato
- Department of Pathology, Public Tomioka General Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiro Maihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Ikuya Usami
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshio Heike
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki General Medical Center, Japan
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Chludzinski E, Puff C, Weber J, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Case Report: Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Oligodendrogliomatosis in a Young Adult Cat. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:795126. [PMID: 34977226 PMCID: PMC8714914 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.795126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old cat was presented with progressive ataxia. Despite treatment the animal died. Pathomorphological examination revealed a widespread leptomeningeal mass at all levels of the central nervous system accentuated on the cervical spinal cord and the medulla oblongata without presence of a primary intraaxial tumor. The neoplasm was mainly composed of round, uninucleate cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, which were immunopositive for OLIG2, doublecortin, MAP2, synaptophysin, and vimentin, indicating components of both oligodendroglial and neuronal differentiation. Ki-67 immunohistochemistry indicated a high proliferation activity of the neoplasm. Few GFAP positive and Iba-1 positive cells were interpreted as reactive astrocytes and macrophages or microglia, respectively. The tumor was immunonegative for CD3, CD20, PAX5, MUM1, pan-cytokeratin, S100, NSE, p75NTR, NeuN and periaxin. These findings led to the diagnosis of primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis. This is the first reported case of this entity in a young cat, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis for diffuse subarachnoidal round cell infiltrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Chludzinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Weber
- Tierärztliche Praxis für Kleintiere Dr. med. vet. Jürgen Weber, Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
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Gatzert S, Durgam A, Raghuram K, Agarwal A. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis with an isolated 1p deletion. Br J Neurosurg 2019:1-6. [PMID: 31752539 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1688253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis with an isolated 1p deletion confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis in 52 year-old man. The MRI scan in a patient presenting with progressive headache, nausea and diplopia revealed diffuse leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement without definitive evidence of an intraparenchymal lesion. Biopsy of thickened, enhancing meninges within the left sylvian fissure revealed subarachnoid proliferation of oligodendroglial cells with varying degrees of de-differentiation and sparing of the underlying cortex. An isolated 1p deletion was confirmed by FISH analysis. This is the first reported adult case of a 1p deletion in primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gatzert
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Durgam
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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5
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Zoll WM, Miller AD, Bandt C, Abbott JR. Primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis in a domestic shorthaired cat. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:94-97. [PMID: 30803413 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718822683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 15-y-old neutered male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a 16-d history of hindlimb paralysis in conjunction with 1-wk duration of inappetence and lethargy. Given intractable clinical signs, development of seizures, and poor prognosis, euthanasia was elected. Gross examination revealed mild, chronic, multifocal intervertebral disk disease; however, no gross abnormalities were noted in the spinal cord. Histologic examination of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal cord and the myelencephalon revealed diffuse and variable expansion of the meninges by sheets of neoplastic round-to-polygonal cells. The cells formed sheets and clusters, supported by a variably eosinophilic, fibrillar-to-basophilic, homogeneous matrix, and contained a small amount of eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with finely stippled to hyperchromatic chromatin and 1-2 small nucleoli. Mild white matter degeneration was present in the dorsal and ventral funiculi multifocally throughout the spinal cord, but was most severe in the ventral lumbar sections. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong intranuclear immunoreactivity for Olig2, and intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, MAP2, and vimentin in the neoplastic glial cells. To our knowledge, primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis has not been reported previously in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M Zoll
- Antech Diagnostics, College Station, TX (Zoll).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Miller).,Canada West Veterinary Specialists, ECC, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Bandt).,Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Abbott)
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Antech Diagnostics, College Station, TX (Zoll).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Miller).,Canada West Veterinary Specialists, ECC, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Bandt).,Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Abbott)
| | - Carston Bandt
- Antech Diagnostics, College Station, TX (Zoll).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Miller).,Canada West Veterinary Specialists, ECC, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Bandt).,Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Abbott)
| | - Jeffrey R Abbott
- Antech Diagnostics, College Station, TX (Zoll).,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (Miller).,Canada West Veterinary Specialists, ECC, Vancouver, BC, Canada (Bandt).,Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (Abbott)
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Jiang N, Han F, Fan SY, Gao J, Cui LY, Zhong DR, Peng B. Clinical Reasoning: An 18-year-old man with progressive headache and visual loss. Neurology 2018; 90:1076-1081. [PMID: 29866934 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Fei Han
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Si-Yuan Fan
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Jun Gao
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Li-Ying Cui
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Ding-Rong Zhong
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing
| | - Bin Peng
- From the Departments of Neurology (N.J., F.H., S.-Y.F., L.-Y.C., B.P.), Neurosurgery (J.G.), and Pathology (D.-R.Z.), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and Neurosciences Center (L.-Y.C.), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing.
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Chellathurai A, Vaidya JS, Kathirvelu G, Alagappan P. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis: A case report and literature review. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2016; 26:337-341. [PMID: 27857459 PMCID: PMC5036331 DOI: 10.4103/0971-3026.190424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal oligodendrogliomatosis (PLO) is a rare low-grade intracranial and spinal canal subarachnoid neoplasm without an obvious primary neoplasm in the brain or spinal cord parenchyma. We present here the serial progression of radiological findings of this rare disease in a 2-year-old male child whose clinical status deteriorated over a period of 4 months with the main complaint of partial seizures. During this period, the MR findings progressed from mild hydrocephalus with minimal leptomeningeal enhancement to leptomeningeal multiple cystic lesions in the entire neuraxis including the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Chellathurai
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jay S Vaidya
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Periakaruppan Alagappan
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Tamil Nadu Multispeciality Hospital, Omandurar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kosker M, Sener D, Kilic O, Hasiloglu ZI, Islak C, Kafadar A, Batur S, Oz B, Cokugras H, Akcakaya N, Camcioglu Y. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis mimicking tuberculous meningitis. J Child Neurol 2014; 29:NP171-5. [PMID: 24284232 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813509121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis is a disease with an aggressive course that can result in death. To date, 82 cases have been reported. Here, the case of a 3-year-old male patient presenting with strabismus, headache, and restlessness is reported. Physical examination revealed paralysis of the left abducens nerve, neck stiffness, and bilateral papilledema. Tuberculous meningitis was tentatively diagnosed, and antituberculosis treatment was initiated when cranial imaging revealed contrast enhancement around the basal cistern. Craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed when there was no response to treatment, and it revealed diffuse leptomeningeal contrast enhancement around the basilar cistern, in the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments, and in the spinal region. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis was diagnosed by a meningeal biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Kosker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dicle Sener
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Kilic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zehra Isik Hasiloglu
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Civan Islak
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Kafadar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Batur
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buge Oz
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Necla Akcakaya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yildiz Camcioglu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Louapre C, Desestret V, Mokhtari K, Lubetzki C. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis diagnosed on CSF cytology: perseverance pays off. Pract Neurol 2014; 15:138-40. [PMID: 25246603 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2014-000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Louapre
- Department of Neurology, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Desestret
- Department of Neuropathology, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Karima Mokhtari
- Department of Neuropathology, APHP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Cho TA, Chi AS, Schaefer PW, Louis DN. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 8-2014. A 29-year-old man with headache, vomiting, and diplopia. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1049-59. [PMID: 24620869 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1214216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yamasaki K, Yokogami K, Ohta H, Yamashita S, Uehara H, Sato Y, Takeshima H. Case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. Brain Tumor Pathol 2014; 31:177-81. [PMID: 24473978 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-014-0176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) is a rare and fatal disease characterized by diffuse infiltration of the leptomeninges by neoplastic glial cells without evidence of tumor in the brain parenchyma or spinal cord. We report a 60-year-old man with PDLG. He suffered transient right hemiparesis and generalized seizures. MRI showed diffuse leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement throughout the brain and spinal cord without any intraaxial involvement. Biopsy resulted in a diagnosis of glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter and wild-type IDH1. He underwent craniospinal radiotherapy and temozolomide treatment but despite concomitant adjuvant therapy he died 8 months after initial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Yamasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan,
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Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in children: a clinical pathologic correlation. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 29:93-7. [PMID: 23247038 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0b013e318279fe23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a rare case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) presenting with progressive proptosis and direct involvement of the optic nerve sheath in a child and review of the relevant literature. METHODS Retrospective review of a single case and systematic literature review of 26 biopsy-proven cases reported in the MEDLINE-indexed English literature. A 10-year-old girl developed proptosis and progressive visual loss associated with thickening of the optic nerve sheaths and dilation of the subarachnoid spaces with multilobulated appearance of the brain meninges and thickened peripheral nerve root sheaths. Biopsy of the optic nerve sheath was diagnostic. The patient underwent chemotherapy combined with oral temozolomide and conformational radiotherapy to the brain and spine. She died 3 years after the onset of the disease. An extensive review of the published literature using the key words "primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis" and "optic nerve" confirmed the case herein reported to be the first case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in which direct optic nerve infiltration was demonstrated during the course of the disease. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of CD56 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and an elevated level of Ki-67; all the other markers were negative. CONCLUSIONS According to a comprehensive literature review, we report the first case of PDLG that presented with bilateral proptosis and direct involvement of the optic nerve during the course of the disease. These new findings may explain an alternative mechanism of visual loss and proptosis in PDLG. We emphasize the importance of close collaboration between neurologists and ophthalmologists in all cases of visual symptoms associated with a neurologic condition. In case of optic nerve involvement, ophthalmologists could provide an easier route to achieve tissue specimen early in the course of this rare and fatal disease.
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Hansen N, Wittig A, Hense J, Kastrup O, Gizewski ER, Van de Nes JAP. Long survival of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis following radiotherapy and temozolomide: case report and literature review. Eur J Med Res 2012; 16:415-9. [PMID: 22024443 PMCID: PMC3352148 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-16-9-415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) is a rare neoplasm with a short survival time of a few months. there is currently no standardized therapeutic approach for PDLG. Materials and methods We report on a 53-year-old male patient who presented with epileptic seizures, gait disturbance, paraparesis and sensory deficits in the dermatomes T8-10. Results Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealing numerous spinal and cranial gadolinium-enhancing nodules in the meninges and histopathology led us to diagnose primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis with WHO grade III astrocytic cells. Consecutively, the patient underwent craniospinal radiotherapy (30 Gy) and 11 sequential cycles of temozolomide. This regimen led to partial tumor regression. Thirteen months later, spinal MRI revealed tumor progression. Second-line chemotherapy with 5 cycles of irinotecan and bevacizumab did not prevent further clinical deterioration. The patient died twenty-two months after diagnosis, being the longest survival time described thus far with respect to PDLG consisting of astrocytic tumor cells. Conclusions Radiochemotherapy including temozolomide, as established standard therapy for brain malignant astrocytomas, might be valid as a basic therapeutic strategy for this PDLG subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Neuro-Ophthalmological Features of Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis. J Neuroophthalmol 2011; 31:299-305. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0b013e31821ee5c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Keith T, Llewellyn R, Harvie M, Roncaroli F, Weatherall MW. A report of the natural history of leptomeningeal gliomatosis. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:582-5. [PMID: 21316246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.07.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PLG) is a rare condition, with fewer than 50 patients reported. Our report illustrates the natural history of PLG in full, from the prodromal phase of subacute meningitis to the final stages characterised by extensive nerve root infiltration, cranial nerve palsies and widespread peripheral neurogenic muscle wasting. We provide correlative neuroimaging with serial MRI, and present the first published positron emission tomography imaging of this condition. We emphasise the importance of considering PLG in the differential diagnosis of chronic aseptic meningitis, the difficulties of making the diagnosis ante mortem, and the utility and potential limitations of early meningeal biopsy in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Keith
- Department of Medicine, Ealing Hospital, London, UK
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Knox MK, Ménard C, Mason WP. Leptomeningeal gliomatosis as the initial presentation of gliomatosis cerebri. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:145-9. [PMID: 20146082 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptomeningeal gliomatosis is a known, yet uncommon, complication of malignant gliomas. In rare instances it can present with non-specific symptoms prior to the development of detectable intraparenchymal lesions, posing a diagnostic challenge. Gliomatosis cerebri is also a rare disease, characterized by extensive diffuse infiltration of neoplastic glial cells. For both entities, limited data exist to guide treatment and prognosis is poor. We describe the case of a patient who presented with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement in the brain and spinal cord on MRI. After a period of surveillance, intraparenchymal lesions developed in association with widespread diffuse infiltration. The diagnosis of gliomatosis cerebri with diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis was established in hindsight. Initial treatment consisted of six cycles of temozolomide chemotherapy. Following radiological progression, the patient received craniospinal radiotherapy. Four months later the patient's symptoms had resolved and MRI demonstrated near complete response of leptomeningeal enhancement and intraparenchymal lesions. Six months after radiotherapy, the patient remains clinically well without radiographic recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Knox
- Faculty of Medicine, UME Office, Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
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Bhatia R, Roncaroli F, Thomas P, Cheah SL, Mehta A, Glaser M, Ulbricht C. A case of primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis confined to the spinal cord. J Neurooncol 2009; 98:125-9. [PMID: 19898776 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-009-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis limited to the spinal cord occurring in a 52 years-old patient, who presented with back pain and leg weakness. MRI-scan of the craniospinal axis revealed an enhancing cervicothoracic lesion confined to the leptomeninges. A diagnostic biopsy was taken followed by a six level cervicothoracic laminoplasty with the aim of debulking of the dorsal portion of the tumour and relieving cord compression. Two weeks following surgery, the patient developed bilateral arm weakness. Repeat imaging revealed extension of the lesion to the level of the lower medulla. This patient underwent spinal radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy with Temozolomide, but she died of pneumonia 8.5 months after the time of diagnosis. No post-mortem was performed. Primary leptomeningeal gliomatosis exclusively involving the spinal cord is an extremely rare condition bearing a dismal prognosis. It can be suspected on neuroimaging, but histopathological examination is required for the final diagnosis. No current treatment protocols are available. Decompressive surgery may have a role in relieving symptoms, but no substantial benefit has been proven in administering radio-chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bhatia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imperial College, London, UK
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Michotte A, Chaskis C, Sadones J, Veld PI, Neyns B. Primary leptomeningeal anaplastic oligodendroglioma with a 1p36-19q13 deletion: report of a unique case successfully treated with Temozolomide. J Neurol Sci 2009; 287:267-70. [PMID: 19751941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary leptomeningeal oligodendroglioma occurs very rarely and in only one patient a deletion of chromosome 1p has been reported. We describe a 60-year-old man with a prior history of an epileptic seizure three years earlier, who was referred because of depression and a rapid evolving cognitive impairment. Brain MRI showed a diffuse right parieto-occipital subarachnoid enhancing lesion without intra-axial extension. The diagnosis of an anaplastic oligodendroglioma (WHO grade 3) was made on pathological examination. Molecular analysis using the FISH technique revealed a combined deletion of chromosomes 1p36 and 19q13. A rapid progression of the lesion was shown on MRI with leptomeningeal spinal metastases. The patient was treated with Temozolomide (TMZ) 150 mg/m(2) for 5 days every 4 weeks and showed a marked clinical recovery. Serial MRI disclosed a near complete regression of the lesions with no residual enhancement left after 6 cycles of chemotherapy. At progression following 8 cycles of TMZ the patient underwent craniospinal radiotherapy with complete response of his disease. To our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with a primary leptomeningeal anaplastic oligodendroglioma with diffuse spinal seeding bearing a 1p36/19q13 deletion. Our patient achieved a durable clinical and radiological remission following TMZ treatment. Molecular analysis with determination of chromosome 1p/19q deletions should be performed in all cases of leptomeningeal gliomas to select those patients who might benefit from TMZ chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Michotte
- Dept of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Wasita B, Kamitani H, Kinoshita Y, Mamun MH, Watanabe T. A rat glioblastoma model with diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis induced by intracarotid injection of C6 glioma cells. Neurol Res 2009; 31:453-62. [PMID: 19309540 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x403904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A reproducible brain tumor model using experimental animals is required to study biological behavior and develop more potent antineoplastic drugs and effective therapeutic modalities. In this work, we attempted to establish diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in the rat by intracarotid injection of C6 glioma cells. METHODS Intracarotid injection of 1 x 10(7) C6 glioma cells in Wistar rats was performed to establish a primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis model. Ki-67 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) immunohistochemistry staining were used to study the biological behavior of the developed tumor. Methodology, physical findings and histopathological features were also discussed. RESULTS Leptomeningeal gliomas grew in all Wistar rats after the administration of 1 x 10(7) C6 glioma cells. Intracranial hypertension, weight loss and cachexia developed, and the median survival time was 18.0 +/- 2.9 days. The glioma mass distributed throughout the ventricles, the leptomeningeal regions in the brain and the brainstem, with typical pathological features of glioblastoma. The immunohistochemistry stainings showed high Ki-67 labeling index (42.1 +/- 10.3%), and concomitant overexpression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 suggested proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis potential. DISCUSSION The advantage of the intracarotid injection route is the absence of an operative scar in the cranium. This established animal model is a novel model of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. This model probably can be used for pre-clinical testing in the progression of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wasita
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago,Tottori, Japan
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Ko MW, Turkeltaub PE, Lee EB, Gonatas NK, Volpe NJ, Moster ML, Galetta SL. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis mimicking a chronic inflammatory meningitis. J Neurol Sci 2009; 278:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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King JAJ, Halliday W, Drake JM. High-grade primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in a child with neurofibromatosis Type 1. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 2:402-5. [PMID: 19035685 DOI: 10.3171/ped.2008.2.12.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors report on a child with known neurofibromatosis Type 1 who developed high-grade diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis, without a known primary glioma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of these conditions in a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A J King
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Singh A, Kesavadas C, Radhakrishnan M, Santhosh K, Nair M, Menon G, Radhakrishnan VV. Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. J Neuroradiol 2008; 36:52-6. [PMID: 18707759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 20-year-old woman with a history of seizures presented symptoms of walking difficulties for the past six months. Clinical examination was suggestive of a craniovertebral junction anomaly. A cerebrospinal fluid study showed mild protein elevation with no evidence of an infective pathology. Craniospinal MRI revealed diffuse nodular leptomeningeal enhancement of the brain and spinal cord. Histopathological examination was suggestive of a low-grade glioma, and the patient was diagnosed with primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis. So far, the patient has survived for more than 110 months without aggressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
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Kobayashi T, Masumoto J, Tada T, Nomiyama T, Hongo K, Nakayama J. Prognostic Significance of the Immunohistochemical Staining of Cleaved Caspase-3, an Activated Form of Caspase-3, in Gliomas. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3868-74. [PMID: 17606719 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gliomas are common tumors of the central nervous system, and the majority of patients with gliomas have a poor prognosis. The prediction of prognosis is very important in selecting treatment. In the present study, we retrospectively examined the immunohistochemical staining of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3), an activated form of caspase-3 that acts as a lethal protease at the most distal stage of the apoptosis pathway, in gliomas, and the correlation between the prognosis of patients and caspase-3 activation to find useful prognostic indicators. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Immunohistochemical staining of CC3 was done in 65 patients with gliomas. The percentage of CC3 staining-positive cells was defined as the CC3 immunoreactivity score (IRS). Survival analysis between CC3 IRS of glioma patients and survival time was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS CC3 IRS was statistically analyzed to designate the best provisional cutoff point, and when detected in >10% of glioma cells, it was considered positive. The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test revealed that patients with CC3 IRS-positive tumors had significantly greater survival than those with CC3 IRS-negative tumors among three grades, 2, 3, and 4 (P = 0.0061), and within grade 3 of anaplastic astrocytoma (P = 0.0458). After adjustment for known clinical prognostic factors, such as age, WHO grade, and performance status, the hazard ratio for CC3 IRS-positive was 0.39 with 95% confidence interval between 0.19 and 0.85 (P = 0.0187). Within high grades, including grades 3 and 4, the hazard ratio was 0.40 with 95% confidence interval between 0.20 and 0.86 (P = 0.0192). CONCLUSIONS CC3 IRS could be useful as a good prognostic indicator for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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