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Emvalomenos GM, Kang JWM, Jupp B, Mychasiuk R, Keay KA, Henderson LA. Recent developments and challenges in positron emission tomography imaging of gliosis in chronic neuropathic pain. Pain 2024; 165:2184-2199. [PMID: 38713812 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the transition from acute to chronic pain is critical for the development of more effective and targeted treatments. There is growing interest in the contribution of glial cells to this process, with cross-sectional preclinical studies demonstrating specific changes in these cell types capturing targeted timepoints from the acute phase and the chronic phase. In vivo longitudinal assessment of the development and evolution of these changes in experimental animals and humans has presented a significant challenge. Recent technological advances in preclinical and clinical positron emission tomography, including the development of specific radiotracers for gliosis, offer great promise for the field. These advances now permit tracking of glial changes over time and provide the ability to relate these changes to pain-relevant symptomology, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and treatment outcomes at both a group and an individual level. In this article, we summarize evidence for gliosis in the transition from acute to chronic pain and provide an overview of the specific radiotracers available to measure this process, highlighting their potential, particularly when combined with ex vivo / in vitro techniques, to understand the pathophysiology of chronic neuropathic pain. These complementary investigations can be used to bridge the existing gap in the field concerning the contribution of gliosis to neuropathic pain and identify potential targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle M Emvalomenos
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James W M Kang
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kevin A Keay
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- School of Medical Sciences [Neuroscience], and the Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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2
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Zinnhardt B, Roncaroli F, Foray C, Agushi E, Osrah B, Hugon G, Jacobs AH, Winkeler A. Imaging of the glioma microenvironment by TSPO PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:174-185. [PMID: 33721063 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are highly dynamic and heterogeneous tumours of the central nervous system (CNS). They constitute the most common neoplasm of the CNS and the second most common cause of death from intracranial disease after stroke. The advances in detailing the genetic profile of paediatric and adult gliomas along with the progress in MRI and PET multimodal molecular imaging technologies have greatly improved prognostic stratification of patients with glioma and informed on treatment decisions. Amino acid PET has already gained broad clinical application in the study of gliomas. PET imaging targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) has recently been applied to decipher the heterogeneity and dynamics of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and its various cellular components especially in view of targeted immune therapies with the goal to delineate pro- and anti-glioma immune cell modulation. The current review provides a comprehensive overview on the historical developments of TSPO PET for gliomas and summarizes the most relevant experimental and clinical data with regard to the assessment and quantification of various cellular components with the TME of gliomas by in vivo TSPO PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Zinnhardt
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Biomarkers and Translational Technologies, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claudia Foray
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Erjon Agushi
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bahiya Osrah
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Brain and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gaëlle Hugon
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany
- Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Johanniter Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Winkeler
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
- CEA, DRF, JOLIOT, SHFJ, Orsay, France.
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3
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Laudicella R, Quartuccio N, Argiroffi G, Alongi P, Baratto L, Califaretti E, Frantellizzi V, De Vincentis G, Del Sole A, Evangelista L, Baldari S, Bisdas S, Ceci F, Iagaru A. Unconventional non-amino acidic PET radiotracers for molecular imaging in gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:3925-3939. [PMID: 33851243 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this review was to explore the potential clinical application of unconventional non-amino acid PET radiopharmaceuticals in patients with gliomas. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy was used based on SCOPUS and PubMed databases using the following string: ("perfusion" OR "angiogenesis" OR "hypoxia" OR "neuroinflammation" OR proliferation OR invasiveness) AND ("brain tumor" OR "glioma") AND ("Positron Emission Tomography" OR PET). From all studies published in English, the most relevant articles were selected for this review, evaluating the mostly used PET radiopharmaceuticals in research centers, beyond amino acid radiotracers and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG), for the assessment of different biological features, such as perfusion, angiogenesis, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, and other biological characteristics in patients with glioma. RESULTS At present, the use of non-amino acid PET radiopharmaceuticals specifically designed to assess perfusion, angiogenesis, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, and other biological features in glioma is still limited. CONCLUSION The use of investigational PET radiopharmaceuticals should be further explored considering their promising potential and studies specifically designed to validate these preliminary findings are needed. In the clinical scenario, advancements in the development of new PET radiopharmaceuticals and new imaging technologies (e.g., PET/MR and the application of the artificial intelligence to medical images) might contribute to improve the clinical translation of these novel radiotracers in the assessment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laudicella
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - N Quartuccio
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, A.R.N.A.S. Ospedali Civico, Di Cristina e Benfratelli, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Argiroffi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Alongi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit,, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Ct. da Pietra Pollastra-pisciotto, Cefalù, Italy
| | - L Baratto
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - E Califaretti
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso AM Dogliotti 14, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - V Frantellizzi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G De Vincentis
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Anatomical Pathology, Sapienza, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Del Sole
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L Evangelista
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - S Baldari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Bisdas
- Department of Neuroradiology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Francesco Ceci
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrei Iagaru
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Banati RB, Wilcox P, Xu R, Yin G, Si E, Son ET, Shimizu M, Holsinger RMD, Parmar A, Zahra D, Arthur A, Middleton RJ, Liu GJ, Charil A, Graeber MB. Selective, high-contrast detection of syngeneic glioblastoma in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9968. [PMID: 32561881 PMCID: PMC7305160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly malignant, largely therapy-resistant brain tumour. Deep infiltration of brain tissue by neoplastic cells represents the key problem of diffuse glioma. Much current research focuses on the molecular makeup of the visible tumour mass rather than the cellular interactions in the surrounding brain tissue infiltrated by the invasive glioma cells that cause the tumour’s ultimately lethal outcome. Diagnostic neuroimaging that enables the direct in vivo observation of the tumour infiltration zone and the local host tissue responses at a preclinical stage are important for the development of more effective glioma treatments. Here, we report an animal model that allows high-contrast imaging of wild-type glioma cells by positron emission tomography (PET) using [18 F]PBR111, a selective radioligand for the mitochondrial 18 kDa Translocator Protein (TSPO), in the Tspo−/− mouse strain (C57BL/6-Tspotm1GuMu(GuwiyangWurra)). The high selectivity of [18 F]PBR111 for the TSPO combined with the exclusive expression of TSPO in glioma cells infiltrating into null-background host tissue free of any TSPO expression, makes it possible, for the first time, to unequivocally and with uniquely high biological contrast identify peri-tumoral glioma cell invasion at preclinical stages in vivo. Comparison of the in vivo imaging signal from wild-type glioma cells in a null background with the signal in a wild-type host tissue, where the tumour induces the expected TSPO expression in the host’s glial cells, illustrates the substantial extent of the peritumoral host response to the growing tumour. The syngeneic tumour (TSPO+/+) in null background (TSPO−/−) model is thus well suited to study the interaction of the tumour front with the peri-tumoral tissue, and the experimental evaluation of new therapeutic approaches targeting the invasive behaviour of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia. .,Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Paul Wilcox
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Ran Xu
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Grace Yin
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Emily Si
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Eric Taeyoung Son
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Mauricio Shimizu
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - R M Damian Holsinger
- Molecular Neuroscience, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Arvind Parmar
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - David Zahra
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Andrew Arthur
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia.,Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Arnaud Charil
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Manuel B Graeber
- Brain Tumour Research, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
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5
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Tanimoto Y, Yamasaki T, Nagoshi N, Nishiyama Y, Nori S, Nishimura S, Iida T, Ozaki M, Tsuji O, Ji B, Aoki I, Jinzaki M, Matsumoto M, Fujibayashi Y, Zhang MR, Nakamura M, Okano H. In vivo monitoring of remnant undifferentiated neural cells following human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells transplantation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:465-477. [PMID: 31904914 PMCID: PMC7103627 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PCs) is a promising treatment for a variety of neuropathological conditions. Although previous reports have indicated the effectiveness of hiPSC-NS/PCs transplantation into the injured spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates, long-term observation of hiPSC-NS/PCs post-transplantation suggested some "unsafe" differentiation-resistant properties, resulting in disordered overgrowth. These findings suggest that, even if "safe" NS/PCs are transplanted into the human central nervous system (CNS), the dynamics of cellular differentiation of stem cells should be noninvasively tracked to ensure safety. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides molecular-functional information and helps to detect specific disease conditions. The current study was conducted to visualize Nestin (an NS/PC marker)-positive undifferentiated neural cells in the CNS of immune-deficient (nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune-deficient) mice after hiPSC-NS/PCs transplantation with PET, using 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands as labels. TSPO was recently found to be expressed in rodent NS/PCs, and its expression decreased with the progression of neuronal differentiation. We hypothesized that TSPO would also be present in hiPSC-NS/PCs and expressed strongly in residual immature neural cells after transplantation. The results showed high levels of TSPO expression in immature hiPSC-NS/PCs-derived cells, and decreased TSPO expression as neural differentiation progressed in vitro. Furthermore, PET with [18 F] FEDAC (a TSPO radioligand) was able to visualize the remnant undifferentiated hiPSC-NS/PCs-derived cells consisting of TSPO and Nestin+ cells in vivo. These findings suggest that PET with [18 F] FEDAC could play a key role in the safe clinical application of CNS repair in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Tanimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nishiyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osahiko Tsuji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bin Ji
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujibayashi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Unterrainer M, Fleischmann DF, Vettermann F, Ruf V, Kaiser L, Nelwan D, Lindner S, Brendel M, Wenter V, Stöcklein S, Herms J, Milenkovic VM, Rupprecht R, Tonn JC, Belka C, Bartenstein P, Niyazi M, Albert NL. TSPO PET, tumour grading and molecular genetics in histologically verified glioma: a correlative 18F-GE-180 PET study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 47:1368-1380. [PMID: 31486876 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is overexpressed in brain tumours and represents an interesting target for glioma imaging. 18F-GE-180, a novel TSPO ligand, has shown improved binding affinity and a high target-to-background contrast in patients with glioblastoma. However, the association of uptake characteristics on TSPO PET using 18F-GE-180 with the histological WHO grade and molecular genetic features so far remains unknown and was evaluated in the current study. METHODS Fifty-eight patients with histologically validated glioma at initial diagnosis or recurrence were included. All patients underwent 18F-GE-180 PET, and the maximal and mean tumour-to-background ratios (TBRmax, TBRmean) as well as the PET volume were assessed. On MRI, presence/absence of contrast enhancement was evaluated. Imaging characteristics were correlated with neuropathological parameters (i.e. WHO grade, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation). RESULTS Six of 58 patients presented with WHO grade II, 16/58 grade III and 36/58 grade IV gliomas. An (IDH) mutation was found in 19/58 cases, and 39/58 were classified as IDH-wild type. High 18F-GE-180-uptake was observed in all but 4 cases (being WHO grade II glioma, IDH-mutant). A high association of 18F-GE-180-uptake and WHO grades was seen: WHO grade IV gliomas showed the highest uptake intensity compared with grades III and II gliomas (median TBRmax 5.15 (2.59-8.95) vs. 3.63 (1.85-7.64) vs. 1.63 (1.50-3.43), p < 0.001); this association with WHO grades persisted within the IDH-wild-type and IDH-mutant subgroup analyses (p < 0.05). Uptake intensity was also associated with the IDH mutational status with a trend towards higher 18F-GE-180-uptake in IDH-wild-type gliomas in the overall group (median TBRmax 4.67 (1.56-8.95) vs. 3.60 (1.50-7.64), p = 0.083); however, within each WHO grade, no differences were found (e.g. median TBRmax in WHO grade III glioma 4.05 (1.85-5.39) vs. 3.36 (2.32-7.64), p = 1.000). No association was found between uptake intensity and MGMT or TERT (p > 0.05 each). CONCLUSION Uptake characteristics on 18F-GE-180 PET are highly associated with the histological WHO grades, with the highest 18F-GE-180 uptake in WHO grade IV glioblastomas and a PET-positive rate of 100% among the investigated high-grade gliomas. Conversely, all TSPO-negative cases were WHO grade II gliomas. The observed association of 18F-GE-180 uptake and the IDH mutational status seems to be related to the high inter-correlation of the IDH mutational status and the WHO grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D F Fleischmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - F Vettermann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V Ruf
- Department of Neuropathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L Kaiser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Nelwan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V Wenter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Stöcklein
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Herms
- Department of Neuropathology, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V M Milenkovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - J C Tonn
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Belka
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - P Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Niyazi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - N L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Nack A, Brendel M, Nedelcu J, Daerr M, Nyamoya S, Beyer C, Focke C, Deussing M, Hoornaert C, Ponsaerts P, Schmitz C, Bartenstein P, Rominger A, Kipp M. Expression of Translocator Protein and [18F]-GE180 Ligand Uptake in Multiple Sclerosis Animal Models. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020094. [PMID: 30696113 PMCID: PMC6406715 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) ligands targeting the translocator protein (TSPO) represent promising tools to visualize neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although it is known that TSPO is expressed in the outer mitochondria membrane, its cellular localization in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions is not entirely clear. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of utilizing PET imaging with the TSPO tracer, [18F]-GE180, to detect histopathological changes during experimental demyelination, and to determine which cell types express TSPO. C57BL/6 mice were fed with cuprizone for up to 5 weeks to induce demyelination. Groups of mice were investigated by [18F]-GE180 PET imaging at week 5. Recruitment of peripheral immune cells was triggered by combining cuprizone intoxication with MOG35–55 immunization (i.e., Cup/EAE). Immunofluorescence double-labelling and transgene mice were used to determine which cell types express TSPO. [18F]-GE180-PET reliably detected the cuprizone-induced pathology in various white and grey matter regions, including the corpus callosum, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and caudoputamen. Cuprizone-induced demyelination was paralleled by an increase in TSPO expression, glia activation and axonal injury. Most of the microglia and around one-third of the astrocytes expressed TSPO. TSPO expression induction was more severe in the white matter corpus callosum compared to the grey matter cortex. Although mitochondria accumulate at sites of focal axonal injury, these mitochondria do not express TSPO. In Cup/EAE mice, both microglia and recruited monocytes contribute to the TSPO expressing cell populations. These findings support the notion that TSPO is a valuable marker for the in vivo visualization and quantification of neuropathological changes in the MS brain. The pathological substrate of an increase in TSPO-ligand binding might be diverse including microglia activation, peripheral monocyte recruitment, or astrocytosis, but not axonal injury.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Astrocytes/ultrastructure
- Axons/metabolism
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Carbazoles/metabolism
- Cuprizone
- Demyelinating Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Demyelinating Diseases/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligands
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/ultrastructure
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/diagnostic imaging
- Neuroglia/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/genetics
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nack
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Julia Nedelcu
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Markus Daerr
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stella Nyamoya
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Carola Focke
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Deussing
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Christoph Schmitz
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Axel Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy, 39071 Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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8
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Comparison of 18F-GE-180 and dynamic 18F-FET PET in high grade glioma: a double-tracer pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 46:580-590. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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TSPO PET for glioma imaging using the novel ligand 18F-GE-180: first results in patients with glioblastoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 44:2230-2238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Iaccarino L, Moresco RM, Presotto L, Bugiani O, Iannaccone S, Giaccone G, Tagliavini F, Perani D. An In Vivo 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET and In Vitro Pathology Study of Microglia Activation in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:2856-2868. [PMID: 28455699 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis is part of the immunobiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). This is the first report using 11C-(R)-PK11195 PET imaging in vivo to measure 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) expression, indexing microglia activation, in symptomatic CJD patients, followed by a postmortem neuropathology comparison. One genetic CJD (gCJD) patient, two sporadic CJD (sCJD) patients, one variant CJD (vCJD) patient (mean ± SD age, 47.50 ± 15.95 years), and nine healthy controls (mean ± SD age, 44.00 ± 11.10 years) were included in the study. TSPO binding potentials were estimated using clustering and parametric analyses of reference regions. Statistical comparisons were run at the regional and at the voxel-wise levels. Postmortem evaluation measured scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) immunoreactivity, neuronal loss, spongiosis, astrogliosis, and microgliosis. 11C-(R)-PK11195-PET showed a significant TSPO overexpression at the cortical level in the two sCJD patients, as well as thalamic and cerebellar involvement; very limited parieto-occipital activation in the gCJD case; and significant increases at the subcortical level in the thalamus, basal ganglia, and midbrain and in the cerebellum in the vCJD brain. Along with misfolded prion deposits, neuropathology in all patients revealed neuronal loss, spongiosis and astrogliosis, and a diffuse cerebral and cerebellar microgliosis which was particularly dense in thalamic and basal ganglia structures in the vCJD brain. These findings confirm significant microgliosis in CJD, which was variably modulated in vivo and more diffuse at postmortem evaluation. Thus, TSPO overexpression in microglia activation, topography, and extent can vary in CJD subtypes, as shown in vivo, possibly related to the response to fast apoptotic processes, but reaches a large amount at the final disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Iaccarino
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.,IBFM-CNR, Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Orso Bugiani
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Neurological Rehabilitation Unit, Clinical Neurosciences Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy. .,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Roncaroli F, Su Z, Herholz K, Gerhard A, Turkheimer FE. TSPO expression in brain tumours: is TSPO a target for brain tumour imaging? Clin Transl Imaging 2016; 4:145-156. [PMID: 27077069 PMCID: PMC4820497 DOI: 10.1007/s40336-016-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) alone or in combination with MRI is increasingly assuming a central role in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for brain tumours with the aim of addressing tumour heterogeneity, assisting in patient stratification, and contributing to predicting treatment response. The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is expressed in high-grade gliomas, while its expression is comparatively low in normal brain. In addition, the evidence of elevated TSPO in neoplastic cells has led to studies investigating TSPO as a transporter of anticancer drugs for brain delivery and a selective target for tumour tissue. The TSPO therefore represents an ideal candidate for molecular imaging studies. Knowledge of the biology of TSPO in normal brain cells, in-depth understanding of TSPO functions and biodistribution in neoplastic cells, accurate methods for quantification of uptake of TSPO tracers and pharmacokinetic data regarding TSPO-targeted drugs are required before introducing TSPO PET and TSPO-targeted treatment in clinical practice. In this review, we will discuss the impact of preclinical PET studies and the application of TSPO imaging in human brain tumours, the advantages and disadvantages of TSPO imaging compared to other imaging modalities and other PET tracers, and pathology studies on the extent and distribution of TSPO in gliomas. The suitability of TSPO as molecular target for treatment of brain tumours will also be the appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Roncaroli
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Zhangjie Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, 7 Palatine Road, Withington, Manchester, M20 3LJ UK
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12
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The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein in gliomas: from the bench to bedside. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:579-85. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is known to be highly expressed in several types of cancer, including gliomas, whereas expression in normal brain is low. TSPO functions in glioma are still incompletely understood. The TSPO can be quantified pre-operatively with molecular imaging making it an ideal candidate for personalized treatment of patient with glioma. Studies have proposed to exploit the TSPO as a transporter of chemotherapics to selectively target tumour cells in the brain. Our studies proved that positron emission tomography (PET)-imaging can contribute to predict progression of patients with glioma and that molecular imaging with TSPO-specific ligands is suitable to stratify patients in view of TSPO-targeted treatment. Finally, we proved that TSPO in gliomas is predominantly expressed by tumour cells.
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13
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The methodology of TSPO imaging with positron emission tomography. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:586-92. [PMID: 26551697 PMCID: PMC4613512 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 18-kDA translocator protein (TSPO) is consistently elevated in activated microglia of the central nervous system (CNS) in response to a variety of insults as well as neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. It is therefore a target of interest for molecular strategies aimed at imaging neuroinflammation in vivo. For more than 20 years, positron emission tomography (PET) has allowed the imaging of TSPO density in brain using [11C]-(R)-PK11195, a radiolabelled-specific antagonist of the TSPO that has demonstrated microglial activation in a large number pathological cohorts. The significant clinical interest in brain immunity as a primary or comorbid factor in illness has sparked great interest in the TSPO as a biomarker and a surprising number of second generation TSPO radiotracers have been developed aimed at improving the quality of TSPO imaging through novel radioligands with higher affinity. However, such major investment has not yet resulted in the expected improvement in image quality. We here review the main methodological aspects of TSPO PET imaging with particular attention to TSPO genetics, cellular heterogeneity of TSPO in brain tissue and TSPO distribution in blood and plasma that need to be considered in the quantification of PET data to avoid spurious results as well as ineffective development and use of these radiotracers.
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14
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Zdziarski P. A Case of Stiff Person Syndrome: Immunomodulatory Effect of Benzodiazepines: Successful Rituximab and Tizanidine Therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e954. [PMID: 26061327 PMCID: PMC4616492 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare autoimmune disease. Most patients have high-titer antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase (GADAb), which is without practical value in disease monitoring. Benzodiazepines are the first line drugs, but long-term use is not well characterized. This report demonstrates ineffective benzodiazepine therapy of SPS that prompts tachyphylaxis, loss of responsiveness, and finally benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Convulsion and anxiety correlate with high level of creatine phosphokinase (CK). Although tonus and spasm attacks were successfully controlled by tizanidine, glutamate release inhibitor, the immune response, and autoimmune diabetes development require the plasmapheresis, mycophenolat mofetil, and rituximab therapy that results in a significant decrease of GADAb, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CK normalization. Unfortunately, reintroduction of benzodiazepine was a source of rapid and high increase of CK, LDH, GADAb titer (up to 1:15,000), IGT, and SPS relapse. Contrary to previous publications, we observed IGT that correlated with high anti-GAD level, but without high immunogenetic susceptibility to haplotype human leukocyte antigens-DR3, DQw2. This preliminary observation and the last finding of immunomodulatory properties of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor suggest that increased antigenic stimulation during benzodiazepine therapy and glutamatergic hyperactivity could account for convulsions observed in SPS. Benzodiazepine withdrawal prompted alternative muscle relaxant therapy (tizanidine). Muscular and brain abnormalities observed in SPS indicate that noncardiac CK level may be a useful tool in SPS therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Zdziarski
- From the Department of Clinical Immunology, Lower Silesian Center for Cellular Transplantation, Wroclaw, Poland
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15
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Su Z, Roncaroli F, Durrenberger PF, Coope DJ, Karabatsou K, Hinz R, Thompson G, Turkheimer FE, Janczar K, Du Plessis D, Brodbelt A, Jackson A, Gerhard A, Herholz K. The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein in human gliomas: an 11C-(R)PK11195 PET imaging and neuropathology study. J Nucl Med 2015; 56:512-7. [PMID: 25722450 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.151621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) is upregulated in high-grade astrocytomas and can be imaged by PET using the selective radiotracer (11)C-(R)PK11195. We investigated (11)C-(R)PK11195 binding in human gliomas and its relationship with TSPO expression in tumor tissue and glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) within the tumors. METHODS Twenty-two glioma patients underwent dynamic (11)C-(R)PK11195 PET scans and perfusion MR imaging acquisition. Parametric maps of (11)C-(R)PK11195 binding potential (BPND) were generated. Coregistered MR/PET images were used to guide tumor biopsy. The tumor tissue was quantitatively assessed for TSPO expression and infiltration of GAMs using immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. The imaging and histopathologic parameters were compared among different histotypes and grades and correlated with each other. RESULTS BPND of (11)C-(R)PK11195 in high-grade gliomas was significantly higher than in low-grade astrocytomas and low-grade oligodendrogliomas. TSPO in gliomas was expressed predominantly by neoplastic cells, and its expression correlated positively with BPND in the tumors. GAMs only partially contributed to the overall TSPO expression within the tumors, and TSPO expression in GAMs did not correlate with tumor BPND. CONCLUSION PET with (11)C-(R)PK11195 in human gliomas predominantly reflects TSPO expression in tumor cells. It therefore has the potential to effectively stratify patients who are suitable for TSPO-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J Coope
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rainer Hinz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Thompson
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Federico E Turkheimer
- Center for Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Janczar
- Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Du Plessis
- Neuropathology Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew Brodbelt
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Center NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Jackson
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Herholz
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Center, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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16
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Harnod T, Lin CL, Sung FC, Kao CH. An association between benzodiazepine use and occurrence of benign brain tumors. J Neurol Sci 2014; 336:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Awde AR, Boisgard R, Thézé B, Dubois A, Zheng J, Dollé F, Jacobs AH, Tavitian B, Winkeler A. The translocator protein radioligand 18F-DPA-714 monitors antitumor effect of erufosine in a rat 9L intracranial glioma model. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:2125-31. [PMID: 24212976 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.118794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED On the one hand, the translocator protein (TSPO) radioligand N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2-(18)F-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide ((18)F-DPA-714) has been suggested to serve as an alternative radiotracer to image human glioma, and on the other hand the alkylphosphocholine erufosine (ErPC3) has been reported to induce apoptosis in otherwise highly apoptosis-resistant glioma cell lines. The induction of apoptosis by ErPC3 requires TSPO, a mitochondrial membrane protein highly expressed in malignant gliomas. In this preclinical study, we monitored the effect of ErPC3 treatment in vivo using (18)F-DPA-714 PET. METHODS In vitro studies investigated the antitumor effect of ErPC3 in 9L rat gliosarcoma cells. In vivo, glioma-bearing rats were imaged with (18)F-DPA-714 for the time of treatment. RESULTS A significant decrease in 9L cell proliferation and viability and a significant increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 activation were demonstrated on ErPC3 treatment in cell culture. In the rat model, ErPC3 administration resulted in significant changes in (18)F-DPA-714 tumor uptake over the course of the treatment. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced tumor volume and increased cell death in ErPC3-treated animals accompanied by infiltration of the tumor core by CD11b-positive microglia/macrophages and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a potent antitumor effect of ErPC3 in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. PET imaging of TSPO expression using (18)F-DPA-714 allows effective monitoring and quantification of disease progression and response to ErPC3 therapy in intracranial 9L gliomas.
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18
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Su Z, Herholz K, Gerhard A, Roncaroli F, Du Plessis D, Jackson A, Turkheimer F, Hinz R. [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195 tracer kinetics in the brain of glioma patients and a comparison of two referencing approaches. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1406-19. [PMID: 23715902 PMCID: PMC3738844 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Translocator protein (TSPO) is a biomarker of neuroinflammation that can be imaged by PET using [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195. We sought to characterize the [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195 kinetics in gliomas of different histotypes and grades, and to compare two reference tissue input functions (supervised cluster analysis versus cerebellar grey matter) for the estimation of [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195 binding in gliomas and surrounding brain structures. METHODS Twenty-three glioma patients and ten age-matched controls underwent structural MRI and dynamic [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195 PET scans. Tissue time-activity curves (TACs) were extracted from tumour regions as well as grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of the brains. Parametric maps of binding potential (BPND) were generated with the simplified reference tissue model using the two input functions, and were compared with each other. TSPO expression was assessed in tumour tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Three types of regional kinetics were observed in individual tumour TACs: GM-like kinetics (n=6, clearance of the tracer similar to that in cerebellar GM), WM-like kinetics (n=8, clearance of the tracer similar to that in cerebral WM) and a form of mixed kinetics (n=9, intermediate rate of clearance). Such kinetic patterns differed between low-grade astrocytomas (WM-like kinetics) and oligodendrogliomas (GM-like and mixed kinetics), but were independent of tumour grade. There was good agreement between parametric maps of BPND derived from the two input functions in all controls and 10 of 23 glioma patients. In 13 of the 23 patients, BPND values derived from the supervised cluster input were systematically smaller than those using the cerebellar input. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TSPO expression increased with tumour grade. CONCLUSION The three types of [¹¹C]-(R)PK11195 kinetics in gliomas are determined in part by tracer delivery, and indicated that kinetic analysis is a valuable tool in the study of gliomas with the potential for in vivo discrimination between low-grade astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Supervised cluster and cerebellar input functions produced consistent BPND estimates in approximately half of the gliomas investigated, but had a systematic difference in the remainder. The cerebellar input is preferred based on theoretical and practical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjie Su
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, UK.
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19
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Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Jensen K, Bauer A, Patel A, Costello J, Burman KD, Wartofsky L, Hardwick MJ, Vasko VV. The expression of translocator protein in human thyroid cancer and its role in the response of thyroid cancer cells to oxidative stress. J Endocrinol 2012; 214:207-16. [PMID: 22645299 PMCID: PMC6084437 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), formerly known as a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, exerts pro-apoptotic function via regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential. We examined TSPO expression in human thyroid tumors (25 follicular adenomas (FA), 15 follicular cancers (FC), and 70 papillary cancers (PC)). The role of TSPO in the regulation of cell growth, migration, and apoptosis was examined in thyroid cancer cell lines after TSPO knockdown with siRNA and after treatment with TSPO antagonist (PK11195). Compared with normal thyroid, the level of TSPO expression was increased in FA, FC, and PC in 24, 26.6, and 55.7% of cases respectively. Thyroid cancer cell lines demonstrated variable levels of TSPO expression, without specific association with thyroid oncogene mutations. Treatment with inhibitors of PI3K/AKT or MEK/ERK signaling was not associated with changes in TSPO expression. Treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitor (valproic acid) increased TSPO expression in TSPO-deficient cell lines (FTC236 cells). TSPO gene silencing or treatment with PK11195 did not affect thyroid cancer cell growth and migration but prevented depolarization of mitochondrial membranes induced by oxidative stress. Induction of TSPO expression by valproic acid was associated with increased sensitivity of FTC236 to oxidative stress-inducible apoptosis. Overall, we showed that TSPO expression is frequently increased in PC. In vitro data suggested the role of epigenetic mechanism(s) in the regulation of TSPO in thyroid cells. Implication of TSPO in the thyroid cancer cell response to oxidative stress suggested its potential role in the regulation of thyroid cancer cell response to treatment with radioiodine and warrants further investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma
- Carcinoma, Papillary
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Receptors, GABA/genetics
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/physiology
- Thyroid Cancer, Papillary
- Thyroid Gland/cytology
- Thyroid Gland/drug effects
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20010-2910, USA
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Jacobs AH, Tavitian B. Noninvasive molecular imaging of neuroinflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:1393-415. [PMID: 22549622 PMCID: PMC3390799 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly dynamic and complex adaptive process to preserve and restore tissue homeostasis. Originally viewed as an immune-privileged organ, the central nervous system (CNS) is now recognized to have a constant interplay with the innate and the adaptive immune systems, where resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells from the periphery have important roles. Common diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurodegeneration, elicit a neuroinflammatory response with the goal to limit the extent of the disease and to support repair and regeneration. However, various disease mechanisms lead to neuroinflammation (NI) contributing to the disease process itself. Molecular imaging is the method of choice to try to decipher key aspects of the dynamic interplay of various inducers, sensors, transducers, and effectors of the orchestrated inflammatory response in vivo in animal models and patients. Here, we review the basic principles of NI with emphasis on microglia and common neurologic disease mechanisms, the molecular targets which are being used and explored for imaging, and molecular imaging of NI in frequent neurologic diseases, such as stroke, MS, neurodegeneration, epilepsy, encephalitis, and gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Jacobs
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI) at the Westfalian Wilhelms-University of Münster (WWU), Münster, Germany.
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Imaging Brain Microglial Activation Using Positron Emission Tomography and Translocator Protein-Specific Radioligands. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 101:19-39. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387718-5.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Ghosh A, Chaudhuri S. Microglial action in glioma: a boon turns bane. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:3-9. [PMID: 20338195 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglia has the potential to shape the neuroimmune defense with vast array of functional attributes. The cells prime infiltrated lymphocytes to retain their effector functions, play crucial role in controlling microenvironmental milieu and significantly participate in glioma. Reports demonstrate microglial accumulation in glioma and predict their assistance in glioma growth and spreading. Clarification of the 'double-edged' appearance of microglia is necessary to unfold its role in glioma biology. In this article the interpretation of microglial activities has been attempted to reveal their actual function in glioma. Contrary to the trendy acceptance of its glioma promoting infamy, accumulated evidences make an effort to view the state of affairs in favor of the cell. Critical scrutiny indicates that microglial immune assaults are intended to demolish the neoplastic cells in brain. But the weaponry of microglia has been tactically utilized by glioma in their favor as the survival strategy. Hence the defender appears as enemy in advanced glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Immunobiology Lab, Department of Zoology, Panihati Mahavidyalaya (West Bengal State University), Barasat Road, Sodepur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Abstract
Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD) are chronic neurodegenerative conditions of the brain with a variety of clinical presentations including a disorder of movement and a range of nonmotor deficits. HD is genetic in origin and the causative gene and protein known, namely mutant Huntingtin, which leads to widespread early neuronal dysfunction and death throughout the brain. In contrast, the etiology of sporadic PD is unknown, and the pathology targets the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with the formation of alpha-synuclein positive Lewy bodies. In both diseases, the ability to accurately diagnose the disease in the early stages and monitor progression over time remains a major challenge given the majority of the pathology is sited deep within the CNS. This challenge has gained extra significance as the development of disease-modifying drugs starts to emerge into the clinic. To this end, there is a need to find biomarkers that will help in the accurate diagnosis of the disease and/or prediction of its clinical onset as well as biomarkers that are able to faithfully track disease progression independent of any symptomatic effects of any therapies. In addition, these same markers may also help stratify each of these heterogeneous disorders into specific subtypes that share particular clinical and pathological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne C O'Keeffe
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, United Kingdom.
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Cosenza-Nashat M, Zhao ML, Suh HS, Morgan J, Natividad R, Morgello S, Lee SC. Expression of the translocator protein of 18 kDa by microglia, macrophages and astrocytes based on immunohistochemical localization in abnormal human brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2008; 35:306-28. [PMID: 19077109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2008.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Microglia are involved in neurodegeneration, are prime targets for anti-inflammatory therapy and are potential biomarkers of disease progression. For example, positron emission tomography imaging employing radioligands for the mitochondrial translocator protein of 18 kDa (TSPO, formerly known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) is being scrutinized to detect neuroinflammation in various diseases. TSPO is presumably present in activated microglia, but may be present in other neural cells. METHODS We sought to elucidate the protein expression in normal human central nervous system, several neurological diseases (HIV encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke) and simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis by performing immunohistochemistry with two anti-TSPO antibodies. RESULTS Although the overall parenchymal staining was minimal in normal brain, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, subpial glia, intravascular monocytes and ependymal cells were TSPO-positive. In disease states, elevated TSPO was present in parenchymal microglia, macrophages and some hypertrophic astrocytes, but the distribution of TSPO varied depending on the disease, disease stage and proximity to the lesion or relation to infection. Staining with the two antibodies correlated well in white matter, but one antibody also stained cortical neurones. Quantitative analysis demonstrated a significant increase in TSPO in the white matter of HIV encephalitis compared with brains without encephalitis. TSPO expression was also increased in simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. CONCLUSIONS This report provides the first comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of TSPO. The results are useful for informing the usage of positron emission tomography as an imaging modality and have an impact on the potential use of TSPO as an anti-inflammatory pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cosenza-Nashat
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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