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Zhao T, Sun S, Gao Y, Rong Y, Wang H, Qi S, Li Y. Luteolin and triptolide: Potential therapeutic compounds for post-stroke depression via protein STAT. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18622. [PMID: 37600392 PMCID: PMC10432979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Post stroke depression (PSD) is a common neuropsychiatric complication following stroke closely associated with the immune system. The development of medications for PSD remains to be a considerable challenge due to the unclear mechanism of PSD. Multiple researches agree that the functions of gene ontology (GO) are efficient for the investigation of disease mechanisms, and DeepPurpose (DP) is extremely valuable for the mining of new drugs. However, GO terms and DP have not yet been applied to explore the pathogenesis and drug treatment of PSD. This study aimed to interpret the mechanism of PSD and discover important drug candidates targeting risk proteins, based on immune-related risk GO functions and informatics algorithms. According to the risk genes of PSD, we identified 335 immune-related risk GO functions and 37 compounds. Based on the construction of the GO function network, we found that STAT protein may be a pivot protein in underlying the mechanism of PSD. Additionally, we also established networks of Protein-Protein Interaction as well as Gene-GO function to facilitate the evaluation of key genes. Based on DP, a total of 37 candidate compounds targeting 7 key proteins were identified with a potential for the therapy of PSD. Furthermore, we noted that the mechanisms by which luteolin and triptolide acting on STAT-related GO function might involve three crucial pathways, including specifically hsa04010 (MAPK signaling pathway), hsa04151 (PI3K-Akt signaling pathway) and hsa04060 (Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction). Thus, this study provided fresh and powerful information for the mechanism and therapeutic strategies of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Siqi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yueyue Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuting Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hanwenchen Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Sihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Huang Q, Pan X, Zhu W, Zhao W, Xu H, Hu K. Natural Products for the Immunotherapy of Glioma. Nutrients 2023; 15:2795. [PMID: 37375698 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention since the immune system plays a vital role in suppressing tumor growth. Immunotherapy strategies are already being tested in clinical trials, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T cell) therapy, and virus therapy. However, the clinical application of these immunotherapies is limited due to their tremendous side effects and slight efficacy caused by glioma heterogeneity, antigen escape, and the presence of glioma immunosuppressive microenvironment (GIME). Natural products have emerged as a promising and safe strategy for glioma therapy since most of them possess excellent antitumor effects and immunoregulatory properties by reversing GIME. This review summarizes the status of current immunotherapy strategies for glioma, including their obstacles. Then we discuss the recent advancement of natural products for glioma immunotherapy. Additionally, perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of natural compounds for modulating the glioma microenvironment are also illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xier Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenhao Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200040, China
- Neurosurgical Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Kaili Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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3
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Lai M, Liu L, Zhu L, Feng W, Luo J, Liu Y, Deng S. Triptolide reverses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in glioma cells via inducing autophagy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1304. [PMID: 34532441 PMCID: PMC8422147 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background To observe the effects of triptolide (TP) on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of glioma cells, and to explore the possible mechanisms of phenotypic changes in EMT. Methods The U87 and U251 glioma cell lines were treated TP. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method was used to detect the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TP in these two cell lines and the inhibition of cell proliferation at the IC50 concentration. The wound-healing experiment and Transwell invasion assay were used to detect the cells’ migration and invasion abilities, respectively. Using western blot protocol, the expression levels of the EMT markers were analyzed, and the levels of the autophagy markers were also detected. The pEGFP-C2-LC3B plasmid was transfected into glioma cells, and the effect of TP on autophagy was detected by immunofluorescence. A subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was established to observe the effect of TP on cell proliferation in vivo, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression levels of EMT markers in mouse tumor tissues. Results TP significantly inhibited the proliferation of U87 and U251 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. TP had a significant inhibitory effect on the migration and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. Western blot showed that TP reversed the process of EMT in glioma cells, which was evidenced by the upregulated expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin, and the downregulated expression of the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, Snail, and Slug. TP increased autophagy in glioma cells, increased the LC3B II/I ratio, and upregulated Beclin-1 and Atg-7 expression. Immunofluorescence showed that the number of autophagosomes increased significantly after TP was applied to cells. In the nude mouse subcutaneous tumor model, experiments revealed an inhibitory effect of TP on glioma cell proliferation in vivo. IHC confirmed that the expression of E-cadherin was upregulated in mouse tumor tissues, while the expression levels of N-Cadherin and Vimentin were downregulated. Conclusions TP can inhibit glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and reverse EMT progression. The possible mechanism of EMT reversal in glioma cells is that TP induces autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfang Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Long Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenping Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jilai Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengze Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Medeiros M, Candido MF, Valera ET, Brassesco MS. The multifaceted NF-kB: are there still prospects of its inhibition for clinical intervention in pediatric central nervous system tumors? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:6161-6200. [PMID: 34333711 PMCID: PMC11072991 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the basic biology and pathogenesis of pediatric central nervous system (CNS) malignancies, patients still have an extremely unfavorable prognosis. Over the years, a plethora of natural and synthetic compounds has emerged for the pharmacologic intervention of the NF-kB pathway, one of the most frequently dysregulated signaling cascades in human cancer with key roles in cell growth, survival, and therapy resistance. Here, we provide a review about the state-of-the-art concerning the dysregulation of this hub transcription factor in the most prevalent pediatric CNS tumors: glioma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma. Moreover, we compile the available literature on the anti-proliferative effects of varied NF-kB inhibitors acting alone or in combination with other therapies in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. As the wealth of basic research data continues to accumulate, recognizing NF-kB as a therapeutic target may provide important insights to treat these diseases, hopefully contributing to increase cure rates and lower side effects related to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Medeiros
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Ferreira Candido
- Department of Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elvis Terci Valera
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-901, Brazil.
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5
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Liaw K, Sharma R, Sharma A, Salazar S, Appiani La Rosa S, Kannan RM. Systemic dendrimer delivery of triptolide to tumor-associated macrophages improves anti-tumor efficacy and reduces systemic toxicity in glioblastoma. J Control Release 2021; 329:434-444. [PMID: 33290796 PMCID: PMC7904646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel delivery strategies are necessary to effectively address glioblastoma without systemic toxicities. Triptolide is a therapy derived from the thunder god vine that has shown potent anti-proliferative and immunosuppressive properties but exhibits significant adverse systemic effects. Dendrimer-based nanomedicines have shown great potential for clinical translation of systemic therapies targeting neuroinflammation and brain tumors. Here we present a novel dendrimer-triptolide conjugate that specifically targets tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in glioblastoma from systemic administration and exhibits triggered release under intracellular and intratumor conditions. This targeted delivery improves phenotype switching of TAMs from pro- towards anti-tumor expression in vitro. In an orthotopic model of glioblastoma, dendrimer-triptolide achieved significantly improved amelioration of tumor burden compared to free triptolide. Notably, the triggered release mechanism of dendrimer-mediated triptolide delivery significantly reduced triptolide-associated hepatic and cardiac toxicities. These results demonstrate that dendrimers are a promising targeted delivery platform to achieve effective glioblastoma treatment by improving efficacy while reducing systemic toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Sebastian Salazar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Santiago Appiani La Rosa
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA; Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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6
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Acikgoz E, Tatar C, Oktem G. Triptolide inhibits CD133 + /CD44 + colon cancer stem cell growth and migration through triggering apoptosis and represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition via downregulating expressions of snail, slug, and twist. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3313-3324. [PMID: 31904143 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High recurrence and metastatic behavior patterns are the most important reasons for the failure of treatment strategies in patients with colon cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are considered root of cancer, are thought to be associated with therapy resistance, relapse, and metastasis, and, therefore, targeting CSCs rather than the bulk population may be an effective approach. In cancer studies, there is an increasing interest in close friendship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSCs. Triptolide (TPL) isolated from Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii has important effects on the prevention of migration and metastasis as well as cytotoxic effect against cancer cells. The potential lethal efficacy of TPL on CSCs that is highly resistant to the drug is an unsolved mystery. Fundamentally, the present study basically aims to find answers to two questions: (a) is it possible to target colon CSCs with TPL? and (b) what are the mechanisms underlying TPL's potential to eliminate CSCs? Cytotoxic effects of TPL on CSCs were evaluated by WST-1 and Muse count and viability assays. Apoptosis assay and cell-cycle analysis were performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of TPL. Moreover, the effects of TPL on spheroid formation capacity, migration, and EMT processes, which are associated with CSC phenotype, were also investigated. The results revealed that TPL triggered cell death and apoptosis and altered cell cycle distribution. Moreover, TPL significantly reduced the snail slug and twist expressions associated with EMT. TPL has been shown to be effective in colon CSCs by in vitro experiments, and it might be a highly effective agent against colon cancer has been implicated in need of supporting in vivo and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Acikgoz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Cansu Tatar
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulperi Oktem
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Wang J, Qi F, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Pan N, Huai L, Qu S, Zhao L. A review of traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of glioblastoma. Biosci Trends 2019; 13:476-487. [PMID: 31866614 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant intracranial tumor. Due to its high morbidity, high mortality, high recurrence rate, and low cure rate, it has brought great difficulty for treatment. Although the current treatment is multimodal, including surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, it does not significantly improve survival time. The dismal prognosis and inevitable recurrence as well as resistance to chemoradiotherapy may be related to its highly cellular heterogeneity and multiple subclonal populations. Traditional Chinese medicine has its own unique advantages in the prevention and treatment of it. A comprehensive literature search of anti-glioblastoma active ingredients and derivatives from traditional Chinese medicine was carried out in literature published in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Cochrane library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP database. Hence, this article systematically reviews experimental research progress of some traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of glioblastoma from two aspects: strengthening vital qi and eliminating pathogenic qi. Among, strengthening vital qi medicine includes panax ginseng, licorice, lycium barbarum, angelica sinensis; eliminating pathogenic medicine includes salvia miltiorrhiza bunge, scutellaria baicalensis, coptis rhizoma, thunder god vine, and sophora flavescens. We found that the same active ingredient can act on different signaling pathways, such as ginsenoside Rg3 inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis via the AKT, MEK signal pathway. Hence, this multi-target, multi-level pathway may bring on a new dawn for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Fanghua Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affili-ated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhixue Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affili-ated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Ni Pan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lei Huai
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Shuyu Qu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affili-ated to Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
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8
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Zhang L, Yu JS. Triptolide reverses helper T cell inhibition and down-regulates IFN-γ induced PD-L1 expression in glioma cell lines. J Neurooncol 2019; 143:429-436. [PMID: 31152305 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunosuppression is one of hallmark features in many cancers including glioma. Triptolide, a natural compound purified from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, has been reported to inhibit PD-L1 otherwise known as the B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1) expression in breast cancer. The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of Triptolide on T cell inhibition in glioma cells. METHODS We labeled T cells and cocultured with Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Triptolide treated glioma cells. The effect on inhibition of T cells as well as subtypes of T cells was measured by Flow Cytometry. We also tested the expression of PD-L1 in six glioma cell lines. RESULTS We found that Triptolide could reverse T cell inhibition especially CD4+ T cell and induced IFN-γ secretion. In addition, Triptolide could also induce interleukin-2 secretion and overcome interleukin-10 inhibition caused by glioma cells under IFN-γ treated condition. Triptolide could also down-regulate IFN-γ induced PD-L1 surface expression in glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Triptolide may be used to reverse CD4+ T cell inhibition caused by glioma cells and is an alternative candidate for targeting PD-L1, one of the checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - John S Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA. .,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vincente Blvd. Suite A6600, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Liu X, Zhao P, Wang X, Wang L, Zhu Y, Gao W. Triptolide Induces Glioma Cell Autophagy and Apoptosis via Upregulating the ROS/JNK and Downregulating the Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Front Oncol 2019; 9:387. [PMID: 31157167 PMCID: PMC6528693 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are the two prominent forms of developmental cell death, and researches have shown that crosstalk exists between these two processes. A prior study demonstrated that triptolide inhibited the proliferation of malignant glioma cells. However, whether apoptosis and autophagy participate in the inhibitory effect of triptolide in glioma cells has not been clarified. In the present study, we demonstrated that triptolide potently inhibited the growth of glioma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Additionally, the treatment with triptolide induced apoptosis and autophagy in various glioma cell lines. Triptolide-induced autophagy may have tumor-supporting effects. Autophagy and apoptosis could cross-inhibit each other in glioma cells treated with triptolide. Moreover, we found that triptolide induced ROS production and JNK activation and inhibited the activity of Akt and mTOR. Finally, we demonstrated that triptolide suppressed tumor growth in an orthotopic xenograft glioma model. Collectively, these data indicated that triptolide induced G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via activating the ROS/JNK and blocking the Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in glioma cells. Triptolide may be a potential anti-tumor drug targeting gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyuan Zhao
- Basic Discipline of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjun Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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10
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Chen L, Liu YC, Zheng YY, Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu WL, Li ZY, Huang GD, Li WP. Furanodienone overcomes temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma through the downregulation of CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling by inhibiting EGR1-dependent transcription. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1736-1747. [PMID: 31006910 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive type of brain tumour. Patients with GBM respond poorly to chemotherapy and have poor survival outcomes. Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), also known as chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), has been shown to contribute to critical processes, such as cell survival, proliferation, and chemotherapy resistance, during glioma progression. In this study, we found that furanodienone (FUR), a diene-type sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of Rhizoma curcumae, exhibited a potential cytotoxic effect on temozolomide (TMZ)-resistant GBM cells in vitro by inhibiting CSPG4 and related signalling pathways. Studies investigating the mechanism demonstrated that FUR suppressed CSPG4-Akt-ERK signalling, inflammatory responses, and cytokine levels but activated caspase-dependent pathways and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay and a dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that inhibition of EGR1-mediated transcription might have contributed to the FUR-dependent blockade of CSPG4 signalling and glioma cell survival. These results established a link between FUR-induced CSPG4 inhibition and the suppression of EGR1-dependent transcription. Attenuation of ERK1/2 and cytokine signalling might have generated the EGR1-dependent negative feedback loop of the CSPG4 pathway during FUR-induced apoptosis. These findings suggested that FUR could be a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of malignant glioma via targeting CSPG4 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yue-Cheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yue-Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Wen-Lan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Zong-Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, 3002# Sungang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, 518035, China
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Protein Phosphatases-A Touchy Enemy in the Battle Against Glioblastomas: A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020241. [PMID: 30791455 PMCID: PMC6406705 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor arising from brain parenchyma. Although many efforts have been made to develop therapies for GBM, the prognosis still remains poor, mainly because of the difficulty in total resection of the tumor mass from brain tissue and the resistance of the residual tumor against standard chemoradiotherapy. Therefore, novel adjuvant therapies are urgently needed. Recent genome-wide analyses of GBM cases have clarified molecular signaling mechanisms underlying GBM biology. However, results of clinical trials targeting phosphorylation-mediated signaling have been unsatisfactory to date. Protein phosphatases are enzymes that antagonize phosphorylation signaling by dephosphorylating phosphorylated signaling molecules. Recently, the critical roles of phosphatases in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in malignant tumor cells have been reported, and tumorigenic roles of deregulated phosphatases have been demonstrated in GBM. However, a detailed mechanism underlying phosphatase-mediated signaling transduction in the regulation of GBM has not been elucidated, and such information is necessary to apply phosphatases as a therapeutic target for GBM. This review highlights and summarizes the phosphatases that have crucial roles in the regulation of oncogenic signaling in GBM cells.
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Varghese E, Samuel SM, Varghese S, Cheema S, Mamtani R, Büsselberg D. Triptolide Decreases Cell Proliferation and Induces Cell Death in Triple Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040163. [PMID: 30563138 PMCID: PMC6315979 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) do not respond to conventional estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 targeted interventions due to the absence of the respective receptor targets. They are aggressive, exhibit early recurrence, metastasize, are more invasive in nature, and develop drug resistance. Some plant-derived substances have been screened and have gained attention as efficient anticancer drugs for TNBCs with few adverse effects. Here, we evaluate triptolide (concentrations in the range of 100 pM to 10 µM), a di-terpene tri-epoxide isolated from thunder god vine for its efficacy as anticancer drug in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) assay and trypan blue exclusion assay, respectively. A flow cytometry-based apoptosis assay was performed by using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of apoptotic and autophagy proteins such as caspase 3, LC3B and SQSTM1/p62. Results indicate that in 72 h of 1 nM triptolide treatment, the percentage of cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells declined to 49 ± 18.9% (mean ± standard deviation (SD)), whereas the proliferation rate did not drop below 80% in MCF-7 cells (non-TNBC cells which express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) even at the highest concentration tested (10 µM). The MDA-MB-468 cells showed a similar trend to MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, triptolide treatment for 72 h significantly decreased cell viability at concentrations above 10 nM. Apoptotic cell death assay in 72 h triptolide-treated MDA-MB-231 cells revealed 29.3 ± 10.57% of early apoptotic cells in comparison to the control group (4.61 ± 2.24%). Cell cycle analysis indicated accumulation of cells in sub G0/G1 phase, indicating apoptosis. Western blot analysis in the 25 nM triptolide treatment group revealed induction of autophagy as shown by a significant decrease in the levels of autophagy marker p62 (by 0.2-fold p < 0.0001) and with an increase in the levels of LC3B-II (by 8-fold p < 0.05). An increase in the levels of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3 (by 4-fold p < 0.05) was also observed in triptolide treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data shows that triptolide could be an efficient anticancer agent in the treatment of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sharon Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sohaila Cheema
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ravinder Mamtani
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Wang F, Zheng Z, Guan J, Qi D, Zhou S, Shen X, Wang F, Wenkert D, Kirmani B, Solouki T, Fonkem E, Wong ET, Huang JH, Wu E. Identification of a panel of genes as a prognostic biomarker for glioblastoma. EBioMedicine 2018; 37:68-77. [PMID: 30341039 PMCID: PMC6284420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a fatal disease without effective therapy. Identification of new biomarkers for prognosis would enable more rational selections of strategies to cure patients with GBM and prevent disease relapse. Methods Seven datasets derived from GBM patients using microarray or next generation sequencing in R2 online database (http://r2.amc.nl) were extracted and then analyzed using JMP software. The survival distribution was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and the significance was determined using log-rank statistics. The sensitivity of a panel of GBM cell lines in response to temozolomide (TMZ), salinomycin, celastrol, and triptolide treatments was evaluated using MTS and tumor-sphere formation assay. Findings We identified that CD44, ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3 (ABCC3), and tumor necrosis factor receptor subfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) as highly expressed genes in GBMs are associated with patients' poor outcomes and therapy resistance. Furthermore, these three markers combined with MGMT, a conventional GBM marker, can classify GBM patients into five new subtypes with different overall survival time in response to treatment. The four-gene signature and the therapy response of GBMs to a panel of therapeutic compounds were confirmed in a panel of GBM cell lines. Interpretation The data indicate that the four-gene panel can be used as a therapy response index for GBM patients and potential therapeutic targets. These results provide important new insights into the early diagnosis and the prognosis for GBM patients and introduce potential targets for GBM therapeutics. Fund Baylor Scott & White Health Startup Fund (E.W.); Collaborative Faculty Research Investment Program (CFRIP) of Baylor University, Baylor Scott & White Health, and Baylor College of Medicine (E.W., T.S., J.H.H.); NIH R01 NS067435 (J.H.H.); Scott & White Plummer Foundation Grant (J.H.H.); National Natural Science Foundation of China 816280007 (J.H.H. and Fu.W.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Psychology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jitian Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Psychology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14643, USA
| | - David Wenkert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76508, USA; Department of Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Batool Kirmani
- Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Touradj Solouki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ekokobe Fonkem
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Eric T Wong
- Brain Tumor Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 76502, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Zhang L, Cao H, He T, Yang J, Tao H, Wang Y, Hu Q. Overexpression of PRDM13 inhibits glioma cells via Rho and GTP enzyme activation protein. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:966-974. [PMID: 29767251 PMCID: PMC6034930 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PR (PRDI-BFI and RIZ) domain containing (PRDM) proteins have been shown to be important in several types of human cancer. PRDM13, a member of the PRDM family, contains transcriptional regulators involved in modulating several cellular processes. However, the function of PRDM13 in glioma remains to be elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression and effect of PRDM13 on glioma cells. It was found that the expression of PRDM13 was reduced in glioma cells, and the overexpression of PRDM13 significantly decreased the proliferation, migration and invasion of U87 glioma cells. Through validation of RNA-sequencing analysis, genes regulating cell proliferation and migration were classified from Gene Ontology sources. In addition, PRDM13 was shown to be associated with Rho protein and GTP enzyme activation protein. The over expression of PRDM13 upregulated deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) to inhibit the proliferation and invasion of U87 cells. In conclusion, PRDM13 decreased the proliferation and invasion of U87 cells, and may be of potential value for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Huimei Cao
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Tao He
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Dongfeng General Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Hubei Medical University, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jijuan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Hong Tao
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Basic Medical School of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
| | - Qikuan Hu
- Department of Physiology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, P.R. China
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Ji W, Liu S, Zhao X, Guo Y, Xia S, Lu Y, Yin M, Xu X. Triptolide inhibits proliferation, differentiation and induces apoptosis of osteoblastic MC3T3‑E1 cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7391-7397. [PMID: 28944904 PMCID: PMC5865870 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is characterized by the formation of bony spurs. Treatment of the resulting ankylosis, excessive bone formation and associated functional impairment, remain the primary therapeutic aims in research regarding this condition. Triptolide is the primary active component of the perennial vine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., and has previously been demonstrated to exert anti-tumor activities including inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis, however, the effect of triptolide on osteoblasts remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cell line was treated with differing concentrations of triptolide for various intervals. Cell proliferation was detected using the bromodeoxyuridine assay, cell cycle and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry, nuclear apoptosis was observed by Hoechst staining and associated proteins were determined via western blot analysis. The cells were then further incubated with osteogenic induction medium supplemented with triptolide for 7 or 12 days and the differentiation to osteoblasts was examined by picrosirius staining, observation of alkaline phosphatase activity and a calcium deposition assay. It was demonstrated that treatment with triptolide significantly inhibited osteoblast proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of the osteoblasts. Furthermore, treatment with triptolide reduced collagen formation, alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. The present study demonstrated an inhibitory effect of triptolide on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, and therefore suggests a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ji
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Shijia Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yunke Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Sha Xia
- Hematology‑Oncology Department, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Yueyang Lu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Menyun Yin
- Hematology‑Oncology Department, Zhenjiang Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Nursing, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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16
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Phosphatases and solid tumors: focus on glioblastoma initiation, progression and recurrences. Biochem J 2017; 474:2903-2924. [PMID: 28801478 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases and cancer have been related for many years now, as these enzymes regulate key cellular functions, including cell survival, migration, differentiation and proliferation. Dysfunctions or mutations affecting these enzymes have been demonstrated to be key factors for oncogenesis. The aim of this review is to shed light on the role of four different phosphatases (PTEN, PP2A, CDC25 and DUSP1) in five different solid tumors (breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer), in order to better understand the most frequent and aggressive primary cancer of the central nervous system, glioblastoma.
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17
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Chan SF, Chen YY, Lin JJ, Liao CL, Ko YC, Tang NY, Kuo CL, Liu KC, Chung JG. Triptolide induced cell death through apoptosis and autophagy in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro and promoting immune responses in WEHI-3 generated leukemia mice in vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:550-568. [PMID: 26990902 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine, obtained from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and proapoptotic properties. We investigated the potential efficacy of triptolide on murine leukemia by measuring the triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that triptolide induced cell morphological changes and induced cytotoxic effects through G0/G1 phase arrest, induction of apoptosis. Flow cytometric assays showed that triptolide increased the production of reactive oxygen species, Ca2+ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ), and activations of caspase-8, -9, and -3. Triptolide increased protein levels of Fas, Fas-L, Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-9, Endo G, Apaf-1, PARP, caspase-3 but reduced levels of AIF, ATF6α, ATF6β, and GRP78 in WEHI-3 cells. Triptolide stimulated autophagy based on an increase in acidic vacuoles, monodansylcadaverine staining for LC-3 expression and increased protein levels of ATG 5, ATG 7, and ATG 12. The in vitro data suggest that the cytotoxic effects of triptolide may involve cross-talk between cross-interaction of apoptosis and autophagy. Normal BALB/c mice were i.p. injected with WEHI-3 cells to generate leukemia and were oral treatment with triptolide at 0, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg for 3 weeks then animals were weighted and blood, liver, spleen samples were collected. Results indicated that triptolide did not significantly affect the weights of animal body, spleen and liver of leukemia mice, however, triptolide significant increased the cell populations of T cells (CD3), B cells (CD19), monocytes (CD11b), and macrophage (Mac-3). Furthermore, triptolide increased the phagocytosis of macrophage from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not effects from peritoneum. Triptolide promoted T and B cell proliferation at 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg treatment when cells were pretreated with Con A and LPS stimulation, respectively; however, triptolide did not significant affect NK cell activities in vivo. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 550-568, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Feng Chan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yin Chen
- Department of Chinese-Western Medicine Integration, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jyh Lin
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Ching Ko
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Ching Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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18
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Yang Y, Ye Y, Qiu Q, Xiao Y, Huang M, Shi M, Liang L, Yang X, Xu H. Triptolide inhibits the migration and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes by blocking the activation of the JNK MAPK pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 41:8-16. [PMID: 27816728 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a primary active ingredient extracted from a traditional Chinese herb, Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has been demonstrated to have a positive therapeutic effect on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, its mechanism of action against RA is not well established. Therefore, in the present study, we observed the effect of triptolide on the aggressive behavior of RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA FLSs), and we explored its underlying signal mechanisms. We found that triptolide treatment significantly reduced the migratory and invasive capacities of RA FLSs in vitro. We also demonstrated that the invasion of RA FLSs into the cartilage, evaluated in the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse co-implantation model, was attenuated by treatment with triptolide in vivo. Additionally, the immunofluorescence results showed that triptolide treatment decreased the polymerization of F-actin and the activation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). To gain insight into the molecular signal mechanisms, we determined the effect of triptolide on the activation of MAPK signal pathways. Our results indicate that triptolide treatment reduced the TNF-α-induced expression of phosphorylated JNK, but did not affect the expression of phosphorylated p38 and ERK. A JNK-specific inhibitor decreased the migration of RA FLSs. We also observed that triptolide administration improved clinical arthritic conditions and joint destruction in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Thus, our findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of triptolide on RA might be, in part, due to its contribution to the aggressive behavior of RA FLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China; Department of Rheumatology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yujin Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qian Qiu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Youjun Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Maohua Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Liuqin Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hanshi Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China.
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Inference of Low and High-Grade Glioma Gene Regulatory Networks Delineates the Role of Rnd3 in Establishing Multiple Hallmarks of Cancer. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005325. [PMID: 26132659 PMCID: PMC4488580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a highly heterogeneous group of brain tumours that are refractory to treatment, highly invasive and pro-angiogenic. Glioblastoma patients have an average survival time of less than 15 months. Understanding the molecular basis of different grades of glioma, from well differentiated, low-grade tumours to high-grade tumours, is a key step in defining new therapeutic targets. Here we use a data-driven approach to learn the structure of gene regulatory networks from observational data and use the resulting models to formulate hypothesis on the molecular determinants of glioma stage. Remarkably, integration of available knowledge with functional genomics datasets representing clinical and pre-clinical studies reveals important properties within the regulatory circuits controlling low and high-grade glioma. Our analyses first show that low and high-grade gliomas are characterised by a switch in activity of two subsets of Rho GTPases. The first one is involved in maintaining normal glial cell function, while the second is linked to the establishment of multiple hallmarks of cancer. Next, the development and application of a novel data integration methodology reveals novel functions of RND3 in controlling glioma cell migration, invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis and clinical outcome. Gliomas are aggressive brain tumours that are invasive, heterogeneous, refractory to treatment and show poor survival rates. Surgical resection and chemotherapy can increase patient survival but ultimately the disease is fatal. Multiple grades of glioma exist, with lower grades associated to better prognosis. While the majority of high-grade gliomas occur de novo, it is common that low-grade gliomas progress to the more aggressive form known as glioblastoma. In this article, we have shown that by combining advanced network biology approaches with the right experimental models, we are able to reveal novel regulatory circuits controlling multiple hallmarks of glioma. Through analysis of multiple network models representing protein-protein interaction or gene co-expression data we have revealed a switch in the role of regulatory Rho GTPases between low and high-grade gliomas. Amongst these, we show that RND3 is up-regulated in glioblastomas and is a key regulator of tumour proliferation, migration and invasion. We confirm that expression and genomic copy number of RND3 are predictive of clinical outcome, suggesting that changes in the activity of this particular Rho GTPase could be an early event associated to transformation and tumour expansion.
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Triptolide abrogates growth of colon cancer and induces cell cycle arrest by inhibiting transcriptional activation of E2F. J Transl Med 2015; 95:648-659. [PMID: 25893635 PMCID: PMC5001951 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in diagnostics and therapeutics, over 50 thousand patients die from colorectal cancer annually. Hence, there is urgent need for new lines of treatment. Triptolide, a natural compound isolated from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, is effective against multiple cancers. We have synthesized a water soluble analog of triptolide, named Minnelide, which is currently in phase I trial against pancreatic cancer. The aims of the current study were to evaluate whether triptolide/Minnelide is effective against colorectal cancer and to elucidate the mechanism by which triptolide induces cell death in colorectal cancer. Efficacy of Minnelide was evaluated in subcutaneous xenograft and liver metastasis model of colorectal cancer. For mechanistic studies, colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29 were treated with triptolide and the effect on viability, caspase activation, annexin positivity, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell cycle progression was evaluated. Effect of triptolide on E2F transcriptional activity, mRNA levels of E2F-dependent genes, E2F1- retinoblastoma protein (Rb) binding, and proteins levels of regulator of G1-S transition was also measured. DNA binding of E2F1 was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Triptolide decreased colon cancer cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Minnelide markedly inhibited the growth of colon cancer in the xenograft and liver metastasis model of colon cancer and more than doubles the median survival of animals with liver metastases from colon cancer. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that at low concentrations triptolide induces apoptotic cell death but at higher concentrations it induces cell cycle arrest. Our data suggest that triptolide is able to induce G1 cell cycle arrest by inhibiting transcriptional activation of E2F1. Our data also show that triptolide downregulates E2F activity by potentially modulating events downstream of DNA binding. Therefore, we conclude that Triptolide and Minnelide are effective against colon cancer in multiple pre-clinical models.
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Ho JN, Byun SS, Lee S, Oh JJ, Hong SK, Lee SE, Yeon JS. Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Triptolide and Cisplatin in Cisplatin Resistant Human Bladder Cancer Cells. J Urol 2015; 193:1016-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangchul Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Jin Oh
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Yeon
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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22
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Cheung So E, Lo YC, Chen LT, Kao CA, Wu SN. High effectiveness of triptolide, an active diterpenoid triepoxide, in suppressing Kir-channel currents from human glioma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 738:332-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Cui YF. Synergism of cytotoxicity effects of triptolide and artesunate combination treatment in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:5243-8. [PMID: 24175808 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.9.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triptolide, extracted from the herb Tripteryglum wilfordii Hook.f that has long been used as a natural medicine in China, has attracted much interest for its anti-cancer effects against some kinds of tumours in recent years. Artesunate, extracted from the Chinese herb Artemisia annua, has proven to be effective and safe as an anti-malarial drug that possesses anticancer potential. The present study attempted to clarify if triptolide enhances artesunate-induced cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, to test synergic actions, cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed after treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines with the two agents singly or in combination. The molecular mechanisms of apoptotic effects were also explored using qRT-PCR and Western blotting. In vivo, a tumor xenograft model was established in nude mice, for assessment of inhibitory effects of triptolide and artesunate. RESULTS We could show that the combination of triptolide and artesunate could inhibit pancreatic cancer cell line growth, and induce apoptosis, accompanied by expression of HSP 20 and HSP 27, indicating important roles in the synergic effects. Moreover, tumor growth was decreased with triptolide and artesunate synergy. CONCLUSION Our result indicated that triptolide and artesunate in combination at low concentrations can exert synergistic anti-tumor effects in pancreatic cancer cells with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China E-mail :
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24
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Sai K, Li WY, Chen YS, Wang J, Guan S, Yang QY, Guo CC, Mou YG, Li WP, Chen ZP. Triptolide Synergistically Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Apoptosis and Potentiates Inhibition of NF-κB Signaling in Glioma Initiating Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:485-503. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal solid cancer in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent but the efficacy is limited by intrinsic and acquired resistance in GBM. Triptolide (TPL), a derivative from traditional Chinese medicine, demonstrated anti-tumor activity. In this study, we explored the interaction of TPL and TMZ in glioma-initiating cells (GICs) and the potential mechanism. A GIC line (GIC-1) was successfully established. Cell viability of GIC-1 after treatment was measured using a CCK-8 assay. The interaction between TPL and TMZ was calculated from Chou–Talalay equations and isobologram. Self-renewal was evaluated with tumor sphere formation assay. Apoptosis was assessed with flow cytometry and western blot. Luciferase assay was employed to measure NF-κB transcriptional activity. The expression of NF-κB downstream genes, NF-κB nuclear translocalization and phoshorylation of IκBα and p65 were evaluated using western blot. We found that GIC-1 cells were resistant to TMZ, with the expected IC50 of 705.7 μmol/L. Co-treatment with TPL yielded a more than three-fold dose reduction of TMZ. TPL significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells and suppressed the tumor sphere formation when combined with TMZ. Phosphorylation of IκBα and p65 coupled with NF-κB nuclear translocalization were notably inhibited after a combined treatment. Co-incubation synergistically repressed NF-κB transcriptional activity and downstream gene expression. TPL sensitizes GICs to TMZ by synergistically enhancing apoptosis, which is likely resulting from the augmented repression of NF-κB signaling. TPL is therefore a potential chemosensitizer in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Sai
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yu Li
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518029, China
| | - Yin-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Su Guan
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qun-Ying Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Gao Mou
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518029, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Over-expression of ARHI decreases tumor growth, migration, and invasion in human glioma. Med Oncol 2014; 31:846. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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