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Zhao C, Guo Y, Chen Y, Shang G, Song D, Wang J, Yang J, Zhang H. Zinc finger Protein207 orchestrates glioma migration through regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38591780 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma represents the predominant primary malignant brain tumor. For several years, molecular profiling has been instrumental in the management and therapeutic stratification of glioma, providing a deeper understanding of its biological complexity. Accumulating evidence unveils the putative involvement of zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) in cancer. This study aimed to elucidate the role and significance of ZNF207 in glioma. METHODS Utilizing online data such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC), and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases, in conjunction with bioinformatics methodologies including GO, KEGG, GSEA, CIBERSORT immune cell infiltration estimation, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, enabled a comprehensive exploration of ZNF207's involvement in gliomagenesis. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR techniques were employed to validate the expression level of ZNF207 in glioma samples. Subsequently, the biological effects of ZNF207 on glioma cells were explored through in vitro assays. RESULTS Our results demonstrate elevated expression of ZNF207 in gliomas, correlating with unfavorable patient outcomes. Stratification analyses were used to delineate the prognostic efficacy of ZNF207 in glioma with different clinicopathological characteristics. Immunocorrelation analysis revealed a significant association between ZNF207 expression and the infiltration levels of T helper cells, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells. Utilizing ZNF207 expression and clinical features, we constructed an OS prediction model and displayed well discrimination with a C-index of 0.861. Moreover, the strategic silencing of ZNF207 attenuated glioma cell advancement, evidenced by diminished cellular proliferation, weakened cell tumorigenesis, augmented apoptotic activity, and curtailed migratory capacity alongside the inhibition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. CONCLUSIONS ZNF207 may identify as a prospective biomarker and therapeutic candidate for glioma prevention, providing valuable insights into understanding glioma pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanjie Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dixiang Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Reddy KD, Oliver BGG. Sexual dimorphism in chronic respiratory diseases. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:47. [PMID: 36882807 PMCID: PMC9993607 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in susceptibility, severity, and progression are prevalent for various diseases in multiple organ systems. This phenomenon is particularly apparent in respiratory diseases. Asthma demonstrates an age-dependent pattern of sexual dimorphism. However, marked differences between males and females exist in other pervasive conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. The sex hormones estrogen and testosterone are commonly considered the primary factors causing sexual dimorphism in disease. However, how they contribute to differences in disease onset between males and females remains undefined. The sex chromosomes are an under-investigated fundamental form of sexual dimorphism. Recent studies highlight key X and Y-chromosome-linked genes that regulate vital cell processes and can contribute to disease-relevant mechanisms. This review summarises patterns of sex differences in asthma, COPD and lung cancer, highlighting physiological mechanisms causing the observed dimorphism. We also describe the role of the sex hormones and present candidate genes on the sex chromosomes as potential factors contributing to sexual dimorphism in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karosham Diren Reddy
- Respiratory and Cellular Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia.
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Brian Gregory George Oliver
- Respiratory and Cellular Molecular Biology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW, 2037, Australia
- School of Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
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3
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Li X, Sun C, Chen J, Ma JF, Pan YH. Suppression of FAM83D Inhibits Glioma Proliferation, Invasion and Migration by Regulating the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Transl Oncol 2022; 22:101454. [PMID: 35617811 PMCID: PMC9136185 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
FAM83D is upregulated in the glioma cells and tissues. Silencing FAM83D inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells. Silencing FAM83D inhibits the activity of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. FAM83D inhibition limits the in vivo growth of glioma cells.
Objective To explore the mechanism by which the family with sequence similarity 83, member D (FAM83D)-mediated AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation affects the proliferation and metastasis of glioma cells. Methods FAM83D protein expression in glioma cells and tissues was detected by western blotting. Glioma U87 and U251 cells were selected and divided into the Mock, siNC, siFAM83D, FAM83D, MK2206 and FAM83D + MK2206 groups. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) and clone formation assays, while invasion and migration were evaluated by Transwell assays and wound healing tests. The protein expression of members of the AKT/mTOR pathway was determined via western blotting. Xenograft models were also established in nude mice to observe the in vivo effect of FAM83D on the growth of glioma. Results FAM83D was upregulated in glioma patients, especially in those with Stage III-IV. In addition, cells treated with siFAM83D had significant downregulation of p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR, with decreased proliferation and colony numbers, as well as decreased invasion and migration compared to the Mock group. However, FAM83D overexpression could activate the Akt/mTOR pathway and promote the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells. Moreover, treatment with MK2206, an inhibitor of AKT, reversed the promoting effect of FAM83D on the growth of glioma cells. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that silencing FAM83D could inhibit the in vivo growth of glioma cells Conclusion FAM83D was upregulated in glioma and silencing FAM83D suppressed the proliferation, invasion and migration of glioma cells via inhibition of the AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuro-oncology Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Cui Sun
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuro-oncology Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuro-oncology Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Ji-Fen Ma
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuro-oncology Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yi-Heng Pan
- Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuro-oncology Diseases, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China.
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4
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Xiong K, la Cour Karottki KJ, Hefzi H, Li S, Grav LM, Li S, Spahn P, Lee JS, Ventina I, Lee GM, Lewis NE, Kildegaard HF, Pedersen LE. An optimized genome-wide, virus-free CRISPR screen for mammalian cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100062. [PMID: 34935002 PMCID: PMC8687118 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pooled CRISPR screens have been widely applied to mammalian and other organisms to elucidate the interplay between genes and phenotypes of interest. The most popular method for delivering the CRISPR components into mammalian cells is lentivirus based. However, because lentivirus is not always an option, virus-free protocols are starting to emerge. Here, we demonstrate an improved virus-free, genome-wide CRISPR screening platform for Chinese hamster ovary cells with 75,488 gRNAs targeting 15,028 genes. Each gRNA expression cassette in the library is precisely integrated into a genomic landing pad, resulting in a very high percentage of single gRNA insertions and minimal clonal variation. Using this platform, we perform a negative selection screen on cell proliferation that identifies 1,980 genes that affect proliferation and a positive selection screen on the toxic endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer, tunicamycin, that identifies 77 gene knockouts that improve survivability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Hooman Hefzi
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Songyuan Li
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lise Marie Grav
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shangzhong Li
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philipp Spahn
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ildze Ventina
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Ebdrup Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Balogh A, Reiniger L, Hetey S, Kiraly P, Toth E, Karaszi K, Juhasz K, Gelencser Z, Zvara A, Szilagyi A, Puskas LG, Matko J, Papp Z, Kovalszky I, Juhasz C, Than NG. Decreased Expression of ZNF554 in Gliomas is Associated with the Activation of Tumor Pathways and Shorter Patient Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5762. [PMID: 32796700 PMCID: PMC7461028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein 554 (ZNF554), a member of the Krüppel-associated box domain zinc finger protein subfamily, is predominantly expressed in the brain and placenta in humans. Recently, we unveiled that ZNF554 regulates trophoblast invasion during placentation and its decreased expression leads to the early pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Since ZNF proteins are immensely implicated in the development of several tumors including malignant tumors of the brain, here we explored the pathological role of ZNF554 in gliomas. We examined the expression of ZNF554 at mRNA and protein levels in normal brain and gliomas, and then we searched for genome-wide transcriptomic changes in U87 glioblastoma cells transiently overexpressing ZNF554. Immunohistochemistry of brain tissues in our cohort (n = 62) and analysis of large TCGA RNA-Seq data (n = 687) of control, oligodendroglioma, and astrocytoma tissues both revealed decreased expression of ZNF554 towards higher glioma grades. Furthermore, low ZNF554 expression was associated with shorter survival of grade III and IV astrocytoma patients. Overexpression of ZNF554 in U87 cells resulted in differential expression, mostly downregulation of 899 genes. The "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway", known to be activated during glioma development, was the most impacted among 116 dysregulated pathways. Most affected pathways were cancer-related and/or immune-related. Congruently, cell proliferation was decreased and cell cycle was arrested in ZNF554-transfected glioma cells. These data collectively suggest that ZNF554 is a potential tumor suppressor and its decreased expression may lead to the loss of oncogene suppression, activation of tumor pathways, and shorter survival of patients with malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Szabolcs Hetey
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Peter Kiraly
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Eszter Toth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Katalin Karaszi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Kata Juhasz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Zsolt Gelencser
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnes Zvara
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.Z.); (L.G.P.)
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Laszlo G. Puskas
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Department of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (A.Z.); (L.G.P.)
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Clinic, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Csaba Juhasz
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.B.); (S.H.); (P.K.); (E.T.); (K.K.); (K.J.); (Z.G.); (A.S.)
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary; (L.R.); (I.K.)
- Maternity Private Clinic, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary;
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6
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Xin J, Zhao YH, Zhang XY, Tian LQ. LncRNA NFIA-AS2 promotes glioma progression through modulating the miR-655-3p/ZFX axis. Hum Cell 2020; 33:1273-1280. [PMID: 32779154 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-020-00408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are closely associated with tumorigenesis of various malignancies, including glioma. However, the roles of most lncRNAs in glioma remain undiscovered. The present study for the first time explored the roles of NFIA-AS2 in glioma. Based on informatic analyses by online database, lncRNA NFIA-AS2 in glioma tissues was overexpressed and further confirmed in glioma tissues and cells by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). High expression of NFIA-AS2 was closely correlated with poor prognosis and might be an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS. Functionally, silenced NFIA-AS2 could remarkably hinder glioma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and cause the apoptosis. Mechanistic investigation disclosed that NFIA-AS2 interacted with miR-655-3p and inversely connected with miR-655-3p in glioma. Additionally, miR-655-3p was proved to regulate the expression of ZFX. Final rescue assay demonstrated that ZFX overexpression or miR-655-3p downregulation could neutralize the suppressive effects of NFIA-AS2 knockdown on glioma progression. In conclusion, this study firstly reported that NFIA-AS2 could promote the progression of glioma by targeting the miR-665-3p/ZFX axis, which highlighted that NFIA-AS2 could be a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, Shandong, China
| | - Xi-Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Qiang Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linyi People's Hospital, No. 27 Jiefang Road, Lanshan District, Linyi, 276003, Shandong, China.
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7
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Wu J, Wei B, Shi Y, Lu X, Ding Y, Wang C, Li Y. Homoharringtonine enhances the effect of imatinib on chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by downregulating ZFX. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3233-3239. [PMID: 31432109 PMCID: PMC6755169 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Homoharringtonine (HHT) and imatinib have a synergistic effect in the clinical treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The purpose of the present study was to explore the underlying mechanisms by which HHT enhanced imatinib sensitivity. K562 CML cells were treated with HHT and imatinib separately or in combination. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay; apoptotic rates and protein expression levels of phosphorylated-tyrosine (p-Tyr) and p-CRK like proto-oncogene, adaptor protein (p-Crkl) were analyzed by flow cytometry; zinc-finger protein, X-linked (ZFX) overexpression plasmid was transfected to cells using electroporation; western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of PI3K, AKT, p-AKT and ZFX; and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was used to measure ZFX mRNA expression levels. The results demonstrated that HHT and imatinib co-treatment had significant effects of proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induction on K562 CML cells compared with imatinib alone. Co-treatment also significantly downregulated the expression levels of p-Tyr, p-Crkl, PI3K and p-Akt compared with imatinib or HHT treatment. In addition, HHT downregulated ZFX mRNA and protein expression. ZFX overexpression reversed cell sensitivity to imatinib and HHT and also reduced the HHT-induced imatinib sensitization by increasing p-Akt expression. In conclusion, HHT may enhance the effect of imatinib on CML cells by downregulating ZFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yuye Shi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Lu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yihan Ding
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
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8
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Zhu ZC, Liu JW, Yang C, Zhao M, Xiong ZQ. XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 synergizes with Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce cancer cell apoptosis by perturbing rRNA processing and Mcl-1 protein synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:395. [PMID: 31113936 PMCID: PMC6529444 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
XPO1 (exportin1) mediates nuclear export of proteins and RNAs and is frequently overexpressed in cancers. In this study, we show that the orally bioavailable XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 reduced Mcl-1 protein level, by which it synergized with Bcl-xL inhibitor A-1331852 to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination disrupted bindings of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL to Bax, Bak, and/or Bim, elicited mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and triggered apoptosis. KPT-330 generally mitigated mRNA expression and protein synthesis rather than mRNA nuclear export or protein stability of Mcl-1. KPT-330 inhibited mTORC1/4E-BP1 and Mnk1/eIF4E axes, which disrupted the eIF4F translation initiation complex but was dispensable for Mcl-1 reduction and KPT-330/A-1331852 combination-induced apoptosis. Mature rRNAs are integral components of the ribosome that determines protein synthesis ability. KPT-330 impeded nucleolar rRNA processing and reduced total levels of multiple mature rRNAs. Reconstitution of XPO1 by expressing degradation-resistant C528S mutant retained rRNA amount, Mcl-1 expression, and Bcl-xL inhibitor resistance upon KPT-330 treatment. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination suppressed growth and enhanced apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer xenografts. Therefore, we clarify the reason of apoptosis resistance of cancer cells to XPO1 inhibition and develop a potential strategy for treating solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzothiazoles/pharmacology
- Benzothiazoles/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4F/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Hydrazines/therapeutic use
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/genetics
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chuan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Targeting KPNB1 overcomes TRAIL resistance by regulating DR5, Mcl-1 and FLIP in glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30742128 PMCID: PMC6370806 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine with potential anticancer effect, but innate and adaptive TRAIL resistance in majority of cancers limit its clinical application. Karyopherin β1 (KPNB1) inhibition in cancer cells has been reported to abrogate the nuclear import of TRAIL receptor DR5 and facilitate its localization on the cell surface ready for TRAIL stimulation. However, our study reveals a more complicated mechanism. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of KPNB1 potentiated TRAIL-induced apoptosis selectively in glioblastoma cells mainly by unfolded protein response (UPR). First, it augmented ATF4-mediated DR5 expression and promoted the assembly of death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Second, it freed Bax and Bak from Mcl-1. Third, it downregulated FLIPL and FLIPS, inhibitors of caspase-8 cleavage, partly through upregulating ATF4–induced 4E-BP1 expression and disrupting the cap-dependent translation initiation. Meanwhile, KPNB1 inhibition-induced undesirable autophagy and accelerated cleaved caspase-8 clearance. Inhibition of autophagic flux maintained cleaved caspase-8 and aggravated apoptosis induced by KPNB1 inhibitor plus TRAIL, which were abolished by caspase-8 inhibitor. These results unveil new molecular mechanism for optimizing TRAIL-directed therapeutic efficacy against cancer.
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10
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Nash C, Boufaied N, Mills IG, Franco OE, Hayward SW, Thomson AA. Genome-wide analysis of AR binding and comparison with transcript expression in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and cancer associated fibroblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:1-14. [PMID: 28483704 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor, and key regulator of prostate development and cancer, which has discrete functions in stromal versus epithelial cells. AR expressed in mesenchyme is necessary and sufficient for prostate development while loss of stromal AR is predictive of prostate cancer progression. Many studies have characterized genome-wide binding of AR in prostate tumour cells but none have used primary mesenchyme or stroma. We applied ChIPseq to identify genomic AR binding sites in primary human fetal prostate fibroblasts and patient derived cancer associated fibroblasts, as well as the WPMY1 cell line overexpressing AR. We identified AR binding sites that were specific to fetal prostate fibroblasts (7534), cancer fibroblasts (629), WPMY1-AR (2561) as well as those common among all (783). Primary fibroblasts had a distinct AR binding profile versus prostate cancer cell lines and tissue, and showed a localisation to gene promoter binding sites 1 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site, as well as non-classical AR binding sequence motifs. We used RNAseq to define transcribed genes associated with AR binding sites and derived cistromes for embryonic and cancer fibroblasts as well as a cistrome common to both. These were compared to several in vivo ChIPseq and transcript expression datasets; which identified subsets of AR targets that were expressed in vivo and regulated by androgens. This analysis enabled us to deconvolute stromal AR targets active in stroma within tumour samples. Taken together, our data suggest that the AR shows significantly different genomic binding site locations in primary prostate fibroblasts compared to that observed in tumour cells. Validation of our AR binding site data with transcript expression in vitro and in vivo suggests that the AR target genes we have identified in primary fibroblasts may contribute to clinically significant and biologically important AR-regulated changes in prostate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Nash
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Nadia Boufaied
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Ian G Mills
- Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Axel A Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McGill University and the Cancer Research Program of the McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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11
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Zhu ZC, Liu JW, Li K, Zheng J, Xiong ZQ. KPNB1 inhibition disrupts proteostasis and triggers unfolded protein response-mediated apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:2936-2952. [PMID: 29520102 PMCID: PMC5978811 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0180-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear import receptor karyopherin β1 (KPNB1) is involved in the nuclear import of most proteins and in the regulation of multiple mitotic events. Upregulation of KPNB1 has been observed in cancers including glioblastoma. Depletion of KPNB1 induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells, but the underlying mechanism is not clearly elucidated. Here, we found that downregulation and functional inhibition of KPNB1 in glioblastoma cells induced growth arrest and apoptosis without apparent mitotic arrest. KPNB1 inhibition upregulated Puma and Noxa and freed Mcl-1-sequestered Bax and Bak, leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and apoptosis. Moreover, combination of Bcl-xL inhibitors and KPNB1 inhibition enhanced apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. KPNB1 inhibition promoted cytosolic retention of its cargo and impaired cellular proteostasis, resulting in elevated polyubiquitination, formation of aggresome-like-induced structure (ALIS), and unfolded protein response (UPR). Ubiquitination elevation and UPR activation in KPNB1-deficient cells were reversed by KPNB1 overexpression or inhibitors of protein synthesis but aggravated by inhibitors of autophagy-lysosome or proteasome, indicating that rebalance of cytosolic/nuclear protein distribution and alleviation of protein overload favor proteostasis and cell survival. Chronic activation of eIF2α/ATF4 cascade of UPR was responsible for the upregulation of Puma and Noxa, apoptosis and ABT-263 sensitivity. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that KPNB1 is required for proteostasis maintenance and its inhibition induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells through UPR-mediated deregulation of Bcl-2 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chuan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Liu JW, Zhu ZC, Li K, Wang HT, Xiong ZQ, Zheng J. UMI-77 primes glioma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis by unsequestering Bim and Bak from Mcl-1. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 432:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-2997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Xiong Y, Chen H, Lin P, Wang A, Wang L, Jin Y. ATF6 knockdown decreases apoptosis, arrests the S phase of the cell cycle, and increases steroid hormone production in mouse granulosa cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 312:C341-C353. [PMID: 28100484 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00222.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a sensor protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, is an important factor in the ER stress signaling pathway. ER stress is known to be involved in folliculogenesis, follicular growth, and ovulation; however, the physiological function of ATF6 in mouse granulosa cells remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the role of ATF6 in mouse granulosa cells with respect to apoptosis, the cell cycle, and steroid hormone production, as well as several key genes related to follicular development, via RNA interference, immunohistochemical staining, real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that ATF6 was extensively distributed in the granulosa cells of various ovarian follicles and oocytes in adult female mice. FSH or LH treatment significantly increased ATF6 protein levels in mouse granulosa cells. In the meantime, a recombinant plasmid was used to deplete ATF6 successfully using short hairpin RNA-mediated interference technology, which was verified at both the mRNA and protein levels. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay analysis indicated that ATF6 depletion decreased apoptosis and arrested the S phase of the cell cycle in mouse granulosa cells. Consistent with these results, p53, caspase-3, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein, CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, cyclin A1, cyclin B1, and cyclin D2 mRNA expression decreased, whereas Bcl-2 and glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa mRNA expression increased. Interestingly, ATF6 knockdown obviously increased progesterone and estradiol production in mouse granulosa cells. Cytochrome P450 1b1 (Cyp1b1) mRNA levels were downregulated, whereas Cyp11a1, steroidogenic acute regulatory, and Cyp19a1 mRNA levels were upregulated, in keeping with the changes in steroid hormones. Furthermore, ATF6 disruption remarkably increased insulin-like growth factor binding protein4 (Igfbp4) expression and decreased hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and prostaglandin F receptor (Ptgfr) expression in mouse granulosa cells, which are proteins crucial for follicular development. But, after treating with tunicamycin, the levels of Has2, Ptgs2, and Ptgfr increased relatively, whereas Igfbp4 expression decreased. Collectively, these results imply that ATF6, as a key player in ER stress signaling, may regulate apoptosis, the cell cycle, steroid hormone synthesis, and other modulators related to folliculogenesis in mouse granulosa cells, which may indirectly be involved in the development, ovulation, and atresia of ovarian follicles by affecting the physiological function of granulosa cells. The present study extends our understanding and provides new insights into the physiological significance of ATF6, a key signal transducer of ER stress, in ovarian granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; and .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Wu J, Xiao L, Zhou H, Liu H, Ge Y, Yang J, Li Y, Wu D, Zhao Y, Zhang X. ZFX modulates the growth of human leukemic cells via B4GALT1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:1120-1127. [PMID: 27797721 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) is a key regulator of both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is required for both Notch intracellular domain (NotchIC)-induced acute T-cell leukemia and MLL-AF9-induced myeloid leukemia in mouse models. However, the role of ZFX and its underlying mechanism in human leukemic cells remain unclear yet, though accumulating data have demonstrated that ZFX is aberrantly expressed in various human tumors and plays an important role. Herein, we found that ZFX was aberrantly expressed in various human leukemic cell lines and primary cells from leukemia patients compared with control cells. The silence of ZFX led to the growth suppression through either the deregulated cell cycle or the induction of apoptosis in various cells including K562, Jurkat, Namalwa, and THP-1 cells. The gene expression analysis revealed that UDP-Gal:βGlcNAc β 1,4-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 1 (B4GALT1) was significantly down-regulated upon ZFX silencing, which is implicated in the response of K562 cells to the treatment of imatinib mesylate (IM). In addition, lectin blot assay showed that the galactosylation of glycoproteins in K562 cells was suppressed upon ZFX silencing. Interestingly, overexpression of B4GALT1 restored the growth and conferred drug resistance to ZFX-silenced cells. Taken together, we have demonstrated that ZFX is aberrantly expressed in multiple human leukemic cells and it modulates the growth and drug response of leukemic cells partially via B4GALT1, which suggests that ZFX is a new regulator of leukemic cells and warrants intensive investigations on this 'stemness' regulator in these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haixia Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Hong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yue Ge
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Depei Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology , Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology , Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center , Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology , Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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15
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Zinc and zinc-containing biomolecules in childhood brain tumors. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:1199-1215. [PMID: 27638340 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions are essential cofactors of a wide range of enzymes, transcription factors, and other regulatory proteins. Moreover, zinc is also involved in cellular signaling and enzymes inhibition. Zinc dysregulation, deficiency, over-supply, and imbalance in zinc ion transporters regulation are connected with various diseases including cancer. A zinc ion pool is maintained by two types of proteins: (i) zinc-binding proteins, which act as a buffer and intracellular donors of zinc and (ii) zinc transporters responsible for zinc fluxes into/from cells and organelles. The decreased serum zinc ion levels have been identified in patients suffering from various cancer diseases, including head and neck tumors and breast, prostate, liver, and lung cancer. On the contrary, increased zinc ion levels have been found in breast cancer and other malignant tissues. Zinc metalloproteomes of a majority of tumors including brain ones are still not yet fully understood. Current knowledge show that zinc ion levels and detection of certain zinc-containing proteins may be utilized for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In addition, these proteins can also be promising therapeutic targets. The aim of the present work is an overview of the importance of zinc ions, zinc transporters, and zinc-containing proteins in brain tumors, which are, after leukemia, the second most common type of childhood cancer and the second leading cause of death in children after accidents.
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16
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Abstract
Zinc finger proteins are the largest transcription factor family in human genome. The diverse combinations and functions of zinc finger motifs make zinc finger proteins versatile in biological processes, including development, differentiation, metabolism and autophagy. Over the last few decades, increasing evidence reveals the potential roles of zinc finger proteins in cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanisms of zinc finger proteins in cancer progression vary in different cancer types and even in the same cancer type under different types of stress. Here, we discuss general mechanisms of zinc finger proteins in transcription regulation and summarize recent studies on zinc finger proteins in cancer progression. In this review, we also emphasize the importance of further investigations in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of zinc finger proteins in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayu Jen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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17
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Malhotra M, Toulouse A, Godinho BMDC, Mc Carthy DJ, Cryan JF, O'Driscoll CM. RNAi therapeutics for brain cancer: current advancements in RNAi delivery strategies. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:2635-57. [PMID: 26135606 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant primary brain tumors are aggressive cancerous cells that invade the surrounding tissues of the central nervous system. The current treatment options for malignant brain tumors are limited due to the inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The advancements in current research has identified and characterized certain molecular markers that are essential for tumor survival, progression, metastasis and angiogenesis. These molecular markers have served as therapeutic targets for the RNAi based therapies, which enable site-specific silencing of the gene responsible for tumor proliferation. However, to bring about therapeutic success, an efficient delivery carrier that can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach the targeted site is essential. The current review focuses on the potential of targeted, non-viral and viral particles containing RNAi therapeutic molecules as delivery strategies specifically for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Malhotra
- Pharmacodelivery Group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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18
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Yan S, Han X, Xue H, Zhang P, Guo X, Li T, Guo X, Yuan G, Deng L, Li G. Let-7f Inhibits Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting Periostin. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:1680-92. [PMID: 25735962 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is one of the most aggressive and malignant tumor types. Despite advances in surgery, imaging, chemotherapy, and radiation, glioma patient prognosis remains poor. Glioma pathogenesis is an urgent problem that must be solved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that are key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA deregulation commonly occurs in human tumorigenesis. In the present study, the expression levels of Let-7f were down-regulated in both glioma tissues and glioma cells. The enhanced expression of Let-7f suppressed glioma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion via direct targeting perisotin oncogenic activity. Experiments with periostin siRNA or over-expression further suggest that Let-7f may serve as tumor suppressors through perisotin signal. These findings provide insights regarding the role and mechanism of Let-7f in regulating biological behavior of glioma cells via the Let-7f/periostin axis, and Let-7f may serve as a potential therapeutic target in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Guang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zibo Zhong Xin Hospital, Zibo, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Lin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, P.R., China
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19
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ZFX Facilitates Cell Proliferation and Imatinib Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:277-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Fang X, Huang Z, Zhou W, Wu Q, Sloan AE, Ouyang G, McLendon RE, Yu JS, Rich JN, Bao S. The zinc finger transcription factor ZFX is required for maintaining the tumorigenic potential of glioblastoma stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2033-47. [PMID: 24831540 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are highly lethal brain tumors containing tumor-propagating glioma stem cells (GSCs). The molecular mechanisms underlying the maintenance of the GSC phenotype are not fully defined. Here we demonstrate that the zinc finger and X-linked transcription factor (ZFX) maintains GSC self-renewal and tumorigenic potential by upregulating c-Myc expression. ZFX is differentially expressed in GSCs relative to non-stem glioma cells and neural progenitor cells. Disrupting ZFX by shRNA reduced c-Myc expression and potently inhibited GSC self-renewal and tumor growth. Ectopic expression of c-Myc to its endogenous level rescued the effects caused by ZFX disruption, supporting that ZFX controls GSC properties through c-Myc. Furthermore, ZFX binds to a specific sequence (GGGCCCCG) on the human c-Myc promoter to upregulate c-Myc expression. These data demonstrate that ZFX functions as a critical upstream regulator of c-Myc and plays essential roles in the maintenance of the GSC phenotype. This study also supports that c-Myc is a dominant driver linking self-renewal to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Fang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Afzali A, Emadi-Baygi M, Nikpour P, Nazemroaya F, Kheirollahi M. Expression of ZFX gene correlated with the central features of the neoplastic phenotype in human brain tumors with distinct phenotypes. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:179. [PMID: 26605218 PMCID: PMC4617010 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.164000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The zinc finger transcription factor zinc finger protein, X-linked (ZFX) acts as an important director of self-renewal in several stem cell types. Moreover, ZFX expression abnormally increases in various cancers and relates to tumor grade. We performed this study, to examine its role in the pathogenesis of astrocytoma and meningioma. Materials and Methods: We used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for evaluation of ZFX expression in 25 astrocytoma tumoral tissue and 25 meningioma tumoral tissues with different WHO grades. Furthermore, the association of gene expression with various clinic-pathological characteristics was examined. Results: We found that there is a significant association between gene expression and different tumor grades, the presence or absence of invasion, forming and nonforming of glomeruloid vessels, the age over or under 50 and the presence or absence of calcification in astrocytomas. This is the first report that shows that ZFX was directly correlated with the central features of the neoplastic phenotype, including the growth of cancer cells, angiogenesis, and invasion. Conclusion: Regarding all the above-mentioned studies, it is highly plausible that silencing the expression of ZFX gene in gliomas has a major role in the therapeutic interventions of the disease in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Afzali
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Modjtaba Emadi-Baygi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemehe Nazemroaya
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Kheirollahi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Jiang J, Liu LY. Zinc finger protein X-linked is overexpressed in colorectal cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:810-814. [PMID: 26622575 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) is a zinc finger transcription factor and plays a significant role in the self-renewal ability of embryonic stem cells and various cancers. However, its expression and function in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of ZFX in CRC using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and further explored its potential functions in CRC cell lines using cell counting kit-8 and Transwell invasion assays. qPCR and western blot analysis revealed that ZFX was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues; IHC further confirmed this finding, revealing that higher expression of ZFX was significantly associated with larger tumor size (P=0.01), higher pathological stage (P=0.02), depth of invasion (P=0.047), lymph node invasion (P=0.02) and higher American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (P=0.04). CRC patients with higher ZFX expression also exhibited significantly shorter survival times (P=0.019). Moreover, knockdown of ZFX significantly suppressed proliferation and invasion in CRC cell lines HCT116 and LoVo. These results suggest that ZFX plays a notable role in CRC tumorigenicity and may serve as a novel marker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Ying Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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Gong M, Yang JT, Liu YQ, Tang LH, Wang Y, Wang LJ, Zhang FJ, Yan M. Irradiation Can Selectively Kill Tumor Cells while Preserving Erythrocyte Viability in a Co-Culture System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127181. [PMID: 26018651 PMCID: PMC4446348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An understanding of how to safely apply intraoperative blood salvage (IBS) in cancer surgery has not yet been obtained. Here, we investigated the optimal dose of 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation for killing human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), gastrocarcinoma (SGC7901), and colonic carcinoma (SW620) tumor cells while preserving co-cultured erythrocytes obtained from 14 healthy adult volunteers. HepG2, SGC7901, or SW620 cells were mixed into the aliquots of erythrocytes. After the mixed cells were treated with 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation (30, 50, and 100 Gy), tumor cells and erythrocytes were separated by density gradient centrifugation in Percoll with a density of 1.063 g/ml. The viability, clonogenicity, DNA synthesis, tumorigenicity, and apoptosis of the tumor cells were determined by MTT assay, plate colony formation, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, subcutaneous xenograft implantation into immunocompromised mice, and annexin V/7-AAD staining, respectively. The ATP concentration, 2,3-DPG level, free Hb concentration, osmotic fragility, membrane phosphatidylserine externalization, blood gas variables, reactive oxygen species levels, and superoxide dismutase levels in erythrocytes were analyzed. We found that 137Cs gamma-ray irradiation at 50 Gy effectively inhibited the viability, proliferation, and tumorigenicity of HepG2, SGC7901, and SW620 cells without markedly damaging the oxygen-carrying ability or membrane integrity or increasing the oxidative stress of erythrocytes in vitro. These results demonstrated that 50 Gy irradiation in a standard 137Cs blood irradiator might be a safe and effective method of inactivating HepG2, SGC7901, and SW620 cells mixed with erythrocytes, which might help to safely allow IBS in cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jin-Ting Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yun-Qing Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Li-Hui Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Lie-Ju Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Feng-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- * E-mail:
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Ma H, Yang F, Lian M, Wang R, Wang H, Feng L, Shi Q, Fang J. Dysregulation of zinc finger protein, X-linked (ZFX) impairs cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human oral squamous cell carcinorma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6103-12. [PMID: 25916205 PMCID: PMC4546697 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc finger protein, X-linked (ZFX) is a transcriptional factor involved in many physiological processes such as embryonic stem cell survival and self-renewal. Though ZFX dysfunctions have been identified in variant human diseases and especially in cancers, its pathological roles have not been fully addressed. Here, we explored the relationship between ZFX expression and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue. We found that ZFX expression was significantly higher in tongue SCC tumors as compared to tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, ZFX knockdown impeded cell proliferation, impaired colony formation ability, and lead to cell cycle arrest while induced cell apoptosis in human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line Tca-8113. Our results provide evidence suggesting that ZFX overexpression is associated with the development of tongue SCC and ZFX knockdown is a potential treatment for tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Meng Lian
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Qian Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730 China
- Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, 100005 China
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YIN JIRONG, JIANG YI, WU HAO, WANG JUNCHENG, ZHANG SHANCHUANG, LIU HONGCHEN. Overexpression of ZFX and its involvement in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:141-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhu Z, Liu Y, Li K, Liu J, Wang H, Sun B, Xiong Z, Jiang H, Zheng J, Hu Z. Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor U (PTPRU) is required for glioma growth and motility. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1901-10. [PMID: 24876153 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor U (PTPRU) has been shown to function as a negative regulator of adhesion and proliferation in certain cancer cell types, primarily through its dephosphorylation of β-catenin and inhibition of subsequent downstream signaling. In the present study, we set out to characterize the role of PTPRU in glioma and found that, while the expression of full-length PTPRU protein is low in these tumors, a number of non-full-length PTPRU isoforms are highly expressed. Among these isoforms, one in particular is localized to the nucleus, and its expression is increased in glioma tissues in a manner that positively correlates with malignancy grade. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of endogenous PTPRU in human and rat glioma cell lines suppressed proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, adhesion and vasculogenic tube formation in vitro, as well as intracranial tumor progression in vivo. In addition, knocking down PTPRU reduced tyrosine phosphorylation (pY) and transcriptional activity of β-catenin, and we were able to specifically rescue the cell migration defect by expressing a LEF1-β-catenin fusion protein in PTPRU-depleted cells. PTPRU knockdown also led to increased tyrosine pY of the E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl and to the destabilization of several focal adhesion proteins. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that endogenous PTPRU promote glioma progression through their effect on β-catenin and focal adhesion signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichuan Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kui Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and
| | - Zhiqi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zelan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China, Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China and Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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