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Vera-Bolanos E, Aldape K, Yuan Y, Wu J, Wani K, Necesito-Reyes MJ, Colman H, Dhall G, Lieberman FS, Metellus P, Mikkelsen T, Omuro A, Partap S, Prados M, Robins HI, Soffietti R, Wu J, Gilbert MR, Armstrong TS. Clinical course and progression-free survival of adult intracranial and spinal ependymoma patients. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:440-7. [PMID: 25121770 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymomas are rare CNS tumors. Previous studies describing the clinical course of ependymoma patients were restricted to small sample sizes, often with patients at a specific institution. METHODS Clinically annotated ependymoma tissue samples from 19 institutions were centrally reviewed. Patients were all adults aged 18 years or older at the time of diagnosis. Potential prognostic clinical factors identified on univariate analysis were included in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model with backwards selection to model progression-free survival. RESULTS The 282 adult ependymoma patients were equally male and female with a mean age of 43 years (range, 18-80y) at diagnosis. The majority were grade II (78%) with the tumor grade for 20 cases being reclassified on central review (half to higher grade). Tumor locations were spine (46%), infratentorial (35%), and supratentorial (19%). Tumor recurrence occurred in 26% (n = 74) of patients with a median time to progression of 14 years. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model identified supratentorial location (P < .01), grade III (anaplastic; P < .01), and subtotal resection, followed or not by radiation (P < .01), as significantly increasing risk of early progression. CONCLUSIONS We report findings from an ongoing, multicenter collaboration from a collection of clinically annotated adult ependymoma tumor samples demonstrating distinct predictors of progression-free survival. This unique resource provides the opportunity to better define the clinical course of ependymoma for clinical and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vera-Bolanos
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jimin Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Khalida Wani
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Mary Jo Necesito-Reyes
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Howard Colman
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Girish Dhall
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Frank S Lieberman
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Philippe Metellus
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Antonio Omuro
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Sonia Partap
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael Prados
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - H Ian Robins
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Riccardo Soffietti
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Mark R Gilbert
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Terri S Armstrong
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (E.V.-B., M.R.G.); Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (K.A., K.W.); Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (Y.Y., J.W.); Office of Multicenter Clinical Research, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (M.J.N.-R.); Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (H.C.); Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (G.D.); Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Medical Oncology), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (F.S.L.); Department of Neurosurgery, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France (P.M.); Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan (T.M.); Department of Neurology, Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (A.O.); Department of Neurology, Stanford University & Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, California (S.P.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California (M.P.); Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin (H.I.R.); Department of Neuroscience, University San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Turin, Italy (R.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Family Health, School of Nursing, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, Texas (T.S.A.); CERN Foundation, Dayton, Ohio
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