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Budhiraja S, Najem H, Tripathi S, Wadhawani NR, Horbinski C, McCord M, Lenzen AC, Heimberger AB, DeCuypere M. Immunobiology and Cytokine Modulation of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Microenvironment: A Scoping Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3655. [PMID: 37509316 PMCID: PMC10377457 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing a Scoping Review strategy in the domain of immune biology to identify immune therapeutic targets, knowledge gaps for implementing immune therapeutic strategies for pediatric brain tumors was assessed. The analysis demonstrated limited efforts to date to characterize and understand the immunological aspects of tumor biology with an over-reliance on observations from the adult glioma population. Foundational knowledge regarding the frequency and ubiquity of immune therapeutic targets is an area of unmet need along with the development of immune-competent pediatric tumor models to test therapeutics and especially combinatorial treatment. Opportunities arise in the evolution of pediatric tumor classification from histological to molecular with targeted immune therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Budhiraja
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hinda Najem
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Shashwat Tripathi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nitin R Wadhawani
- Division of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew McCord
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alicia C Lenzen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Neuro-Oncology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael DeCuypere
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Panagiotou E, Syrigos NK, Charpidou A, Kotteas E, Vathiotis IA. CD24: A Novel Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081235. [PMID: 36013184 PMCID: PMC9409925 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 24 (CD24) is a small, highly glycosylated cell adhesion protein that is normally expressed by immune as well as epithelial, neural, and muscle cells. Tumor CD24 expression has been linked with alterations in several oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition, the CD24/Siglec-10 interaction has been implicated in tumor immune evasion, inhibiting macrophage-mediated phagocytosis as well as natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. CD24 blockade has shown promising results in preclinical studies. Although there are limited data on efficacy, monoclonal antibodies against CD24 have demonstrated clinical safety and tolerability in two clinical trials. Other treatment modalities evaluated in the preclinical setting include antibody–drug conjugates and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. In this review, we summarize current evidence and future perspectives on CD24 as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy.
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3
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Ni YH, Zhao X, Wang W. CD24, A Review of its Role in Tumor Diagnosis, Progression and Therapy. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:109-126. [PMID: 32576128 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200623170738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CD24, is a mucin-like GPI-anchored molecules. By immunohistochemistry, it is widely detected in many solid tumors, such as breast cancers, genital system cancers, digestive system cancers, neural system cancers and so on. The functional roles of CD24 are either fulfilled by combination with ligands or participate in signal transduction, which mediate the initiation and progression of neoplasms. However, the character of CD24 remains to be intriguing because there are still opposite voices about the impact of CD24 on tumors. In preclinical studies, CD24 target therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, target silencing by RNA interference and immunotherapy, have shown us brighten futures on the anti-tumor application. Nevertheless, evidences based on clinical studies are urgently needed. Here, with expectancy to spark new ideas, we summarize the relevant studies about CD24 from a tumor perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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4
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Albert TK, Interlandi M, Sill M, Graf M, Moreno N, Menck K, Rohlmann A, Melcher V, Korbanka S, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Lautwein T, Frühwald MC, Krebs CF, Holdhof D, Schoof M, Bleckmann A, Missler M, Dugas M, Schüller U, Jäger N, Pfister SM, Kerl K. An extracellular vesicle-related gene expression signature identifies high-risk patients in medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:586-598. [PMID: 33175161 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant brain tumor in childhood. It comprises 4 subgroups with different clinical behaviors. The aim of this study was to characterize the transcriptomic landscape of MB, both at the level of individual tumors as well as in large patient cohorts. METHODS We used a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, cell culture models and biophysical methods such as nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy to investigate intercellular communication in the MB tumor niche. RESULTS Tumor cells of the sonic hedgehog (SHH)-MB subgroup show a differentiation blockade. These cells undergo extensive metabolic reprogramming. The gene expression profiles of individual tumor cells show a partial convergence with those of tumor-associated glial and immune cells. One possible cause is the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs) between cells in the tumor niche. We were able to detect EVs in co-culture models of MB tumor cells and oligodendrocytes. We also identified a gene expression signature, EVS, which shows overlap with the proteome profile of large oncosomes from prostate cancer cells. This signature is also present in MB patient samples. A high EVS expression is one common characteristic of tumors that occur in high-risk patients from different MB subgroups or subtypes. CONCLUSIONS With EVS, our study uncovered a novel gene expression signature that has a high prognostic significance across MB subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K Albert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marta Interlandi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Informatics, Westphalian-Wilhelms-University (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Sill
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Graf
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Moreno
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Menck
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Viktoria Melcher
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sonja Korbanka
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Lautwein
- Biological and Medical Research Center, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Children's Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christian F Krebs
- Center for Internal Medicine, III. Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annalen Bleckmann
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology, Oncology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster (UKM), Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Missler
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, WWU Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Westphalian-Wilhelms-University (WWU) Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Natalie Jäger
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center at the NCT Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Bonfim-Silva R, Salomão KB, Pimentel TVCDA, Menezes CCBDO, Palma PVB, Fontes AM. Biological characterization of the UW402, UW473, ONS-76 and DAOY pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:893-903. [PMID: 31346954 PMCID: PMC6787134 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Recent advances in molecular technologies allowed to classify MB in 4 major molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4. In cancer research, cancer cell lines are important for examining and manipulating molecular and cellular process. However, it is important to know the characteristics of each cancer cell line prior to use, because there are some differences among them, even if they originate from the same cancer type. This study aimed to evaluate the similarities and differences among four human medulloblastoma cell lines, UW402, UW473, DAOY and ONS-76. The medulloblastoma cell lines were analyzed for (1) cell morphology, (2) immunophenotyping by flow cytometry for some specifics surface proteins, (3) expression level of adhesion molecules by RT-qPCR, (4) proliferative potential, (5) cell migration, and (6) in vivo tumorigenic potential. It was observed a relationship between cell growth and CDH1 (E-chaderin) adhesion molecule expression and all MB cell lines showed higher levels of CDH2 (N-chaderin) when compared to other adhesion molecule. ONS-76 showed higher gene expression of CDH5 (VE-chaderin) and higher percentage of CD144/VE-chaderin positive cells when compared to other MB cell lines. All MB cell lines showed low percentage of CD34, CD45, CD31, CD133 positive cells and high percentage of CD44, CD105, CD106 and CD29 positive cells. The DAOY cell line showed the highest migration potential, the ONS-76 cell line showed the highest proliferative potential and only DAOY and ONS-76 cell lines showed tumorigenic potential in vivo. MB cell lines showed functional and molecular differences among them, which it should be considered by the researchers in choosing the most suitable cellular model according to the study proposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bonfim-Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Karina Bezerra Salomão
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thais Valéria Costa de Andrade Pimentel
- Department of Medical Clinic, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Cristina Branquinho de Oliveira Menezes
- Ribeirão Preto Blood Center, Clinics Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Vianna Bonini Palma
- Ribeirão Preto Blood Center, Clinics Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Tenente Catão Roxo, 2501 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Aparecida Maria Fontes
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, ZIP code: 14049-900, Brazil
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Diffusion profiling of tumor volumes using a histogram approach can predict proliferation and further microarchitectural features in medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1651-1656. [PMID: 29855678 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastomas are the most common central nervous system tumors in childhood. Treatment and prognosis strongly depend on histology and transcriptomic profiling. However, the proliferative potential also has prognostical value. Our study aimed to investigate correlations between histogram profiling of diffusion-weighted images and further microarchitectural features. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven patients (age median 14.6 years, minimum 2 years, maximum 20 years; 5 male, 2 female) were included in this retrospective study. Using a Matlab-based analysis tool, histogram analysis of whole apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) volumes was performed. RESULTS ADC entropy revealed a strong inverse correlation with the expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 (r = - 0.962, p = 0.009) and with total nuclear area (r = - 0.888, p = 0.044). Furthermore, ADC percentiles, most of all ADCp90, showed significant correlations with Ki67 expression (r = 0.902, p = 0.036). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Diffusion histogram profiling of medulloblastomas provides valuable in vivo information which potentially can be used for risk stratification and prognostication. First of all, entropy revealed to be the most promising imaging biomarker. However, further studies are warranted.
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7
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Sandén E, Dyberg C, Krona C, Gallo-Oller G, Olsen TK, Enríquez Pérez J, Wickström M, Estekizadeh A, Kool M, Visse E, Ekström TJ, Siesjö P, Johnsen JI, Darabi A. Establishment and characterization of an orthotopic patient-derived Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical drug evaluation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46366. [PMID: 28417956 PMCID: PMC5394470 DOI: 10.1038/srep46366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas comprise a heterogeneous group of tumours and can be subdivided into four molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4) with distinct prognosis, biological behaviour and implications for targeted therapies. Few experimental models exist of the aggressive and poorly characterized Group 3 tumours. In order to establish a reproducible transplantable Group 3 medulloblastoma model for preclinical therapeutic studies, we acquired a patient-derived tumour sphere culture and inoculated low-passage spheres into the cerebellums of NOD-scid mice. Mice developed symptoms of brain tumours with a latency of 17–18 weeks. Neurosphere cultures were re-established and serially transplanted for 3 generations, with a negative correlation between tumour latency and numbers of injected cells. Xenografts replicated the phenotype of the primary tumour, including high degree of clustering in DNA methylation analysis, high proliferation, expression of tumour markers, MYC amplification and elevated MYC expression, and sensitivity to the MYC inhibitor JQ1. Xenografts maintained maintained expression of tumour-derived VEGFA and stromal-derived COX-2. VEGFA, COX-2 and c-Myc are highly expressed in Group 3 compared to other medulloblastoma subgroups, suggesting that these molecules are relevant therapeutic targets in Group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sandén
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dyberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Krona
- Uppsala University, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Gallo-Oller
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thale Kristin Olsen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julio Enríquez Pérez
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Wickström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Atosa Estekizadeh
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcel Kool
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward Visse
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas J Ekström
- Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden.,Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Inge Johnsen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women´s and Children´s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Darabi
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
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8
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The CD24 surface antigen in neural development and disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 99:133-144. [PMID: 27993646 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell's surface molecular signature enables its reciprocal interactions with the associated microenvironments in development, tissue homeostasis and pathological processes. The CD24 surface antigen (heat-stable antigen, nectadrin; small cell lung cancer antigen cluster-4) represents a prime example of a neural surface molecule that has long been known, but whose diverse molecular functions in intercellular communication we have only begun to unravel. Here, we briefly summarize the molecular fundamentals of CD24 structure and provide a comprehensive review of CD24 expression and functional studies in mammalian neural developmental systems and disease models (rodent, human). Striving for an integrated view of the intracellular signaling processes involved, we discuss the most pertinent routes of CD24-mediated signaling pathways and functional networks in neurobiology (neural migration, neurite extension, neurogenesis) and pathology (tumorigenesis, multiple sclerosis).
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9
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Sandén E, Enríquez Pérez J, Visse E, Kool M, Carén H, Siesjö P, Darabi A. Preoperative systemic levels of VEGFA, IL-7, IL-17A, and TNF-β delineate two distinct groups of children with brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:2112-2122. [PMID: 27472224 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. Increasing evidence demonstrates diverse intratumoral immune signatures, which are tentatively reflected in peripheral blood. PROCEDURE Twenty cytokines were analyzed in preoperative plasma samples from five healthy children and 45 children with brain tumors, using a multiplex platform (MesoScale Discovery V-PLEX® ). Tumor types included medulloblastoma (MB), ependymoma, sarcoma, high-grade glioma, pilocytic astrocytoma, and other low-grade gliomas. RESULTS A panel of four cytokines [VEGFA, interleukin (IL)-7, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-β] delineated two distinct patient groups, identified as VEGFAhigh IL-7high IL-17Alow TNF-βlow (Group A) and VEGFAlow IL-7low IL-17Ahigh TNF-βhigh (Group B). Healthy controls and the vast majority of patients with MB were found within Group A, whereas patients with other tumor types were equally distributed between the two groups. Unrelated to A/B affiliation, we detected trends toward increased IL-10 and decreased IL-12/23 and TNF-α in several tumor types. Finally, a small number of patients displayed evidence of enhanced systemic immune activation, including elevated levels of interferon-γ, granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-6, IL-12/23, and TNF-α. Following tumor resection, cytokine levels in a MB patient approached the levels of healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We identify common features and individual differences in the systemic immune profiles of children with brain tumors. Overall, patients with MB displayed a uniform cytokine profile, whereas other tumor diagnoses did not predict systemic immunological status in single patients. Future characterization and monitoring of systemic immune responses in children with brain tumors will have important implications for the development and implementation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Sandén
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Julio Enríquez Pérez
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Edward Visse
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helena Carén
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Siesjö
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Darabi
- Glioma Immunotherapy Group, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Preservation of KIT genotype in a novel pair of patient-derived orthotopic xenograft mouse models of metastatic pediatric CNS germinoma. J Neurooncol 2016; 128:47-56. [PMID: 26956263 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic intracranial germinoma is difficult to treat. Although the proto-oncogene KIT is recognized as one of the most frequent genetic abnormalities in CNS germinoma, the development of new target therapeutic agents for CNS germinoma is hampered by the lack of clinically-relevant animal models that replicate the mutated or over-expressed KIT. CNS germinoma tumor cells from five pediatric patients were directly implanted into the brains of Rag2/severe combined immune deficiency mice. Once established, the xenograft tumors were sub-transplanted in vivo in mouse brains. Characterization of xenograft tumors were performed through histologic and immunohistochemical staining, and KIT mutation analysed with quantitative pyro-sequencing. Expression of putative cancer stem cell markers (CD133, CD15, CD24, CD44, CD49f) was analyzed through flow cytometry. Two patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) models (IC-6999GCT and IC-9302GCT) were established from metastatic germinoma and serially sub-transplanted five times in mouse brains. Similar to the original patient tumors, they both exhibited faint expression (+) of PLAP, no expression (-) of β-HCG and strong (+++) expression of KIT. KIT mutation (D816H), however, was only found in IC-9320GCT. This mutation was maintained during the five in vivo tumor passages with an increased mutant allele frequency compared to the patient tumor. Expression of putative cancer stem cell markers CD49f and CD15 was also detected in a small population of tumor cells in both models. This new pair of PDOX models replicated the key biological features of pediatric intracranial germinoma and should facilitate the biological and pre-clinical studies for metastatic intracranial germinomas.
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11
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A standardized and reproducible protocol for serum-free monolayer culturing of primary paediatric brain tumours to be utilized for therapeutic assays. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12218. [PMID: 26183281 PMCID: PMC4505308 DOI: 10.1038/srep12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultured brain tumour cells are indispensable tools for drug screening and therapeutic development. Serum-free culture conditions tentatively preserve the features of the original tumour, but commonly comprise neurosphere propagation, which is a technically challenging procedure. Here, we define a simple, non-expensive and reproducible serum-free cell culture protocol for establishment and propagation of primary paediatric brain tumour cultures as adherent monolayers. The success rates for establishment of primary cultures (including medulloblastomas, atypical rhabdoid tumour, ependymomas and astrocytomas) were 65% (11/17) and 78% (14/18) for sphere cultures and monolayers respectively. Monolayer culturing was particularly feasible for less aggressive tumour subsets, where neurosphere cultures could not be generated. We show by immunofluorescent labelling that monolayers display phenotypic similarities with corresponding sphere cultures and primary tumours, and secrete clinically relevant inflammatory factors, including PGE2, VEGF, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-15. Moreover, secretion of PGE2 was considerably reduced by treatment with the COX-2 inhibitor Valdecoxib, demonstrating the functional utility of our newly established monolayer for preclinical therapeutic assays. Our findings suggest that this culture method could increase the availability and comparability of clinically representative in vitro models of paediatric brain tumours, and encourages further molecular evaluation of serum-free monolayer cultures.
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