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Kringel R, Lamszus K, Mohme M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Glioblastoma-Current Concepts and Promising Future. Cells 2023; 12:1770. [PMID: 37443804 PMCID: PMC10340625 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor that is largely refractory to treatment and, therefore, invariably relapses. GBM patients have a median overall survival of 15 months and, given this devastating prognosis, there is a high need for therapy improvement. One of the therapeutic approaches currently tested in GBM is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. CAR-T cells are genetically altered T cells that are redirected to eliminate tumor cells in a highly specific manner. There are several challenges to CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors such as GBM, including restricted trafficking and penetration of tumor tissue, a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), as well as heterogeneous antigen expression and antigen loss. In addition, CAR-T cells have limitations concerning safety, toxicity, and the manufacturing process. To date, CAR-T cells directed against several target antigens in GBM including interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2), epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. These studies demonstrated that CAR-T cell therapy is a feasible option in GBM with at least transient responses and acceptable adverse effects. Further improvements in CAR-T cells regarding their efficacy, flexibility, and safety could render them a promising therapy option in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malte Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.K.); (K.L.)
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2
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Riva M, Wouters R, Nittner D, Ceusters J, Sterpin E, Giovannoni R, Himmelreich U, Gsell W, VAN Ranst M, Coosemans A. Radiation dose-escalation and dose-fractionation modulate the immune microenvironment, cancer stem cells and vasculature in experimental high-grade gliomas. J Neurosurg Sci 2023; 67:55-65. [PMID: 33056947 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.20.05060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of high-grade gliomas (HGGs), very little evidence is available concerning the optimal radiotherapy (RT) schedule to be used in radioimmunotherapy combinations. This studied was aimed at shedding new light in this field by analyzing the effects of RT dose escalation and dose fractionation on the tumor microenvironment of experimental HGGs. METHODS Neurospheres (NS) CT-2A HGG-bearing C57BL/6 mice were treated with stereotactic RT. For dose-escalation experiments, mice received 2, 4 or 8 Gy as single administrations. For dose-fractionation experiments, mice received 4 Gy as a single fraction or multiple (1.33x3 Gy) fractions. The impact of the RT schedule on murine survival and tumor immunity was evaluated. Modifications of glioma stem cells (GSCs), tumor vasculature and tumor cell replication were also assessed. RESULTS RT dose-escalation was associated with an improved immune profile, with higher CD8+ T cells and CD8+ T cells/regulatory T cells (Tregs) ratio (P=0.0003 and P=0.0022, respectively) and lower total tumor associated microglia/macrophages (TAMs), M2 TAMs and monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (mMDSCs) (P=0.0011, P=0.0024 and P<0.0001, respectively). The progressive increase of RT dosages prolonged survival (P<0.0001) and reduced tumor vasculature (P=0.069), tumor cell proliferation (P<0.0001) and the amount of GSCs (P=0.0132 or lower). Compared to the unfractionated regimen, RT dose-fractionation negatively affected tumor immunity by inducing higher total TAMs, M2 TAMs and mMDSCs (P=0.0051, P=0.0036 and P=0.0436, respectively). Fractionation also induced a shorter survival (P=0.0078), a higher amount of GSCs (P=0.0015 or lower) and a higher degree of tumor cell proliferation (P=0.0003). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that RT dosage and fractionation significantly influence survival, tumor immunity and GSCs in experimental HGGs. These findings should be taken into account when aiming at designing more synergistic and effective radio-immunotherapy combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium - .,Department of Neurosurgery, UcL Namur, Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium -
| | - Roxanne Wouters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Nittner
- Center for the Biology of Disease, Catholic University of Leuven Center for Human Genetics - InfraMouse, VIB, Catholic University of University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Ceusters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmond Sterpin
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc VAN Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Guo ZH, Khattak S, Rauf MA, Ansari MA, Alomary MN, Razak S, Yang CY, Wu DD, Ji XY. Role of Nanomedicine-Based Therapeutics in the Treatment of CNS Disorders. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031283. [PMID: 36770950 PMCID: PMC9921752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system disorders, especially neurodegenerative diseases, are a public health priority and demand a strong scientific response. Various therapy procedures have been used in the past, but their therapeutic value has been insufficient. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier is two of the barriers that protect the central nervous system (CNS), but are the main barriers to medicine delivery into the CNS for treating CNS disorders, such as brain tumors, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Nanotechnology-based medicinal approaches deliver valuable cargos targeting molecular and cellular processes with greater safety, efficacy, and specificity than traditional approaches. CNS diseases include a wide range of brain ailments connected to short- and long-term disability. They affect millions of people worldwide and are anticipated to become more common in the coming years. Nanotechnology-based brain therapy could solve the BBB problem. This review analyzes nanomedicine's role in medication delivery; immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy are combined with nanomedicines to treat CNS disorders. We also evaluated nanotechnology-based approaches for CNS disease amelioration, with the intention of stimulating the immune system by delivering medications across the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Kaifeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 54 East Caizhengting St., Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mohd Ahmar Rauf
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Mohammad Azam Ansari
- Department of Epidemic Disease Research, Institute for Research & Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad N. Alomary
- National Centre for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufyan Razak
- Dow Medical College, John Hopkins Medical Center, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chang-Yong Yang
- School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.Y.); (D.-D.W.); (X.-Y.J.); Tel.: +86-371-23885066 (C.-Y.Y.); +86-371-23880525 (D.-D.W.); +86-371-23880585 (X.-Y.J.)
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Challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: mechanisms of resistance and therapeutic approaches to overcome them. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:976-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Shabani L, Abbasi M, Amini M, Amani AM, Vaez A. The brilliance of nanoscience over cancer therapy: Novel promising nanotechnology-based methods for eradicating glioblastoma. J Neurol Sci 2022; 440:120316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Multifunctional lipidic nanocarriers for effective therapy of glioblastoma: recent advances in stimuli-responsive, receptor and subcellular targeted approaches. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma, or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), remains a fatal cancer type despite the remarkable progress in understanding the genesis and propagation of the tumor. Current treatment modalities, comprising mainly of surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiation, are insufficient for improving patients' survival owing to existing hurdles, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In contemporary practice, the prospect of long-term survival or cure continues to be a challenge for patients suffering from GBM. This review provides an insight into the drug delivery strategies and the significant efforts made in lipid-based nanoplatform research to circumvent the challenges in optimal drug delivery in GBM.
Area covered
Owing to the unique properties of lipid-based nanoplatforms and advancements in clinical translation, this article describes the application of various stimuli-responsive lipid nanocarriers and tumor subcellular organelle-targeted therapy to give an idea about the strategies that can be applied to enhance site-specific drug delivery for GBM. Furthermore, active targeting of drugs via surface-modified lipid-based nanostructures and recent findings in alternative therapeutic platforms such as gene therapy, immunotherapy, and multimodal therapy have also been overviewed.
Expert opinion
Lipid-based nanoparticles stand out among the other nanocarriers explored for GBM drug delivery, as they support both passive and active drug targeting by crossing/bypassing the BBB at the same time minimizing toxicity and projects better pharmacological parameters. Although these nanocarriers could be a plausible choice for treating GBM, in-depth research is essential to advance neuro-oncology research and enhance outcomes in patients with brain tumors.
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Intermittent radiotherapy as alternative treatment for recurrent high grade glioma: a modeling study based on longitudinal tumor measurements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20219. [PMID: 34642366 PMCID: PMC8511136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent high grade glioma patients face a poor prognosis for which no curative treatment option currently exists. In contrast to prescribing high dose hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT, [Formula: see text] Gy [Formula: see text] 5 in daily fractions) with debulking intent, we suggest a personalized treatment strategy to improve tumor control by delivering high dose intermittent radiation treatment (iRT, [Formula: see text] Gy [Formula: see text] 1 every 6 weeks). We performed a simulation analysis to compare HFSRT, iRT and iRT plus boost ([Formula: see text] Gy [Formula: see text] 3 in daily fractions at time of progression) based on a mathematical model of tumor growth, radiation response and patient-specific evolution of resistance to additional treatments (pembrolizumab and bevacizumab). Model parameters were fitted from tumor growth curves of 16 patients enrolled in the phase 1 NCT02313272 trial that combined HFSRT with bevacizumab and pembrolizumab. Then, iRT +/- boost treatments were simulated and compared to HFSRT based on time to tumor regrowth. The modeling results demonstrated that iRT + boost(- boost) treatment was equal or superior to HFSRT in 15(11) out of 16 cases and that patients that remained responsive to pembrolizumab and bevacizumab would benefit most from iRT. Time to progression could be prolonged through the application of additional, intermittently delivered fractions. iRT hence provides a promising treatment option for recurrent high grade glioma patients for prospective clinical evaluation.
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The 3.0 Cell Communication: New Insights in the Usefulness of Tunneling Nanotubes for Glioblastoma Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164001. [PMID: 34439156 PMCID: PMC8392307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Communication between cells helps tumors acquire resistance to chemotherapy and makes the struggle against cancer more challenging. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are long channels able to connect both nearby and distant cells, contributing to a more malignant phenotype. This finding might be useful in designing novel strategies of drug delivery exploiting these systems of connection. This would be particularly important to reach tumor niches, where glioblastoma stem cells proliferate and provoke immune escape, thereby increasing metastatic potential and tumor recurrence a few months after surgical resection of the primary mass. Along with the direct inhibition of TNT formation, TNT analysis, and targeting strategies might be useful in providing innovative tools for the treatment of this tumor. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a particularly challenging brain tumor characterized by a heterogeneous, complex, and multicellular microenvironment, which represents a strategic network for treatment escape. Furthermore, the presence of GBM stem cells (GSCs) seems to contribute to GBM recurrence after surgery, and chemo- and/or radiotherapy. In this context, intercellular communication modalities play key roles in driving GBM therapy resistance. The presence of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), long membranous open-ended channels connecting distant cells, has been observed in several types of cancer, where they emerge to steer a more malignant phenotype. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the formation of TNTs between different cellular types in the GBM microenvironment and their potential role in tumor progression and recurrence. Particularly, we highlight two prospective strategies targeting TNTs as possible therapeutics: (i) the inhibition of TNT formation and (ii) a boost in drug delivery between cells through these channels. The latter may require future studies to design drug delivery systems that are exchangeable through TNTs, thus allowing for access to distant tumor niches that are involved in tumor immune escape, maintenance of GSC plasticity, and increases in metastatic potential.
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Patel V, Shah J. The current and future aspects of glioblastoma: Immunotherapy a new hope? Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5120-5142. [PMID: 34107127 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most perilous and highly malignant in all the types of brain tumor. Regardless of the treatment, the diagnosis of the patients in GBM is very poor. The average survival rate is only 21 months after multimodal combinational therapies, which include chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Due to the intrusive and infiltrative nature of GBM, it requires elective therapy for specific targeting of tumor cells. Tumor vaccine in a form of immunotherapy has potential to address this need. Nanomedicine-based immunotherapies have clutch the trigger of systemic and specific immune response against tumor cells, which might be the approach to eliminating the unrelieved cancer. In this mechanism, combination of immunomodulators with specific target and appropriate strategic vaccines can stifle tumor anti-immune defense system and/or increase the capabilities of the body to move up immunity against the tumor. Here, we explore the different types of immunotherapies and vaccines for brain tumor treatment and their clinical trials, which bring the feasibility of the future of personalized vaccine of nanomedicine-based immunotherapies for the brain tumor. We believe that immunotherapy could result in a significantly more stable reaction in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jigar Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Riva M, Wouters R, Sterpin E, Giovannoni R, Boon L, Himmelreich U, Gsell W, Van Ranst M, Coosemans A. Radiotherapy, Temozolomide, and Antiprogrammed Cell Death Protein 1 Treatments Modulate the Immune Microenvironment in Experimental High-Grade Glioma. Neurosurgery 2021; 88:E205-E215. [PMID: 33289503 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of immune synergy with conventional chemoradiation could explain the failure of checkpoint inhibitors in current clinical trials for high-grade gliomas (HGGs). OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of radiotherapy (RT), Temozolomide (TMZ) and antiprogrammed cell death protein 1 (αPD1) (as single or combined treatments) on the immune microenvironment of experimental HGGs. METHODS Mice harboring neurosphere /CT-2A HGGs received RT (4 Gy, single dose), TMZ (50 mg/kg, 4 doses) and αPD1 (100 μg, 3 doses) as monotherapies or combinations. The influence on survival, tumor volume, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was analyzed. RESULTS RT increased total T cells (P = .0159) and cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ T cells (P = .0078) compared to TMZ. Lymphocyte subpopulations resulting from TMZ or αPD1 treatment were comparable with those of controls. RT reduced M2 tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (P = .0019) and monocytic myeloid derived suppressor cells (mMDSCs, P = .0003) compared to controls. The effect on mMDSC was also seen following TMZ and αPD1 treatment, although less pronounced (P = .0439 and P = .0538, respectively). Combining RT with TMZ reduced CD8+ T cells (P = .0145) compared to RT alone. Adding αPD1 partially mitigated this effect as shown by the increased CD8+ T cells/Tregs ratio, even if this result failed to reach statistical significance (P = .0973). Changing the combination sequence of RT, TMZ, and αPD1 did not alter survival nor the immune effects. CONCLUSION RT, TMZ, and αPD1 modify the immune microenvironment of HGG. The combination of RT with TMZ induces a strong immune suppression which cannot be effectively counteracted by αPD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riva
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Godinne, UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Roxanne Wouters
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edmond Sterpin
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Louis Boon
- Polpharma Biologics, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Biomedical MRI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), Biomedical MRI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Xu Y, Luo Y, Deng Y, Zhang J, Shao A. Immuno-oncology: are TAM receptors in glioblastoma friends or foes? Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:11. [PMID: 33509214 PMCID: PMC7841914 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors are a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. TAM receptors have been implicated in mediating efferocytosis, regulation of immune cells, secretion of inflammatory factors, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the tumor microenvironment, thereby serving as a critical player in tumor development and progression. The pro-carcinogenic role of TAM receptors has been widely confirmed, overexpression of TAM receptors is tied to tumor cells growth, metastasis, invasion and treatment resistance. Nonetheless, it is surprising to detect that inhibiting TAM signaling is not all beneficial in the tumor immune microenvironment. The absence of TAM receptors also affects anti-tumor immunity under certain conditions by modulating different immune cells, as the functional diversification of TAM signaling is closely related to tumor immunotherapy. Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Although research regarding the crosstalk between TAM receptors and glioblastoma remains scarce, it appears likely that TAM receptors possess potential anti-tumor effects rather than portraying a total cancer-driving role in the context of glioblastoma. Accordingly, we doubt whether TAM receptors play a double-sided role in glioblastoma, and propose the Janus-faced TAM Hypothesis as a conceptual framework for comprehending the precise underlying mechanisms of TAMs. In this study, we aim to cast a spotlight on the potential multidirectional effects of TAM receptors in glioblastoma and provide a better understanding for TAM receptor-related targeted intervention. Video Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211126, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Changxing Branch), Changxing, Huzhou, 313100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongchuan Deng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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Liu S, Zhao Q, Shi W, Zheng Z, Liu Z, Meng L, Dong L, Jiang X. Advances in radiotherapy and comprehensive treatment of high-grade glioma: immunotherapy and tumor-treating fields. J Cancer 2021; 12:1094-1104. [PMID: 33442407 PMCID: PMC7797642 DOI: 10.7150/jca.51107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. They have a high degree of malignancy and show invasive growth. The personal treatment plan for HGG is based on the patient's age, performance status, and degree of tumor invasion. The basic treatment plan for HGG involves tumor resection, radiotherapy (RT) with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ), and adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy. The basic radiation technology includes conventional RT, three-dimensional conformal RT, intensity-modulated RT, and stereotactic RT. As our understanding of tumor pathogenesis has deepened, so-called comprehensive treatment schemes have attracted attention. These combine RT with chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or tumor-treating fields. These emerging treatments are expected to improve the prospects of patients with HGG. In the present article, we review the recent advances in RT and comprehensive treatment for patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Weiyan Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zijing Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lingbin Meng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Zhang J, Farrukh Hameed NU, Zhou Y, Jin L, Xu Y, Chen H, Xue J, Wu J. CpG2 hypermethylation in the CD95L promoter is associated with survival in patients with glioblastoma: An observational study. GLIOMA 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/glioma.glioma_8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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14
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Ding XC, Wang LL, Zhu YF, Li YD, Nie SL, Yang J, Liang H, Weichselbaum RR, Yu JM, Hu M. The Change of Soluble Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 in Glioma Patients Receiving Radiotherapy and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580335. [PMID: 33224142 PMCID: PMC7668030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) plays a key role in glioma development. However, due to the specificity of glioma's anatomical position, the role of its expression as a tumor biomarker is limited. It has been proven that the levels of soluble programmed death-ligand 1 (sPD-L1) are associated with prognosis in many malignancies including glioma. However, the expression of sPD-L1 in glioma patients receiving radiotherapy (RT) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of sPD-L1 in the plasma of glioma patients before and after RT and to explore its relationship with clinical outcomes. Methods Between October 2017 and September 2018, glioma patients treated with RT (30 ± 10 Gy, 2 Gy/f) were enrolled, and blood samples were collected before and after RT. We quantified the sPD-L1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH-1) mutational status and Ki-67 expression of tumors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Glioma murine model were used to address whether circulating sPD-L1 molecules are directly targeted by an anti-PD-L1 antibody. The associations between sPD-L1 and clinical features were assessed with Pearson's or Spearman's correlation analysis. The progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Sixty glioma patients were included, with a median age of 52 years. The proportions of grade I, II, III, and IV gliomas were 6.7%, 23.3%, 28.4%, and 41.6%, respectively. The baseline sPD-L1 levels were significantly associated with tumor grade, IDH-1 mutation status and Ki-67 expression. Using 14.35 pg/ml as the cutoff, significantly worse PFS and OS were both observed in patients with higher baseline levels of sPD-L1 (P = 0.027 and 0.008, respectively). RT significantly increased the mean level of sPD-L1 (P < 0.001). Further analysis showed that the level of sPD-L1 in IDH-1 mutation patients was higher than that in wild-type patients. Furthermore, an analysis of glioma murine model indicated that anti-PD-L1 antibody combine with RT can be a potentially powerful cancer therapy. Conclusion This study reported that sPD-L1 might be a potential biomarker to predict the outcome in glioma patients receiving RT. The elevated level of sPD-L1 after RT suggested that the strategy of a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and RT might be promising for glioma patients, especially for those with IDH-1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chen Ding
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liang-Liang Wang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yu-Fang Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Dong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Lun Nie
- Department of Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ralph R. Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jin-Ming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Man Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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15
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Taiarol L, Formicola B, Magro RD, Sesana S, Re F. An update of nanoparticle-based approaches for glioblastoma multiforme immunotherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1861-1871. [PMID: 32731839 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a serious medical issue in the brain oncology field due to its aggressiveness and recurrence. Immunotherapy has emerged as a valid approach to counteract the growth and metastasization of glioblastoma multiforme. Among the different innovative approaches investigated, nanoparticles gain attention because of their versatility which is key in allowing precise targeting of brain tumors and increasing targeted drug delivery to the brain, thus minimizing adverse effects. This article reviews the progress made in this field over the past 2 years, focusing on nonspherical and biomimetic particles and on vectors for the delivery of nucleic acids. However, challenges still need to be addressed, considering the improvement of the particles passage across the blood-meningeal barrier and/or the blood-brain barrier, promoting the clinical translatability of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Taiarol
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Beatrice Formicola
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Roberta Dal Magro
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Silvia Sesana
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
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16
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Zhang F, Liu R, Zhang H, Liu C, Liu C, Lu Y. Suppressing Dazl modulates tumorigenicity and stemness in human glioblastoma cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:673. [PMID: 32682409 PMCID: PMC7368788 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is devastating cancer with a high frequency of occurrence and poor survival rate and it is urgent to discover novel glioblastoma-specific antigens for the therapy. Cancer-germline genes are known to be related to the formation and progression of several cancer types by promoting tumor transformation. Dazl is one such germline gene and is up-regulated in a few germ cell cancers. In this study, we analyzed the expression of Dazl in human glioblastoma tissues and cells, and investigated its significance in proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance of the glioblastoma cell lines. Methods We evaluated the expression of Dazl in different pathologic grades of glioblastoma tissues by immunohistochemistry. We assessed the expression of Dazl in glioblastoma cells and normal human astrocytes (NHA) cells by western blotting and RT-qPCR. Then we generated Dazl knockout glioblastoma cell lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology to explore the cellular function of Dazl. We detected the proliferation and germline traits via CCK-8 assays and alkaline phosphatase staining, respectively. Boyden chamber assays were performed to measure glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Crystal violet staining was used to determine the number of viable cells after the treatment of Doxorubicin and Temozolomide. Finally, we used subcutaneous xenograft studies to measure the growth of tumors in vivo. Results We found that Dazl was upregulated in glioblastoma tissues and glioblastoma cell lines. Dazl knockdown glioblastoma cells showed decreased cellular proliferation, migration, invasion, and resistance in vitro, and inhibited the initiation of glioblastoma in vivo. The glioblastoma cell lines A172, U251, and LN229 were found to express stem cell markers CD133, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. The expression of these markers was downregulated in Dazl-deficient cells. Conclusions Our results indicated that Dazl contributes to the tumorigenicity of glioblastoma via reducing cell stemness. Therefore, cancer-germline genes might represent a new paradigm of glioblastoma-initiating cells in the treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 85 Wujin Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ruilai Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Haishi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chunfang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Wulumuqi Road, Jing-an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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17
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Su Z, Zhou L, Xue J, Lu Y. Integration of stereotactic radiosurgery or whole brain radiation therapy with immunotherapy for treatment of brain metastases. Chin J Cancer Res 2020; 32:448-466. [PMID: 32963458 PMCID: PMC7491544 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.04.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of brain metastases (BM) is traditionally poor. BM are mainly treated by local radiotherapy, including stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Recently, immunotherapy (i.e., immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICI) has demonstrated a survival advantage in multiple malignancies commonly associated with BM. Individually, radiotherapy and ICI both treat BM efficiently; hence, their combination seems logical. In this review, we summarize the existing preclinical and clinical evidence that supports the applicability of radiotherapy as a sensitizer of ICI for BM. Further, we discuss the optimal timing at which radiotherapy and ICI should be administered and review the safety of the combination therapy. Data from a few clinical studies suggest that combining SRS or WBRT with ICI simultaneously rather than consecutively potentially enhances brain abscopal-like responses and survival. However, there is a lack of conclusion about the definition of "simultaneous"; the cumulative toxic effect of the combined therapies also requires further study. Thus, ongoing and planned prospective trials are needed to further explore and validate the effect, safety, and optimal timing of the combination of immunotherapy with radiotherapy for patients with BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Su
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Oncology, Sichuan Mianyang 404 Hospital, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - You Lu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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18
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Zhong S, Bai Y, Wu B, Ge J, Jiang S, Li W, Wang X, Ren J, Xu H, Chen Y, Zhao G. Selected by gene co-expression network and molecular docking analyses, ENMD-2076 is highly effective in glioblastoma-bearing rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9738-9766. [PMID: 31706255 PMCID: PMC6874459 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Glioblastoma is the most common type of malignant brain tumor. Bioinformatics technology and structure biology were effectively and systematically used to identify specific targets in malignant tumors and screen potential drugs. Results: GBM patients have higher AURKA and KDR mRNA expression compared with normal samples. Then, we identified a small molecular compound, ENMD-2076, could effectively inhibit Aurora kinase A and VEGFR-2 (encoded by KDR) activities. ENMD-2076 is predicted without toxic properties and also has absorption and gratifying brain/blood barrier penetration ability. Further results demonstrated that ENMD-2076 could significantly inhibit GBM cell lines proliferation and vitality, it also suppressed GBM cells migration and invasion. ENMD-2076 induced glioblastoma cell cycle arrest in G2-M phase and apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Additionally, ENMD-2076 prolonged the median survival time of tumor-bearing rats and restrained growth rate of tumor volume in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings reveal that ENMD-2076 is a promising drug in dealing with glioblastoma and have a perspective application. Methods: We show that AURKA and KDR genes are hub driver genes in glioblastoma with bioinformatics technology including WGCNA analysis, PPI network, GO, KEGG analysis and GSEA analysis. After identifying a compound via virtual screening analysis, further experiments were carried out to examine the anti-glioblastoma activities of the compound in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junliang Ge
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Zoology, China Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Weihang Li
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junan Ren
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Czolk R, Schwarz N, Koch H, Schötterl S, Wuttke TV, Holm PS, Huber SM, Naumann U. Irradiation enhances the therapeutic effect of the oncolytic adenovirus XVir-N-31 in brain tumor initiating cells. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:1484-1494. [PMID: 31432139 PMCID: PMC6713431 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy using oncolytic viruses is an upcoming therapy strategy for cancer treatment. A variety of preclinical and clinical trials have indicated that adenoviruses may be used as potent agents in the treatment of a variety of cancers, and also for the treatment of brain tumors. In these studies, it has also been shown that oncovirotherapy is safe in terms of toxicity and side effects. In addition, previous studies have presented evidence for a significant role of oncovirotherapy in the activation of anti‑tumor immune responses. With regard to oncolytic adenoviruses, we have demonstrated previously that the multifunctional protein Y‑box binding protein‑1 (YB‑1) is a potent factor that was used to develop an YB‑1‑dependent oncolytic adenovirus (XVir‑N‑31). XVir‑N‑31 provides the opportunity for tumor‑selective replication and exhibited marked oncolytic properties in a mouse glioma tumor model using therapy‑resistant brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs). In a number of, but not all, patients with glioma, YB‑1 is primarily located in the nucleus; this promotes XVir‑N‑31‑replication and subsequently tumor cell lysis. However, in certain BTICs, only a small amount of YB‑1 has been identified to be nuclear, and therefore virus replication is suboptimal. YB‑1 in BTICs was demonstrated to be translocated into the nucleus following irradiation, which was accompanied by an enhancement in XVir‑N‑31 production. R28 glioma spheres implanted in living organotypic human brain slices exhibited a significantly delayed growth rate when pre‑irradiated prior to XVir‑N‑31‑infection as compared with single treatment methods. Consistent with the in vitro data, R28 glioma‑bearing mice exhibited a prolonged mean and median survival following single tumor irradiation prior to intratumoral XVir‑N‑31 injection, compared with the single treatment methods. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that in an experimental glioma model, tumor irradiation strengthened the effect of an XVir‑N‑31‑based oncovirotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Czolk
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Schwarz
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Henner Koch
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Schötterl
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas V Wuttke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Per S Holm
- Department of Urology, Hospital 'Rechts der Isar', Technical University of Munich, D‑81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Naumann
- Department of Vascular Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro‑Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen NeuroCampus, University of Tübingen, D‑72076 Tübingen, Germany
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20
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Sevenich L. Turning "Cold" Into "Hot" Tumors-Opportunities and Challenges for Radio-Immunotherapy Against Primary and Metastatic Brain Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:163. [PMID: 30941312 PMCID: PMC6433980 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized intervention strategies for a variety of primary cancers. Despite this promising progress, treatment options for primary brain cancer and brain metastasis remain limited and still largely depend on surgical resection, radio- and/or chemotherapy. The paucity in the successful development of immunotherapies for brain cancers can in part be attributed to the traditional view of the brain as an immunologically privileged site. The presence of the blood-brain barrier and the absence of lymphatic drainage were believed to restrict the entry of blood-borne immune and inflammatory cells into the central nervous system (CNS), leading to an exclusion of the brain from systemic immune surveillance. However, recent insight from pre-clinical and clinical studies on the immune landscape of brain cancers challenged this dogma. Recruitment of blood-borne immune cells into the CNS provides unprecedented opportunities for the development of tumor microenvironment (TME)-targeted or immunotherapies against primary and metastatic cancers. Moreover, it is increasingly recognized that in addition to genotoxic effects, ionizing radiation represents a critical modulator of tumor-associated inflammation and synergizes with immunotherapies in adjuvant settings. This review summarizes current knowledge on the cellular and molecular identity of tumor-associated immune cells in primary and metastatic brain cancers and discusses underlying mechanisms by which ionizing radiation modulates the immune response. Detailed mechanistic insight into the effects of radiation on the unique immune landscape of brain cancers is essential for the development of multimodality intervention strategies in which immune-modulatory effects of radiotherapy are exploited to sensitize brain cancers to immunotherapies by converting immunologically “cold” into “hot” environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
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21
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Harnessing the immune system in glioblastoma. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1171-1181. [PMID: 30393372 PMCID: PMC6251037 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumour. Survival is poor and improved treatment options are urgently needed. Although immunotherapies have emerged as effective treatments for a number of cancers, translation of these through to brain tumours is a distinct challenge, particularly due to the blood-brain barrier and the unique immune tumour microenvironment afforded by CNS-specific cells. This review discusses the immune system within the CNS, mechanisms of immune escape employed by glioblastoma, and the immunological effects of conventional glioblastoma treatments. Novel therapies for glioblastoma that harness the immune system and their current clinical progress are outlined, including cancer vaccines, T-cell therapies and immune checkpoint modulators.
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22
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Alphandéry E. Glioblastoma Treatments: An Account of Recent Industrial Developments. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:879. [PMID: 30271342 PMCID: PMC6147115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The different drugs and medical devices, which are commercialized or under industrial development for glioblastoma treatment, are reviewed. Their different modes of action are analyzed with a distinction being made between the effects of radiation, the targeting of specific parts of glioma cells, and immunotherapy. Most of them are still at a too early stage of development to firmly conclude about their efficacy. Optune, which triggers antitumor activity by blocking the mitosis of glioma cells under the application of an alternating electric field, seems to be the only recently developed therapy with some efficacy reported on a large number of GBM patients. The need for early GBM diagnosis is emphasized since it could enable the treatment of GBM tumors of small sizes, possibly easier to eradicate than larger tumors. Ways to improve clinical protocols by strengthening preclinical studies using of a broader range of different animal and tumor models are also underlined. Issues related with efficient drug delivery and crossing of blood brain barrier are discussed. Finally societal and economic aspects are described with a presentation of the orphan drug status that can accelerate the development of GBM therapies, patents protecting various GBM treatments, the different actors tackling GBM disease, the cost of GBM treatments, GBM market figures, and a financial analysis of the different companies involved in the development of GBM therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, UMR 7590 CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, University Paris 06, Paris, France.,Nanobacterie SARL, Paris, France
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23
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Aberrant miRNAs Regulate the Biological Hallmarks of Glioblastoma. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:452-474. [PMID: 30182330 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GBM is the highest incidence in primary intracranial malignancy, and it remains poor prognosis even though the patient is gave standard treatment. Despite decades of intense research, the complex biology of GBM remains elusive. In view of eight hallmarks of cancer which were proposed in 2011, studies related to the eight biological capabilities in GBM have made great progress. From these studies, it can be inferred that miRs, as a mode of post-transcriptional regulation, are involved in regulating these malignant biological hallmarks of GBM. Herein, we discuss state-of-the-art research on how aberrant miRs modulate the eight hallmarks of GBM. The upregulation of 'oncomiRs' or the genetic loss of tumor suppressor miRs is associated with these eight biological capabilities acquired during GBM formation. Furthermore, we also discuss the applicable clinical potential of these research results. MiRs may aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of GBM. Moreover, miRs are also therapeutic targets of GBM. These studies will develop and improve precision medicine for GBM in the future.
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24
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Chakwizira A, Ahlstedt J, Nittby Redebrandt H, Ceberg C. Mathematical modelling of the synergistic combination of radiotherapy and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitory immunotherapy against glioblastoma. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170857. [PMID: 29688039 PMCID: PMC6221783 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent research has shown that combining radiotherapy and immunotherapy can counteract the ability of cancer to evade and suppress the native immune system. To optimise the synergy of the combined therapies, factors such as radiation dose and fractionation must be considered, alongside numerous parameters resulting from the complexity of cancer–immune system interactions. It is instructive to use mathematical models to tackle this problem. Methods: In this work, we adapted a model primarily to describe the synergistic effect between single-fraction radiotherapy and immunotherapy (1-methyl tryptophan) observed in previous experiments with glioblastoma-carrying rats. We also showed how the model can be used to generate hypotheses on the outcome of other treatment fractionation schemes. Results: The model successfully reproduced the results of the experiments. Moreover, it provided support for the hypothesis that, for a given biologically effective dose, the efficacy of the combination therapy and the synergy between the two therapies are favoured by the administration of radiotherapy in a hypofractionated regime. Furthermore, for a double-fraction irradiation regimen, the synergy is favoured by a short time interval between the treatment fractions. Conclusion: It was concluded that the model could be fitted to reproduce the experimental data well within its uncertainties. It was also demonstrated that the fitted model can be used to form hypotheses to be validated by further pre-clinical experiments. Advances in knowledge: The results of this work support the hypothesis that the synergetic action of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy is favoured by using a hypofractionated radiation treatment regimen, given over a short time interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Chakwizira
- 1 Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Jonatan Ahlstedt
- 2 Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Henrietta Nittby Redebrandt
- 2 Rausing Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Crister Ceberg
- 1 Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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25
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Lucena-Cacace A, Otero-Albiol D, Jiménez-García MP, Peinado-Serrano J, Carnero A. NAMPT overexpression induces cancer stemness and defines a novel tumor signature for glioma prognosis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99514-99530. [PMID: 29245920 PMCID: PMC5725111 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors associated with poor prognosis. NAMPT, a rate-limiting enzyme that boosts the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) regeneration in the salvage pathway, is commonly expressed in these tumors. NAD metabolism is required to maintain tissue homeostasis. To maintain metabolism, cancer cells require a stable NAD regeneration circuit. However, high levels of NAD confer resistance to therapy to these tumors, usually treated with Temozolomide (TMZ). We report that NAMPT overexpression in glioma cell lines increases tumorigenic properties controlling stem cell pathways and enriching the cancer-initiating cell (CIC) population. Furthermore, NAMPT expression correlated with high levels of Nanog, CD133 and CIC-like cells in glioblastoma directly extracted from patients. Meta-analysis reveals that NAMPT is also a key factor inducing cancer stem pathways in glioma cells. Furthermore, we report a novel NAMPT-driven signature which stratify prognosis within tumor staging. NAMPT signature also correlates directly with EGFR positive and IDH negative tumors. Finally, NAMPT inhibition increases sensitivity to apoptosis in both NAMPT-expressing cells and tumorspheres. Therefore, NAMPT represents a novel therapeutic target in Glioma progression and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lucena-Cacace
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER DE CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Otero-Albiol
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER DE CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel P. Jiménez-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER DE CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Peinado-Serrano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER DE CANCER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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