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Purinergic signaling in thyroid disease. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:221-227. [PMID: 35347568 PMCID: PMC9984614 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that thyroid hormones play pivotal roles in a wide variety of pathological and physiological events. Thyroid diseases, mainly including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer, are highly prevalent worldwide health problems and frequently associated with severe clinical manifestations. However, etiology of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer is not fully understood. Purinergic signaling accounts for a complex network of receptors and extracellular enzymes responsible for the recognition and degradation of extracellular nucleotides and adenosine. It has been established that purinergic signaling modulates pathways in a wide range of physiopathological conditions including hypertension, diabetes, hepatic diseases, psychiatric and neurodegeneration, rheumatic immune diseases, and cancer. More recently, the purinergic system is found to exist in thyroid gland and play an important role in the pathophysiology of thyroid diseases. Therefore, throughout this review, we focus on elaborating the changes in purinergic receptors, extracellular enzymes, and extracellular nucleotides and adenosine in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer. Profound understanding of the relationship between the purinergic signaling with thyroid diseases provides a promising research area for insights into the molecular basis of thyroid diseases and also develops new and exciting insights into the treatment of thyroid diseases, especially thyroid cancer.
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Stefanello N, Spanevello RM, Passamonti S, Porciúncula L, Bonan CD, Olabiyi AA, Teixeira da Rocha JB, Assmann CE, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC. Coffee, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and the purinergic system. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:298-313. [PMID: 30291944 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour. It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known by its stimulant effect associated with the presence of methylxanthines. Caffeine, a purine-like molecule (1,3,7 trymetylxantine), is the most important bioactive compound in coffee, among others such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), diterpenes, and trigonelline. CGA is a phenolic acid with biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotector, hypolipidemic, and hypoglicemic. Purinergic system plays a key role inneuromodulation and homeostasis. Extracellular ATP, other nucleotides and adenosine are signalling molecules that act through their specific receptors, namely purinoceptors, P1 for nucleosides and P2 for nucleotides. They regulate many pathological processes, since adenosine, for instance, can limit the damage caused by ATP in the excitotoxicity from the neuronal cells. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of coffee, caffeine, and CGA on the purinergic system. This review focuses on the relationship/interplay between coffee, caffeine, CGA, and adenosine, and their effects on ectonucleotidases activities as well as on the modulation of P1 and P2 receptors from central nervous system and also in peripheral tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Stefanello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roselia Maria Spanevello
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica e Bioprospecção: Centro de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Químicas e de Alimentos, UFPel, Campus Capão do Leão 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabina Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisiane Porciúncula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, 90040-060, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Faculdade de Biociências da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista Teixeira da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Charles Elias Assmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vera Maria Morsch
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, UFSM, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Lima Carvalho MDF, de Medeiros JS, Valença MM. Headache in recent onset hypothyroidism: Prevalence, characteristics and outcome after treatment with levothyroxine. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:938-946. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102416658714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this article is to analyze the features of headache attributed to hypothyroidism (HAH), evaluate the differences between groups with and without HAH, between “overt” and “subclinical” hypothyroidism groups, and evaluate outcomes after levothyroxine treatment. Methods Patients with hypothyroidism were selected in a cross-sectional study, followed prospectively for 12 months, and classified as subclinical or overt hypothyroidism. The patients were divided into two groups: with and without HAH. Results HAH was reported by 73/213 (34%) patients, involving the following areas: fronto-orbital (49%), temporal (37%), and posterior part of the head (15%). The HAH features were as follows: pulsatile (63%), four to 72 hours’ duration (78%), unilateral (47%), nausea/vomiting (60%), and moderate-severe intensity (72%). Hypothyroidism symptomatology was similar in both groups, except for a greater frequency of hoarseness in the group with HAH. Migraine history was more frequent in the patients with HAH (53% vs 38%, p < 0.05). The frequency of HAH was similar both in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. After levothyroxine treatment 78% reported a decrease in HAH frequency. Subclinical and overt hypothyroid patients reported a similar alleviation of their headaches. Conclusion Patients with HAH may present with unilateral, pulsatile, episodic pattern, and nausea/vomiting, which is at odds with the criteria for HAH established by ICHD 3 beta. Not all individuals responded to levothyroxine, and patients with the subclinical form of hypothyroidism benefit from this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise de Farias Lima Carvalho
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Medical School Campus Recife, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School Campus Agreste, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
- Centro de Saúde Ana Rodrigues, Caruaru, Brazil
| | - Josian Silva de Medeiros
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Medical School Campus Recife, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
- Catholic University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Moraes Valença
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Medical School Campus Recife, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Unit, Hospital Esperança, Recife, Brazil
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New approaches to thyroid hormones and purinergic signaling. J Thyroid Res 2013; 2013:434727. [PMID: 23956925 PMCID: PMC3730180 DOI: 10.1155/2013/434727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that thyroid hormones influence a wide variety of events at the molecular, cellular, and functional levels. Thyroid hormones (TH) play pivotal roles in growth, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, development, and metabolic homeostasis via thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) by controlling the expression of TR target genes. Most of these effects result in pathological and physiological events and are already well described in the literature. Even so, many recent studies have been devoted to bringing new information on problems in controlling the synthesis and release of these hormones and to elucidating mechanisms of the action of these hormones unconventionally. The purinergic system was recently linked to thyroid diseases, including enzymes, receptors, and enzyme products related to neurotransmitter release, nociception, behavior, and other vascular systems. Thus, throughout this text we intend to relate the relationship between the TH in physiological and pathological situations with the purinergic signaling.
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Alves IGN, da Cruz KML, Mota CMD, de Santana DS, Gaujac DP, de Carvalho VCB, Reis LC, Sluka KA, Quintans-Junior LJ, Antoniolli AR, Desantana JM, Badauê-Passos D, de Santana-Filho VJ. Experimental hypothyroidism during pregnancy affects nociception and locomotor performance of offspring in rats. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1291-8. [PMID: 23536325 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the development of several organic systems. An adequate support of maternal THs may be required to ensure a normal nociceptive function of offspring into adulthood. We investigated the impact of experimental gestational hypothyroidism (EGH) on nociceptive threshold and motor performance in the offspring at different post-natal days (PND) in both male and female rats. METHODS EGH was induced by the administration of 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in the drinking water from the ninth day of gestation until birth. The offspring from MMI-treated dams (OMTDs) or from water-treated dams (OWTDs) were assessed for thermal and mechanical nociception using the tail-flick test and von Frey filaments, respectively. Both rota-rod and grip strength were used to assess motor function. RESULTS OMTD had reduced thermal (p<0.05) but not mechanical threshold at all studied ages (60 and 120 PND). Sixty-day-old OMTD presented reduced latency to the tail-flick test (p=0.01). Grip strength in 120-day-old OMTD was reduced (p<0.01). However, only male OMTD presented a lower locomotor performance on the rota-rod test when analysed on the 60th PND (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS EGH promotes hypersensitivity to noxious thermal but not mechanical stimulus. Moreover, motor force is similarly reduced in male and female OMTDs, whereas motor performance is reduced only in mature male OMTD, suggesting the presence of a protective factor in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G N Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
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Koohestani F, Brown CM, Meisami E. Differential effects of developmental hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the spinal cord of developing postnatal rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:570-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Koohestani
- Department of Molecular & Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801United States
| | - Chester M. Brown
- Department of Molecular & Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801United States
| | - Esmail Meisami
- Department of Molecular & Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801United States
- The Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801United States
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Akbari Z, Rohani MH, Behzadi G. NADPH-d/NOS reactivity in the lumbar dorsal horn of congenitally hypothyroid pups before and after formalin pain induction. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:779-87. [PMID: 19720128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that congenitally hypothyroid rat pups exhibit altered behavioral response to formalin pain induction during postnatal period. In the present study, using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and NOS immunostaining, we investigated the effect of congenital hypothyroidism on the NOS expression in spinal cord of intact neonates at postnatal days of 15 and 21. We also examined the effect of thyroid dysfunction on the NADPH-d/NOS expression in response to formalin nociception. Congenital hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment started from gestational day 16 and continued to postnatal day 15 or 21. Congenitally hypothyroid pups exhibited marked reduction in NADPH-d reactive cells (84% and 66% in P15 and P21, respectively; P<0.001) and NOS-ir cells (52% and 91% in P15 and P21, respectively; P<0.001) in superficial lumbar dorsal horn laminae (I-II) as compared to that of normal pups. Moreover, in congenitally hypothyroid pups the NADPH-d/NOS expression following hindpaw formalin injection did not change significantly. Our results demonstrate that congenital hypothyroidism affect developmental expression of NOS in spinal dorsal horn, which may in part explain the altered behavioral pain response as we previously reported in hypothyroid pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Akbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rohani MH, Akbari Z, Behzadi G. Congenital hypothyroidism alters formalin-induced pain response in neonatal rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 27:53-7. [PMID: 18992317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study designed to investigate the development of nociceptive circuits upon formalin-induced pain in congenital hypothyroid pups during the first three postnatal weeks. Following induction of maternal hypothyroidism, the offspring pups were received right intraplantar injection of different formalin concentrations at 7, 15, and 23 days of age. Significant reduction in weight gain was observed in PTU-treated offspring from postnatal days 15 up to 23 (P<0.001). No difference was observed between normal and hypothyroid PND7 pups in total pain intensity score with 0.3% solution of formalin. However, normal pups showed higher total pain score (P<0.01) during the first phase of 1% formalin injection. PND15 normal pups showed a biphasic pain response with a concentration of 2% formalin injection. Obvious persistence of higher pain intensity was observed in hypothyroid pups after interphase through the 2nd phase (P2) and recovery phase (P3), (P<0.001). PND23 hypothyroid rats showed slightly biphasic pattern of pain behavior with persistence of lower pain intensity during P2 (2.5% formalin, P<0.05), (10% formalin, P<0.001) without any further decline during P3 (P<0.01, P<0.001 respectively). In general, the number of flexes+shakes in hypothyroid pups was higher than normal pups in both the early and late phases of the test. Licking activity was intensively expressed only in normal pups during phase 2 at the age of 23 days. In contrast to acute pain, hypothyroidism results to pain hypersensitivity in two weeks old rats whereas weaned rats were hyposensitive to tonic nociceptive stimulation without showing the subsequent recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Rohani
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University, M.C. Evin, Post Box: 19615-1178, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Clinical and subclinical hypothyroidisms are common conditions in the population. Clinic-based studies suggest that hypothyroidism may be an exacerbating factor for some primary headaches. Furthermore, hypothyroidism may be a risk factor for incident new daily persistent headache. This article reviews the classification of the headaches attributed to hypothyroidism according to the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders. We also review the prevalence, etiology, and principles of treatment of hypothyroidism. Because hypothyroidism is a treatable cause of secondary headaches, doctors should be aware of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Tepper
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
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Guasti L, Marino F, Cosentino M, Cimpanelli M, Rasini E, Piantanida E, Vanoli P, De Palma D, Crespi C, Klersy C, Maroni L, Loraschi A, Colombo C, Simoni C, Bartalena L, Lecchini S, Grandi AM, Venco A. Pain perception, blood pressure levels, and peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in patients followed for differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a longitudinal study in hypothyroidism and during hormone treatment. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:518-23. [PMID: 17575492 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0b013e3180735e5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated blood pressure levels that are associated with hypalgesia and hypothyroidism have major influences on the cardiovascular system. The potential modulation of pain sensitivity by thyroid hormones is largely undetermined. Moreover, a few experimental studies show that peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs), which may be altered in hypothyroidism, seem to be related with pain perception. METHODS Dental pain threshold and tolerance were evaluated in 19 patients followed for differentiated thyroid carcinoma (1) in severe short-term hypothyroidism (phase 1) and (2) during thyroid stimulating hormone-suppressive LT4 treatment (phase 2). PBR expression (cytofluorimetric evaluation) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also investigated in the 2 phases. RESULTS Pain perception differed throughout the study, the dental pain threshold was higher in phase 1 (P<0.05) whereas pain tolerance was higher but not significantly (P=0.07). Although the systolic blood pressure was higher during hypothyroidism (P<0.01), no relationship was found between blood pressure changes and pain sensitivity variations. Moreover, the multiple regression analysis showed an independent association of the clinical phase with pain sensitivity (r=-2.61, P=0.029), while accounting for systolic blood pressure. The intensity of PBRs was significantly higher in the first phase of the study (P=0.047) whereas the ratio did not significantly differ. However, no relationship was observed between pain sensitivity and PBRs. DISCUSSION In conclusion, in athyreotic patients, the pain sensitivity is related to the thyroid status and is independent of the increase in blood pressure induced by thyroid hormone deprivation. The PBRs do not seem to have major influence on pain sensitivity changes in hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Guasti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Abstract
This review is focused on purinergic neurotransmission, i.e., ATP released from nerves as a transmitter or cotransmitter to act as an extracellular signaling molecule on both pre- and postjunctional membranes at neuroeffector junctions and synapses, as well as acting as a trophic factor during development and regeneration. Emphasis is placed on the physiology and pathophysiology of ATP, but extracellular roles of its breakdown product, adenosine, are also considered because of their intimate interactions. The early history of the involvement of ATP in autonomic and skeletal neuromuscular transmission and in activities in the central nervous system and ganglia is reviewed. Brief background information is given about the identification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines and about ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown. Evidence that ATP is a cotransmitter in most, if not all, peripheral and central neurons is presented, as well as full accounts of neurotransmission and neuromodulation in autonomic and sensory ganglia and in the brain and spinal cord. There is coverage of neuron-glia interactions and of purinergic neuroeffector transmission to nonmuscular cells. To establish the primitive and widespread nature of purinergic neurotransmission, both the ontogeny and phylogeny of purinergic signaling are considered. Finally, the pathophysiology of purinergic neurotransmission in both peripheral and central nervous systems is reviewed, and speculations are made about future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neurscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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