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Toxicity Assessment of Chinese Herbal Medicine Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9819643. [PMID: 30949225 PMCID: PMC6425418 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9819643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr, known as Suo Yang, is most commonly used to treat fatigue, protect the liver, and invigorate kidneys in Northwest China. Given the wide medicinal utilisation and lack of safety evaluation, this work evaluated the acute toxicity, genetic toxicity, and 90-day repeated oral toxicity of Suo Yang. Twenty Kunming mice were orally given Suo Yang once and observed for 14 days in the acute toxicity test. The genetic toxicity of Suo Yang was tested using in vivo and vitro assays (bacterial reverse mutation test, mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay, and spermatocyte chromosomal aberration assay). In the 90-day repeated oral toxicity study, 80 SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and then orally given Suo Yang at different concentrations (1.04, 2.08 or 4.16 g/kg), while the control group was given sterile water. In the acute toxicity test, no abnormal behaviour or mortality was found in mice. The results suggest that the maximum tolerable dose of Suo Yang is greater than 15 g/kg. In the genotoxicity studies, no revertant colonies were produced in vitro. In the in vivo assays, no increased frequencies of micronuclei or structural abnormalities of spermatocyte chromosomes were found. In the 90-day repeated oral toxicity study, no significant toxicological manifestations were observed in haematological parameters or clinical and pathological examinations. In summary, these results suggest that Suo Yang at the given doses does not cause adverse effects in animals. Thus, Suo Yang can reasonably be considered a safe herbal medicine.
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Yu Y, You J, Sun Z, Ji Z, Hu N, Zhou W, Zhou X. HPLC determination of γ-aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum using precolumn fluorescence labeling with 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:826-833. [PMID: 30593727 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a simple analytical method for the determination of γ-aminobutyric acid, gabapentin, and baclofen by using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. An amidogen-reactive fluorescence labeling reagent, 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate was first used to sensitively label these analytes. The completed labeling of these analytes can be finished rapidly only within 5 min at the room temperature (25°C) to form 4-(carbazole-9-yl)-benzyl chloroformate labeled fluorescence derivatives. These labeled derivatives expressed strong fluorescence property with the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 380 nm, respectively. The labeled derivatives were analyzed using a reversed-phase Eclipse SB-C18 column within 10 min with satisfactory shapes. Excellent linearity (R2 > 0.995) for all analytes was achieved with the limits of detection and the limits of quantitation in the range of 0.25-0.35 and 0.70-1.10 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was used for the simultaneous determination of γ-aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 94.5-97.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongyin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Na Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Wu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, P. R. China
| | - Xuxia Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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Cui JL, Gong Y, Xue XZ, Zhang YY, Wang ML, Wang JH. A Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review on Cynomorium songaricum as Functional and Medicinal Food. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR) has a long history of being widely used as a functional food and medicine by different ethnic groups worldwide; CSR is used to treat impotence and premature ejaculation and traditionally used as natural source of tonic food. Numerous bioactive compounds linked with human health were recently identified. In this work, all available information on CSR were retrieved from NCBI PubMed and CNKI database, and the recent findings about the compositions and functions of CSR were summarized. At least 76 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, glycosides, and phloroglucinol adducts, were isolated and identified in CSR. These compounds render CSR with pharmacological functions, such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-fatigue, and anti-HIV activities, and the effects of CSR on immune system, nervous system, reproductive system, and other bioactivities were well reviewed; results serve as valuable data for further research and for development of human health-related products. However, studies on CSR were far from perfect, and further research is warranted. This paper highlights the components and pharmacological functions of CSR, with the aim to provide a comprehensive review and useful data for future studies and for the development of relevant food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiao-Zan Xue
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Wang G, Huang X, Pei D, Duan W, Quan K, Li X, Di D. DPPH-HPLC-DAD analysis combined HSCCC for screening and identification of radical scavengers in Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj03233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A speedy, efficient and reproductive technique to systematically isolate antioxidant compounds from complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Dong Pei
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Wenda Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Kaijun Quan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Duolong Di
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
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Tuvaanjav S, Shuqin H, Komata M, Ma C, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Yoshida T. Isolation and antiviral activity of water-soluble Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:159-71. [PMID: 26838028 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1082547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant, Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., is used as a traditional medicine in China and Mongolia. In the present study, two new water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from C. songaricum Rupr. were purified by successive Sephadex G-75 and G-50 column chromatographies and then characterized by high resolution NMR and IR spectroscopies. The molecular weights of two polysaccharides were determined by an aqueous GPC to be [Formula: see text] = 3.7 × 10(4) and 1.0 × 10(4), respectively. In addition, it was found that the polysaccharide with the larger molecular weight was an acidic polysaccharide. It was found that the iodine-starch reaction of both isolated polysaccharides was negative and the methylation analysis gave 2, 4, 6-tri-O-methyl alditol acetate as a main product. NMR and IR measurements and sugar analysis revealed that both polysaccharides had a (1 → 3)-α-d-glucopyranosidic main chain with a small number of branches. After sulfation, the sulfated C. songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides were found to have a potent inhibitory effect on HIV infection of MT-4 cells at a 50% effective concentration of 0.3-0.4 μg/ml, a concentration that has almost the same high activity as standard dextran and curdlan sulfates, EC50 = 0.35 and 0.14 μg/ml, respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentration was low, CC50>1000 μg/ml. In addition, the interaction between the sulfated polysaccharides and poly-l-lysine as a model protein compound was investigated by a surface plasmon resonance to reveal the anti-HIV mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvdmaa Tuvaanjav
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Han Shuqin
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Masashi Komata
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Chunjie Ma
- b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot 010110 , China
| | - Taisei Kanamoto
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
- d Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology , Muroran 050-8585 , Hokkaido , Japan
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Hussain SA, Sulaiman AA, Alhaddad H, Alhadidi Q. Natural polyphenols: Influence on membrane transporters. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:97-104. [PMID: 27069731 PMCID: PMC4805155 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160118062127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence has focused on the use of natural polyphenolic compounds as nutraceuticals since they showed a wide range of bioactivities and exhibited protection against variety of age-related disorders. Polyphenols have variable potencies to interact, and hence alter the activities of various transporter proteins, many of them classified as anion transporting polypeptide-binding cassette transporters like multidrug resistance protein and p-glycoprotein. Some of the efflux transporters are, generally, linked with anticancer and antiviral drug resistance; in this context, polyphenols may be beneficial in modulating drug resistance by increasing the efficacy of anticancer and antiviral drugs. In addition, these effects were implicated to explain the influence of dietary polyphenols on drug efficacy as result of food-drug interactions. However, limited data are available about the influence of these components on uptake transporters. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review the potential efficacies of polyphenols in modulating the functional integrity of uptake transporter proteins, including those terminated the effect of neurotransmitters, and their possible influence in neuropharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Abdulrahman Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Amal Ajaweed Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Hasan Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Qasim Alhadidi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
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HPLC determination ofγ-aminobutyric acid in Chinese rice wine using pre-column derivatization. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Meng HC, Wang S, Li Y, Kuang YY, Ma CM. Chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of Cynomorium plants. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:321-9. [PMID: 23845540 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stem of Cynomorium songaricum is a traditional Chinese medicine reputed to have tonic effects. C. coccineum growing in northern Africa and the Mediterranean region is regarded in Arabian medical practice as the "treasure of drugs". The major constituents of Cynomorium plants have been revealed to be phenolic compounds, steroids, triterpenes, etc. Pharmacologic studies showed that the Cynomorium plants had antioxidant, immunity-improving, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and other bioactivities. Some chemical constituents in Cynomorium plants are unstable, implying that the chemical components of the herbal medicines produced under different conditions may be variable. This review covers the literature published until December, 2011 and describes the pharmacologic effects and secondary metabolites of Cynomorium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Cong Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
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Yoo DY, Choi JH, Kim W, Jung HY, Nam SM, Kim JW, Yoon YS, Yoo KY, Won MH, Hwang IK. Cynomorium songaricum extract enhances novel object recognition, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mice via improving hippocampal environment. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:5. [PMID: 24393242 PMCID: PMC3893434 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CS) has been used as a medicine to treat many diseases as well as to alleviate age-related issues, such as memory impairment, dementia, and stress. In this study, we assessed the effects of Cynomorium songaricum extract (CSE) on the novel object recognition, cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of mice by using 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM). We also measured serum corticosterone levels to assess its correlation with neurogenesis and stress. METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were divided into 3 groups: vehicle-treated, 40 mg/kg CSE-treated, and 100 mg/kg CSE-treated. The vehicle and CSE were given to mice once a day for 3 weeks. BrdU was injected twice a day for 3 days to label newly generated cells. RESULTS Administration of CSE significantly increased the preferential exploration of new objects in these mice. In addition, administration of CSE decreased serum levels of corticosterone. BrdU-positive cells as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus were higher in the CSE-treated groups than in the vehicle-treated group. PSA-NCAM-positive neuroblasts and their well-developed tertiary dendrites were also significantly increased by the treatment of CSE. These effects were prominent at the higher dosage than at the lower dosage. CONCLUSION These results suggest that administration of CSE increases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of mice by reducing serum corticosterone levels and increasing BDNF levels in this area.
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Cui Z, Guo Z, Miao J, Wang Z, Li Q, Chai X, Li M. The genus Cynomorium in China: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:1-15. [PMID: 23369691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of the genus Cynomorium (Cynomoriaceae), including C. songaricum Rupr. and C. coccineum L., have a long history of use in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as impotence, premature ejaculation, kidney-yang deficiency, spermatorrhea, colic, and stomach ulcers. In addition, these species are used in health foods, tea, and cosmetics. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research, and toxicology of C. songaricum and C. coccineum and to explore the therapeutic potential and future research opportunities of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on C. songaricum and C. coccineum was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS The ethnomedical uses of C. songaricum and C. coccineum in Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Iran for several types of ailments were recorded. A phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phloroglucinol adducts, saccharides, phenylpropanoids, steroids, organic acids, and other compounds. The crude extracts and pure compounds from C. songaricum and C. coccineum exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity, including anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic, immune system modulating, and antiviral activity. CONCLUSIONS Cynomorium species have emerged as a source of traditional medicine. Many studies have provided evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of these species in treating various conditions and possible mechanisms. However, further research is required for the development of new drugs and therapies for the treatment of various diseases, especially cancer and diabetes. Therefore, this review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Cynomorium species will provide helpful data for further studies and commercial exploitation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Cui
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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The Yang-Tonifying Herbal Medicine Cynomorium songaricum Extends Lifespan and Delays Aging in Drosophila. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:735481. [PMID: 22844336 PMCID: PMC3403692 DOI: 10.1155/2012/735481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging is highly correlated with the progressive loss of physiological function, including cognitive behavior and reproductive capacity, as well as an increased susceptibility to diseases; therefore, slowing age-related degeneration could greatly contribute to human health. Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CS) is traditionally used to improve sexual function and treat kidney dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine, although little is known about whether CS has effects on longevity. Here, we show that CS supplementation in the diet extends both the mean and maximum lifespan of adult female flies. The increase in lifespan with CS was correlated with higher resistance to oxidative stress and starvation and lower lipid hydroperoxides (LPO) levels. Additionally, the lifespan extension was accompanied by beneficial effects, such as improved mating readiness, increased fecundity, and suppression of age-related learning impairment in aged flies. These findings demonstrate the important antiaging effects of CS and indicate the potential applicability of dietary intervention with CS to enhance health and prevent multiple age-related diseases.
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Zhang QH, Wang WB, Li J, Chang YX, Wang YF, Zhang J, Zhang BL, Gao XM. Simultaneous determination of catechin, epicatechin and epicatechin gallate in rat plasma by LC–ESI-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of Cynomorium songaricum extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 880:168-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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