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Zhang X, Zhang G, Yan Q, Ahmad B, Pei J, Huang L. Quality variation and salt-alkali-tolerance mechanism of Cynomorium songaricum: Interacting from microbiome-transcriptome-metabolome. Sci Total Environ 2024; 919:170801. [PMID: 38340858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Addressing soil salinization and implementing sustainable practices for cultivating cash crops on saline-alkali land is a prominent global challenge. Cynomorium songaricum is an important salt-alkali tolerant medicinal plant capable of adapting to saline-alkali environments. In this study, two typical ecotypes of C. songaricum from the desert-steppe (DS) and saline-alkali land (SAL) habitats were selected. Through the integration of multi-omics with machine learning, the rhizosphere microbial communities, genetic maps, and metabolic profiles of two ecotypes were created and the crucial factors for the adaptation of C. songaricum to saline-alkali stress were identified, including 7 keystone OTUs (i.e. Novosphingobium sp., Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Glycomyces sp.), 5 core genes (cell wall-related genes), and 10 most important metabolites (i.e. cucurbitacin D and 3-Hydroxybutyrate) were identified. Our results indicated that under saline-alkali environments, the microbial competition might become more intense, and the microbial community network had the simple but stable structure, accompanied by the changes in the gene expression related to cell wall for adaptation. However, this regulation led to the reduction in active ingredients, such as the accumulation of flavonoids and organic acid, and enhanced the synthesis of bitter substances (cucurbitacin D), resulting in the decrease in the quality of C. songaricum. Therefore, compared to the SAL ecotype, the DS was more suitable for the subsequent development of medicinal and edible products of C. songaricum. Furthermore, to explore the reasons for this quality variation, we constructed a comprehensive microbial-genetic-metabolic regulatory network, revealing that the metabolism of C. songaricum was primarily influenced by genetic factors. These findings not only offer new insights for future research into plant salt-alkali tolerance strategies but also provide a crucial understanding for cultivating high-quality medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Zhang
- Key lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoshuai Zhang
- Key lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Key lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Center for Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, 25000 Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Key lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ma FP, Yu L, Yang Y, Li DX, Shen CY, Zhao XS, Luo Q. Glycoside constituents with various antioxidant effects from fresh Cynomorium songaricum. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2022; 24:784-793. [PMID: 34592866 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1978429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CSR), an edible and medicinal material, is widely cultivated in desert regions of Eastern and Western Asia, Europe, and North Africa. Ten glycoside constituents 1-10 including one new songaricumone A (1) were isolated from the fresh C. songaricum. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive NMR data analysis. Further, various antioxidant effects of isolated compounds (1-3 and 5-10) were comprehensively and comparatively investigated. In conclusion, it is obvious that different glycosides vary significantly toward different sources of free radicals, which are attributed to different aglycones and substituted positions of sugar unit in structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fo-Pei Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - De-Xian Li
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chun-Yan Shen
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhao
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Syndrome Laboratory of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincal Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Zhang X, Sun X, Miao Y, Zhang M, Tian L, Yang J, Liu C, Huang L. Ecotype Division and Chemical Diversity of Cynomorium songaricum from Different Geographical Regions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133967. [PMID: 35807215 PMCID: PMC9268089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum is an important endangered plant with significant medicinal and edible values. However, the lack of resources and quality variation have limited the comprehensive developments and sustainable utilization of C. songaricum. Here, we evaluated the chemical and genetic traits of C. songaricum from the highly suitable habitat regions simulated with species distribution models. The PCA and NJ tree analyses displayed intraspecific variation in C. songaricum, which could be divided into two ecotypes: ecotype I and ecotype II. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS-based metabolomic was used to identify and analyze the metabolites of two ecotypes. The results indicated that a total of 589 compounds were detected, 236 of which were significantly different between the two ecotypes. Specifically, the relative content and the kind of flavonoids were more abundant in ecotype I, which were closely associated with the medicinal activities. In contrast, amino acids and organic acids were more enriched in ecotype II, which may provide better nutritional quality and unique flavor. In summary, our findings demonstrate the ecotype division and chemical diversity of C. songaricum in China from different geographical regions and provide a reference for the development of germplasm and directed plant breeding of endangered medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Zhang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Xiao Sun
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Yujing Miao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Baotou 014040, China;
| | - Lixia Tian
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Jie Yang
- Tongren Tobacco Company Songtao Branch, Tongren 554100, China;
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
| | - Linfang Huang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Z.); (X.S.); (Y.M.); (L.T.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-010-5783-3197
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Zhang B, Yang SL, Li X, Zhang QR, Tian MY, Wang XL, Wang SJ. Structures and neuroprotective activities of triterpenoids from Cynomorium coccineum subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Leonard. Phytochemistry 2022; 198:113155. [PMID: 35259348 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium coccineum subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Leonard has been widely used as a Chinese herbal remedy or a functional food for treating symptoms of aging or neurodegenerative diseases. A further investigation on the finding of active constituents led to the isolation and identification of four previously undescribed triterpenoids, together with 20 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (IR, NMR, HRMS, and CD). Sixteen compounds showed significant neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced or oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced SK-N-SH cell death. Our findings revealed the active constituents of C. coccineum subsp. songaricum and indicated that both oleanane-type and ursane-type triterpenes could be valuable platforms for neurodegenerative agents based on primary structure-activity relationship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sheng-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qian-Ru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Meng-Yin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Wang D, Yu H, Chen G. Scent chemistry and pollinators in the holoparasitic plant Cynomorium songaricum (Cynomoriaceae). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2021; 23:111-120. [PMID: 32915486 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Holoparasitic plants are interesting heterotrophic angiosperms. However, carrion- or faeces-mimicking is rarely described for such plants. There is no information on the pollination biology of Cynomoriaceae, despite the fact that these plants are rare and vulnerable. This is the first study to reveal pollination in a member of this family, Cynomorium songaricum, a root holoparasite with a distinctive and putrid floral odour. From 2016 to 2018, we studied the floral volatiles, floral visitors and pollinators, behavioural responses of visitors to floral volatiles, breeding system, flowering phenology and floral biology of two wild populations of C. songaricum in Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China. A total of 42 volatiles were identified in inflorescences of C. songaricum. Among these volatiles are compounds known as typical carrion scents, such as p-cresol, indole, dimethyl disulphide and 1-octen-3-ol. C. songaricum is pollinated by various Diptera, such as Musca domestica, M. stabulans (Muscidae), Delia setigera, D. platura (Anthomyiidae), Lucilia sericata, L. caesar (Calliphoridae), Wohlfahrtia indigens, Sarcophaga noverca, S. crassipalpis and Sarcophila meridionalis (Sarcophagidae). The inflorescence scent of C. songaricum attracted these pollinators. The plants significantly benefit from insect pollination, although wind can be a pollen vector in the absence of pollinators. C. songaricum is a cross-pollinated, self-incompatible plant. Our findings suggest that C. songaricum releases malodorous volatiles to attract Diptera to achieve pollination. This new example lays the foundation for further comparative studies in other members of this plant group and contributes to a better understanding of fly-pollinated, carrion mimicking plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - H Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - G Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, The Good Agriculture Practice Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese and Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010070, China
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Chen J, Leong PK, Leung HY, Chan WM, Wong HS, Ko KM. 48Biochemical mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of a triterpenoid-enriched extract of Cynomorium songaricum in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Phytomedicine 2020; 73:153038. [PMID: 31378503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCY2, a triterpenoid-enriched extract of Cynomorii Herba, has been shown to reduce body weight and adiposity and attenuate manifestations of the associated metabolic syndrome in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. PURPOSE The current study aimed to investigate the biochemical mechanism underlying the anti-obesity effect produced by HCY2. STUDY DESIGN An HCY2-containing extract was examined for its effects on the regulation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator-1 (PGC1) pathways and the protein expression related to mitochondrial uncoupling and biogenesis in skeletal muscle using an HFD-induced obese mouse model. METHODS The obese mouse model was produced by providing HFD (60% kcal from fat) ad libitum. The effects and signaling mechanisms of HCY2 were examined using analytical procedures which included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, Western blot analysis, and the use of a Clark-type oxygen electrode. RESULTS The current study revealed that the weight reduction produced by HCY2 is associated with the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway, with resultant increases in mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of uncoupling protein 3 in skeletal muscle in vivo. The use of a recoupler, ketocholestanol, delineated the precise role of mitochondrial uncoupling in the anti-obesity effect afforded by HCY2 in obese mice. CONCLUSION Our experimental findings offer a promising prospect for the use of HCY2 in the management of obesity through the regulation of AMPK/PGC1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihang Chen
- School of Life and Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
| | - Pou Kuan Leong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Yan Leung
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Man Chan
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Kam Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Leonti M, Bellot S, Zucca P, Rescigno A. Astringent drugs for bleedings and diarrhoea: The history of Cynomorium coccineum (Maltese Mushroom). J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112368. [PMID: 31678417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The botanical identity of the ancient vernacular cynomorium does not correspond to the modern scientific genus while it is not clear how many species of hipocistis (Cytinus sp.) were differentiated by the ancient physicians and whether Cynomorium coccineum was subsumed. The early history of therapeutic uses related to the herbal drugs derived from these parasitic taxa is therefore not easily accessible. Cynomorium coccineum became an important pharmaceutical commodity after the Siege of Malta but its importance decreased in the 18th century and now is considered obsolete. MATERIAL AND METHODS We compare the morphological, ecological and therapeutic information of Cynomorium and other parasitizing plant taxa across the past 2000 years and contextualize their uses with the pharmacological properties of their principal metabolites focusing on the raise and fall of C. coccineum as a medicine. RESULTS The therapeutic uses of C. coccineum, the Maltese mushroom, seem to become clearly traceable since the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna. Styptic and astringent drugs such as Cynomorium, Cytinus but also gall apples and many others have been selected for their protein-linking capacity leading to the formation of a protective layer on the mucous membranes, which can be used to reduce the secretion of water and electrolytes in case of diarrhoea, dysentery and external bleedings. Whether C. coccineum is effective as a systemically applied anti-haemorrhagic drug is questionable. CONCLUSION It appears that the vernacular cynomorium of the ancients corresponds to an edible Orobanche sp. while it remains doubtful whether the vernacular hipocistis was next to Cytinus sp. also applied to C. coccineum as evidence of C. coccineum parasitizing Cistus sp. is scarce. The isolation of gallic acid used as a styptic and the increasing availability of chemical styptics in the 18th century together with the availability of effective alternative anti-diarrhoeic drugs with a more reliable supply very probably led to the decline of the importance of the Maltese mushroom in pharmacy during the 18th century. The effectiveness of gallic acid as a systemic anti-haemorrhagic remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Ospedale 72, 09124, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sidonie Bellot
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, TW9 3DS, Richmond, UK
| | - Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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Li X, Sdiri M, Peng J, Xie Y, Yang BB. Identification and characterization of chemical components in the bioactive fractions of Cynomorium coccineum that possess anticancer activity. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:61-73. [PMID: 31892846 PMCID: PMC6930376 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.38475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium coccineum has long been used as the health and medicinal plant known to induce cancer cell death. However, the bioactive compounds of C. coccineum and the underlying mechanism of their regulator in cell autophagy and cell apoptosis remain unexplored. In our previous study, we found that the ethanol extract had antitumor activity through inducing cancer cell death. In this study, by detecting the anti-tumor effect of sequence extracts from Cynomorium coccineum, the active constituents were collected in solvent ethyl acetate. A strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap/MS) was first utilized to analyze the chemical constituents of active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction, CS3). A total of 29 compounds including 8 triterpenoids, 6 flavonoids, 4 fatty acids, 8 phenolic acids, 1 anthraquinones, 1 nucleoside and 1 sterol were detected and identified or tentatively identified for the first time in Cynomorium coccineum. We found that CS3 induces cancer cell death accompanied with a great number of vacuoles in the cytoplasm. CS3-induced autophagosome formation was found and confirmed by electron microscopy and the high expression levels of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3-II (LC3II), a marker protein of autophagy. We additionally demonstrated that CS3 activated and increased the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins, BNIP3 and BNIP3L, in mRNA and protein levels. The constituents of CS3 down-regulated anti-apoptotic BCL2, and then releases autophagic protein Beclin-1. These finding for the first time systematically not only explore and identify the active constituents of CS3 in Cynomorium coccineum, but also examined the mechanism associated with CS3-induced cell death via cell autophagy. This active component may serve as a potential source to obtain new autophagy inducer and anti-cancer compounds for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, M4N3M5, Canada
| | - Mouna Sdiri
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, M4N3M5, Canada
| | - Juanjuan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
- Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, M4N3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M4N3M5, Canada
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Tao R, Miao L, Yu X, Orgah JO, Barnabas O, Chang Y, Liu E, Fan G, Gao X. Cynomorium songaricum Rupr demonstrates phytoestrogenic or phytoandrogenic like activities that attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via regulating steroid 5-α-reductase. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 235:65-74. [PMID: 30708032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CS) belongs to the genus of parasitic perennial flowering plants, mostly used in Chinese traditional medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment. BPH is a chronic disease in men that both androgen and estrogen play a crucial role in promoting its development via their receptors. Previously we have showed that compounds from CS have the phytoestrogenic and/or phytoandrogenic activities that may have the potential suppressive effects on BPH, while the mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of CS and its derived compounds: luteolin (LUT), gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA) and protocatechualdehyde (Pra) on inhibition of rat BPH and proliferation of BPH-1 cell line respectively, and further uncover whether it is related with the phytoestrogenic and / or phytoandrogenic activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Estradiol/testosterone (1:100) was subcutaneous injected to induce BPH in a castrated rat model, and CS was orally administrated for 45 days. Then the weights of the body and prostate were recorded, the pathogenesis changes of prostate were analyzed by Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC). The levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from rats' serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, human benign prostatic epithelial cell BPH-1 was cultured and treated with or without different CS compounds and DHT or E2. MTT and CCK-8 assays were performed to detect the regulatory effects on cell proliferation. The expressions of PCNA, AR, ERα, ERβ, and steroid 5-α-reductases (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) were further analyzed by western blotting upon treatment. RESULTS Treatment with CS significantly inhibited rat prostate enlargement, improved the pathological feature and reduced the thickness of smooth muscle layer. The up-regulated AR and ERα expressions and down-regulated ERβ in BPH rat prostate were significantly blocked after CS administration. Moreover, the enhanced values of E2/testosterone and the level of DHT in serum were also strongly inhibited in CS group compared with those in BPH groups. In cellular level, LUT, GA, PA, or Pra significantly inhibited DHT- or E2- induced BPH-1 cell proliferation and PCNA expressions. Consistently with the data in vivo, compounds from CS interfered the DHT or E2-regulated AR, ERα and ERβ expressions in BPH-1 cells as well. Importantly, the dramatic increased SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 expressions were observed in BPH rat prostates and DHT or E2-stimulated BPH-1 cells. However, treatment with CS in rat or with compounds isolated from CS in BPH-1 cells significantly blocked the induction of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2. CONCLUSIONS CS suppressed BPH development through interfering with prostatic AR, ERα/β, and SRD5A1/2 expressions, which provided evidence of CS for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lin Miao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiean Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - John Owoicho Orgah
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Oche Barnabas
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Erwei Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Cui JL, Gong Y, Vijayakumar V, Zhang G, Wang ML, Wang JH, Xue XZ. Correlation in Chemical Metabolome and Endophytic Mycobiome in Cynomorium songaricum from Different Desert Locations in China. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:3554-3564. [PMID: 30860831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. is a valuable food and medicinal plant with functions, such as an increase in sexual function, mainly attributed to its complex secondary metabolites. However, the effect of internal microbes on metabolite production in C. songaricum is still largely unclear. In this study, the relationship between endophytes and differential secondary metabolites in C. songaricum from seven major producing regions of China were explored based on established methods of metabolomics and high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 13 different marker metabolites, seven shared fungal OTUs, and numerous unshared OTUs among C. songaricum distributed at different locations in China and identified significant correlations between metabolites and endophytic fungi. Our study revealed that endophytic fungi may be one possible factor that can affect the plant secondary metabolite composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Gong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biotechnology , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang , Shaanxi 712046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Zan Xue
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biotechnology , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
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Cui JL, Zhang YY, Vijayakumar V, Zhang G, Wang ML, Wang JH. Secondary Metabolite Accumulation Associates with Ecological Succession of Endophytic Fungi in Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:5499-5509. [PMID: 29749738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. is a rare root-parasitic plant distributed in the desert ecosystem. Little is known about the role of endophytes in accumulation of metabolites in C. songaricum. Here, the correlations between the seven active components (total sugars, flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, catechins, tannins, gallic acid, and ursolic acid) and the endophytic fungi of C. songaricum were investigated, and their causal relationships are discussed further. The results showed that the accumulation of these components and the assembly of endophytic fungi changed with different plant developmental stages. Diverse relationships including positive and negative correlation were found among chemicals and endophytic fungal operational taxonomic units based on correlation coefficient matrices, which demonstrated that the accumulation of secondary metabolites in C. songaricum is closely related to the endophytic fungal community composition. These results present new opportunities to deeply understand plant-fungal symbioses and secondary metabolite productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Long Cui
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy , Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine , Xianyang , Shaanxi 712046 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Liang Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hong Wang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , Shanxi 030006 , People's Republic of China
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12
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Cao YJ, Li ZB, Qi YJ, Liu Y, Gu J, Hu FF, Zhang WD, Hao L, Hou JQ, Han CH. [Cynomorium songaricum improves sperm count and motility and serum testosterone level and promotes proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in oligoasthenospermia rats]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2016; 22:1116-1121. [PMID: 29282918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of cynomorium songaricum (CS) decoction on the testis weight, serum testosterone level, and sperm parameters of rats with oligoasthenospermia (OAS), explore its action mechanism of improving the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, and provide some experimental and theoretical evidence for the development of new Chinese drugs for OAS. METHODS Thirty 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number: blank control, model control, high-dose CS, medium-dose CS, and low-dose CS. OAS models were established by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide and, a month later, treated intragastrically with normal saline or CS at 2, 1, and 0.5 g per kg of the body weight per day, all for 4 weeks. Then, the testes of the animals were harvested to obtain the testicular weight, sperm concentration and motility, and the level of serum testosterone (T), detect the expressions of the transcription factor 1 (Oct4), Thy-1 cell surface antigen (Thy1), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (C-kit) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the testis tissue of the rats in the low-dose CS group by real-time PCR. RESULTS The testis weights in the blank control, model control, high-dose CS, medium-dose CS, and low-dose CS groups were (1.52±0.06), (1.55±0.06), (1.43±0.30), (1.35±0.40) and (1.34±0.04) g, respectively, not significantly different in the blank and model controls from those in the CS groups (P>0.05). The visual field sperm count per 10 HP was significantly increased in the high-, medium-, and low-dose CS groups (202±20, 196±5 and 216±25) as compared with the blank and model controls (200±15 and 134±30) (P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of the Oct4, Thy1, PLZF and GDNF genes were remarkably higher in the low-dose CS group than in the controls (P<0.05), but that of the C-kit gene showed no significant difference from the latter (P>0.05). The visual field sperm motility per 10 HP was markedly increased in the blank control ([52.1±5.5]%), model control ([38.1±2.5]%), high-dose CS ([59.1±9.5]%), medium-dose CS ([58.7±9.5]%), and low-dose CS ([49.6±1.0]%) groups, and so was the level of serum testosterone ([190±87.5], [82.5±25.8], [229±75.6], [331±86.7] and [185±82.4] mmol/L), both remarkably higher in the CS groups than in the model controls (P<0.05) but with no statistically significant difference between the CS groups and the blank controls (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS CS can significantly improve sperm concentration, sperm motility and serum T level in OAS rats, probably by inducing the expression of GDNF in the rat Sertoli cells, promoting the proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, and enhancing spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Juan Cao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Zhen-Bei Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qi
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Juan Gu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Fang-Fang Hu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Wen-da Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
| | - Jian-Quan Hou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Cong-Hui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
- Xuzhou Center of Reproductive Medicine, Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China
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Tuvaanjav S, Shuqin H, Komata M, Ma C, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Yoshida T. Isolation and antiviral activity of water-soluble Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2016; 18:159-71. [PMID: 26838028 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2015.1082547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant, Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., is used as a traditional medicine in China and Mongolia. In the present study, two new water-soluble polysaccharides isolated from C. songaricum Rupr. were purified by successive Sephadex G-75 and G-50 column chromatographies and then characterized by high resolution NMR and IR spectroscopies. The molecular weights of two polysaccharides were determined by an aqueous GPC to be [Formula: see text] = 3.7 × 10(4) and 1.0 × 10(4), respectively. In addition, it was found that the polysaccharide with the larger molecular weight was an acidic polysaccharide. It was found that the iodine-starch reaction of both isolated polysaccharides was negative and the methylation analysis gave 2, 4, 6-tri-O-methyl alditol acetate as a main product. NMR and IR measurements and sugar analysis revealed that both polysaccharides had a (1 → 3)-α-d-glucopyranosidic main chain with a small number of branches. After sulfation, the sulfated C. songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides were found to have a potent inhibitory effect on HIV infection of MT-4 cells at a 50% effective concentration of 0.3-0.4 μg/ml, a concentration that has almost the same high activity as standard dextran and curdlan sulfates, EC50 = 0.35 and 0.14 μg/ml, respectively. The 50% cytotoxic concentration was low, CC50>1000 μg/ml. In addition, the interaction between the sulfated polysaccharides and poly-l-lysine as a model protein compound was investigated by a surface plasmon resonance to reveal the anti-HIV mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvdmaa Tuvaanjav
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Han Shuqin
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Masashi Komata
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
| | - Chunjie Ma
- b School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University , Hohhot 010110 , China
| | - Taisei Kanamoto
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Hideki Nakashima
- c St. Marianna University School of Medicine , Miyamae-ku 216-8511 , Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- a Department of Bio and Environmental Chemistry , Kitami Institute of Technology , Kitami 090-8507 , Hokkaido , Japan
- d Research Center for Environmentally Friendly Materials Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology , Muroran 050-8585 , Hokkaido , Japan
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Luo GH, Wang J, Yan X, Zhang Y, Zhang GX, Wang JQ. [Differences of Cynomorium songaricum seed quality and mutual parasitism in different host plants]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2013; 38:3432-3437. [PMID: 24490548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In natural conditions, fully ripe Cynomorium songaricum seeds parasitize in Nitraria tangutorum or N. sphaerocarpa or N. sibirica or Zygophyllum xanthoxylom and Peganum harmala, were used in this study to research the morphological characteristics, embryo rate, seed viability, 1 000-grain weight, purity, water content and the seeds of different host parasitic relationship with each other. The results showed that the morphology, color and surface characteristics of the C. songaricum seeds are very similar in different hosts. According to the seed morphology can not be judged on its host. For the host to N. tangutorum or Peganum harmala or N. sibirica, we should choose the round hole screen less than 0.923 1 mm and larger than 1.066 2 mm to cleaning seeds. For the C. songaricum seeds parasitic in N. sphaerocarpa, the choice of slightly less than 0.926 1 mm and larger than 0.985 3 mm round hole screen to cleaning. For the parasitic seeds in Z. xanthoxylom, less than 0.751 3 mm and slightly larger than 1.035 3 mm round hole screen could be used. Highy significant correlation was found among the morphological indexes in C. songaricum seeds (P < 0.01). Morphological indexes and 1 000-grain weight were significantly correlated (0.01 < P < 0.05), but with the seed viability and the embryo rate were not found significant correlation. Grain weight is not related with the seed viability and the Fully mature C. songaricum seed viability is high and water content is low. The difference of the habitats and the host plants should be considered in the seed quality assessment and classification. The C. songaricum seeds on host plants are not selective, and the C. songaricum seeds from the host plants could be parasitized in other host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hong Luo
- Kaiyuan Bio-tech Development Center, Hexi University, Zhangye 734300, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734300, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Microalgae Engineering Research Center of Gansu Province, Zhangye 734300, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734300, China
| | - Gui-Xi Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734300, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734300, China
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Cui Z, Guo Z, Miao J, Wang Z, Li Q, Chai X, Li M. The genus Cynomorium in China: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147:1-15. [PMID: 23369691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Species of the genus Cynomorium (Cynomoriaceae), including C. songaricum Rupr. and C. coccineum L., have a long history of use in traditional medicine to treat various ailments such as impotence, premature ejaculation, kidney-yang deficiency, spermatorrhea, colic, and stomach ulcers. In addition, these species are used in health foods, tea, and cosmetics. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research, and toxicology of C. songaricum and C. coccineum and to explore the therapeutic potential and future research opportunities of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on C. songaricum and C. coccineum was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS The ethnomedical uses of C. songaricum and C. coccineum in Saudi Arabia, China, Afghanistan, Mongolia, and Iran for several types of ailments were recorded. A phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phloroglucinol adducts, saccharides, phenylpropanoids, steroids, organic acids, and other compounds. The crude extracts and pure compounds from C. songaricum and C. coccineum exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity, including anti-fatigue, anti-hypoxia, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic, immune system modulating, and antiviral activity. CONCLUSIONS Cynomorium species have emerged as a source of traditional medicine. Many studies have provided evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of these species in treating various conditions and possible mechanisms. However, further research is required for the development of new drugs and therapies for the treatment of various diseases, especially cancer and diabetes. Therefore, this review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and toxicity of Cynomorium species will provide helpful data for further studies and commercial exploitation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhu Cui
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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Xie SA, Li GY, Huang J, Zheng YX, Wang HY, Zhang K, Gao HY, Tan Y, Chen W, Chen H, Li PY, Wang JH. A new flavanol from Cynomorium songaricum. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2013; 15:413-416. [PMID: 23464829 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.774765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new flavanol, named songarin A (1), was isolated from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. The structure was established on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques. Compound 1 displayed the protective effect against d-galactosamine-induced HepG2 damage and reduced the damage from 58.64% to 22.26%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-An Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
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Zucca P, Rosa A, Tuberoso CIG, Piras A, Rinaldi AC, Sanjust E, Dessì MA, Rescigno A. Evaluation of antioxidant potential of “maltese mushroom” (Cynomorium coccineum) by means of multiple chemical and biological assays. Nutrients 2013; 5:149-61. [PMID: 23344249 PMCID: PMC3571642 DOI: 10.3390/nu5010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium coccineum is an edible, non-photosynthetic plant widespread along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The medicinal properties of Maltese mushroom—one of the oldest vernacular names used to identify this species—have been kept in high regard since ancient times to the present day. We evaluated the antioxidant potential of fresh specimens of C. coccineum picked in Sardinia, Italy. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts were tested by using multiple assay systems (DPPH, FRAP, TEAC, ORAC-PYR). Total phenolics and flavonoids were also determined. Gallic acid and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were identified as the main constituents and measured. Both extracts showed antioxidant capacities; ORAC-PYR assay gave the highest antioxidant value in both cases. The methanolic extract was further investigated with in vitro biological models of lipid oxidation; it showed a significant activity in preventing cholesterol degradation and exerted protection against Cu2+-mediated degradation of the liposomal unsaturated fatty acids. Results of the present study demonstrate that the extracts of C. coccineum show a significant total antioxidant power and also exert an in vitro protective effect in different bio-assays of oxidative stress. Therefore, Maltese mushroom can be considered a valuable source of antioxidants and phytochemicals useful in the preparation of nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zucca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
- Consorzio UNO, Consortium University of Oristano, Oristano 09170, Italy
| | - Antonella Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Carlo I. G. Tuberoso
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 09124, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Alessandra Piras
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Andrea C. Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Enrico Sanjust
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Maria A. Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Antonio Rescigno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy; E-Mails: (P.Z.); (A.R.); (A.C.R.); (E.S.); (M.A.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-70-675-4516; Fax: +39-70-675-4527
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Jin S, Doi A, Kuroda T, Zhang G, Hatano T, Chen G. Polyphenolic constituents of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. and antibacterial effect of polymeric proanthocyanidin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:7297-305. [PMID: 22747497 DOI: 10.1021/jf301621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols were obtained by chromatographic fractionation of extracts from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. The structure of the polymeric constituent, cynomoriitannin, was characterized using spectral and chemical data. Results from acid-catalyzed degradation indicated that cynomoriitannin is a polymeric proanthocyanidin predominantly composed of epicatechin, together with low proportions of epicatechin-3-O-gallate and catechin as extension units. The terminal unit was chiefly composed of catechin, with an admixture of epicatechin. Size exclusion chromatographic analysis demonstrated a mean polymerization degree of 14. Two new phloroglucinol adducts (cynomoriitannin-phloroglucinol adducts A and B) obtained by acid-catalyzed degradation of cynomoriitannin in the presence of phloroglucinol were characterized using spectral analyses. Six oligomeric flavan-3-ols were also identified as follows: procyanidin B3, catechin-(6'-8)-catechin, catechin-(6'-6)-catechin, epicatechin-(4β-8)- epicatechin-(4β-8)-catechin, epicatechin-(4β-6)-epicatechin-(4β-8)-catechin, and arecatannin A1, respectively. These flavan-3-ols were isolated from C. songaricum. This is the first time that this procedure has been described. The antibacterial activity of the fractions and constituents was tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The crude acetone-water (7:3) extract had moderate activity against MRSA. Cynomoriitannin was the most effective of the plant constituents against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwu Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Luan N, Li D. [Study on supercritical CO2 extraction of flavonoids from Cynomorium songaricum]. Zhong Yao Cai 2010; 33:1167-1171. [PMID: 21137376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the extraction technology of flavonoids from Cynomorium songaricum by supercritical CO2 extraction. METHODS The effects of pressure, temperature, time, concentration of alcohol, dosage of chemical preparation, flux of CO2 and particle size were studied by single factor analysis and orthogonal test. RESULTS The optimized conditions were as follows: particle size 60 - 80 sieve mesh, the pressure was 30 MPa, the temperature was 50 degrees C, the time was 75 min, concentration of alcohol was 50%, entrainment rate was 8%, flux of CO2 was 5 mL/min. The total flavonoids yield could reach 21.18% under the above conditions. CONCLUSION This method is simple, rapid and higher extraction yield, so it is suitable for the extraction of flavonoids from Cynomorium songaricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luan
- College of Arts & Science of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Lu Y, Wang Q, Melzig MF, Jenett-Siems K. Extracts of Cynomorium songaricum protect human neuroblastoma cells from beta-amyloid25-35 and superoxide anion induced injury. Pharmazie 2009; 64:609-612. [PMID: 19827306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In Traditional Chinese Medicine a number of herbs are used to alleviate age-related diseases including memory impairment and dementia, among them stems of Cynomorium songaricum, Cynomoriaceae. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of different extracts of aerial parts of C. songaricum on amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase induced cell death in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. Abeta (20 microM) as well as superoxide anions generated by the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system both reduced cell viability to about 60%. The methanolic extract of C. songaricum attenuated Abeta induced cell death at concentrations of 100 and 10 microg/ml, an even stronger effect was observed for the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the crude methanolic extract. On the other hand, the dichloromethane as well as water fractions showed no protective effects. In order to further analyze the protective mode of action, the ability of extracts to protect against superoxide anions induced cell death was also evaluated. In this system, cell viability could again be restored by methanol and ethyl acetate extracts, the latter showingsignificant protective effects even at concentrations as low as 0.1 microg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
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Chen J, Sun SQ, Xu R, Liu YG, Yu J, Liu TN, Li JQ. [Identification of Cistanche deserticola from Boschniakla rossica and Cynomorium songaricum using FTIR and two-dimensional correlation IR spectroscopy]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2009; 29:1502-1507. [PMID: 19810518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-IR) was used for the identification of Cistanche deserticola from its adulterants, Boschniakla rossica and Cynomorium songaricum. The results showed that these IR spectra showed their different macro-fingerprint feathers: the charactersistic peaks for Cistanche deserticola were located at -1 730 and 931 cm(-1). While absorption peaks at -1 510, 1 375 and 1 266 cm(-1) were only found in Boschniakla rossica. And the strongest peak of Cynomorium songaricum was at 1 614 cm(-1). Differences were more obvious in the second derivative IR spectra: the intensities of the four peaks of Cistanche deserticola at -1 453,1 336, 931, and 892 cm(-1) were strong, among which the peak at -931 cm(-1) was sharp and the strongest in intensity. There was the strongest peak at -1 509 cm(-1) for Boschniakla rossica. In addition, the shape of peaks at -1 633 and 1 161 cm(-1) was wider and the intensities were stronger. While the shape of peak at -1 682 cm(-1) was sharp, and also the intensity of peak at 1 605 cm(-1) was stronger. According to the features of the IR spectra of each kind, a quick and accurate method based on FTIR for the identification of Cistanche deserticola was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ma L, Chen G, Nie L, Ai M. [Effect of Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide on telomere length in blood and brain of D-galactose-induced senescence mice]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009; 34:1257-1260. [PMID: 19673390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide (CSP) on telomere length in blood and brain tissues of aged mice in order to provide some evidence for CSP's development and applying in the clinical uses. METHOD Kunming mice were intraperitoneal injected D-galactose (500 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) to make the aging models, and different dosages of CSP (20, 40, 80 mg x kg(-1)) were given by gavage for 56 days. The average length of telomere was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULT The relative T/S ratio of the group high and middle dosages of CSP in blood were 1.64 +/- 0.36 and 1.33 +/0.28, respectively, and higher than that of the group of senescence 1.01 +/- 0.13 (P < 0.01). Values of the group of high, middle, and low dosages of CSP in brain tissues were 3.34 +/- 0.58, 2.30 +/- 0. 75 and 1.55 +/- 0.58, respectively, and significantly higher than that of the group of senescence 1.04 +/- 0.33 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION CSP can exert the anti-aging effects by increase telomere length f senescence mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ma
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Ma CM, Wei Y, Wang ZG, Hattori M. Triterpenes from Cynomorium songaricium--analysis of HCV protease inhibitory activity, quantification, and content change under the influence of heating. J Nat Med 2009; 63:9-14. [PMID: 18600299 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-008-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory activity of the three major triterpenes from the stems of Cynomorium songaricum--ursolic acid, acetyl ursolic acid, and malonyl ursolic acid hemiester--and their related compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity on HCV protease; malonyl ursolic acid hemiester was the most potent. A HPLC-PAD (photo diode array detector)-MS method was established to quantify the contents of each triterpene in C. songaricum. Using this method, the effect heating had on the contents was also investigated. It was found that among the three triterpenes, the content of malonyl ursolic acid hemiester decreased most quickly during the heating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Mei Ma
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Zhang RX, Jia ZP, Li MX, Wang J, Yin Q, Luo JD, Liu HY. [Study on the effect of Part III from Cynomorium songaricum on immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide]. Zhong Yao Cai 2008; 31:407-409. [PMID: 18619249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the immunomodulatory effect of Part III of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. on the immunosuppressive mice. METHODS The immunity-deficiency model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) at the dose of 100 mg/kg in mice; all the animals were divided into normal control group, immunity-deficiency model group, Part III treated group (300 mg/kg) and positive control group (TSPG, 300 mg/kg). The hemogram of peripheral blood, the index of immune organs, the phagocytosis activity of macrophage, the content of serum hemolysin were measured. RESULTS The index of organs, the phagocytosis activity of macrophage and the content of serum hemolysin in the model group increased after administrated of Part III. CONCLUSION Part III from Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. has protective effect on the immunosuppressive mice, which may be related to the increasing of humoral immunity and nonspecific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xue Zhang
- Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Command of PLA, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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Chu Q, Tian X, Lin M, Ye J. Electromigration profiles of Cynomorium songaricum based on capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:7979-83. [PMID: 17031998 DOI: 10.1021/jf061574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection (CE-AD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacologically active ingredients in Cynomorium songaricum in this work. Under the optimum conditions, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, naringenin, rutin, luteolin, quercetin, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid can be well separated or nearly baseline separated (epicatechin and catechin peaks) within 31 min at the separation voltage of 14 kV in a 50 mmol L(-1) Borax running buffer (pH 9.0). Detection limits (S/N=3) ranged from 5.7 x 10(-8) to 8.5 x 10(-9) g mL(-1) for all nine analytes. This procedure was successfully used for the analysis and comparison of the content difference of C. songaricum samples collected from different places based on their electrophorograms or "electromigration profiles".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcui Chu
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Chang Y, Su G, Yin C, Zhang J, Bu H. [Study on dynamics of tannin in different growth phase of Cynomorium songaricum]. Zhong Yao Cai 2005; 28:643-5. [PMID: 16379417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Potassium permanganate titration and complexometry were used to determine the content of tannin in different growth phase of wild and cultivated Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. The result showed that the content appeared regularly changing and the content in coming-up phase was higher than other phases. The quality in this phase would be better if the tannin was regarded as one of the effective components. The result might provide science foundation for the quality control of Herb Cynomorii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxu Chang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolian University, Hohhot
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Xue GQ, Liu Q, Ren XF, Han YQ. [Determination of fifteen metal elements in Cynomorium songaricum by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS)]. Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi 2004; 24:1461-1463. [PMID: 15762505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A FAAS method was established for the determination of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ag and Au in Cynomorium songaricum after digestion with HNO3-HClO4 (phi 4:1) at 90-95 degrees C and at normal pressure. In this paper, the parameters in FAAS were studied. The analytical results of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni and Ag were 13,572.0, 14,260.0, 358.3, 168.3, 238.5, 19.4, 5.9, 3.4, 2.6, 1.3 and 0.4 microg x g(-1) respectively and Co, Cr, Cd and Au were not found in the samples. The results showed that the recovery of standard addition was 97.8%-104.5%, and the relative standard deviation (n = 9) was 0.2%-5.0%. The method is fast, simple and convenient. The results were satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-qing Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
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Zhang SJ, Zhang SY, Hu JP. [Studies on polysaccharide of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2001; 26:409-11. [PMID: 12528510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the acidic heteropolysac charides of Cynomorium songaricum. METHOD The polysaccharides were purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-150 gel column chromatography. Purity and molecular weight of the polysaccharides were determined by high performance gel permeation chromatography; neutral sugars composition were identified by PC, TLC and GC. Uronic acids were determined by carbazole method. RESULT The molecular weight of SYP-A and SYP-B were estimated to be 3.1 x 10(5) and 2.8 x 10(5) respectively, and neutral sugars were composed of galactose, glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose and ribose. The molar ratio for SYP-A and SYP-B were 5.1:4.1:1.6:1.0:0.5:0.3 and 5.2:4.2:1.5:1.0:0.5:0.2 respectively, The contents of uronic acids were 10.7% and 10.5% respectively. CONCLUSION SYP-A and SYP-B are homogeneous acidic heteropolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
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Tao J, Tu P, Xu W, Chen D. [Studies on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the stem of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 1999; 24:292-4, 318-9. [PMID: 12205886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to exploit the medicinal resources and provide a scientific evidence for the clinical use and quality of Cynomorium songaricum control, the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the stem of the plant were studied preliminarily. METHOD The chemical constituents were studied by spectral analysis and chemical method. The pharmacological effects were studied by an experiment on the defecation and deficiency of kidney function. RESULT AND CONCLUSION Seven compounds were isolated from the stem of C. songaricum and identified as beta-sitosterol(I), palmitic acid (II), ursloic acid (III), daucosterol (IV), (-)-catechin (VI), naringenin-4'-O-pyranogluoside (VII) and succinicyacid (XII). Compounds VI and XII were isolated from this species for the first time. The pharmacological results show that the different extracts facilitate catharsis and replenish the deficiency of kidney yang.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tao
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Medicines, Beijing Medical University, Beijing 100083
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