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Ziarniak K, Dudek M, Matuszewska J, Bijoch Ł, Skrzypski M, Celichowski J, Sliwowska JH. Two weeks of moderate intensity locomotor training increased corticosterone concentrations but did not alter the number of adropin-immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus of diabetic type 2 and control rats. Acta Histochem 2021; 123:151751. [PMID: 34229193 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adropin (ADR) plays a role in metabolism regulation and its alterations in obesity and diabetes have been found. Treatment with ADR was beneficial in metabolic diseases, and physical exercise increased ADR concentrations in obese patients. However, data on the distribution of ADR in the brain are sparse. The role of metabolic status and physical exercise on its expression in the brain is undiscovered. We hypothesized that diabetes type 2 (DM2) and/or exercise will alter number of ADR-immunoractive (-ir) cells in the rat brain. Animals were divided into groups: diabetes type 2 (receiving high-fat diet and injections of streptozotocin) and control (fed laboratory chow diet; C). Rats were further divided into: running group (2 weeks of forced exercise on a treadmill) and non-running group. Body mass, metabolic and hormonal profiles were assessed. Immunohistochemistry was run to study ADR-ir cells in the brain. We found that: 1) in DM2 animals, running decreased insulin and increased glucose concentrations; 2) in C rats, running decreased insulin concentrations and had no effect on glucose concentration in blood; 3) running increased corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in DM2 and C rats; 4) ADR-ir cells were detected in the hippocampus and ADR-ir fibers in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is a novel location; 5) metabolic status and running, however, did not change number of these cells. We concluded that 2 weeks of forced moderate intensity locomotor training induced stress response present as increased concentration of CORT and did not influence number of ADR-ir cells in the brain.
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Baek HK, Kim PS, Song JA, Choi DH, Kim DE, Oh SI, Park SK, Kim SJ, Song KD, Hwang IK, Seo HS, Yi SS. Neuronal maturation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus via chronic oral administration of Artemisa annua extract is independent of cyclooxygenase 2 signaling pathway in diet-induced obesity mouse model. J Vet Sci 2017; 18:119-127. [PMID: 27515272 PMCID: PMC5489458 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that Artemisia annua (AA) has anti-adipogenic properties in vitro and in vivo. Reduction of adipogenesis by AA treatment may dampen systemic inflammation and protect neurons from cytokine-induced damage. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to assess whether AA increases neuronal maturation by reducing inflammatory responses, such as those mediated by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Mice were fed normal chow or a high-fat diet with or without chronic daily oral administration of AA extract (0.2 g/10 mL/kg) for 4 weeks; then, changes in their hippocampal dentate gyri were measured via immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence staining for bromodexoxyuridine, doublecortin, and neuronal nuclei, markers of neuronal maturation, and quantitative western blotting for COX-2 and Iba-1, in order to assess correlations between systemic inflammation (interleukin-6) and food type. Additionally, we tested the effect of AA in an Alzheimer's disease model of Caenorhabditis elegans and uncovered a potential benefit. The results show that chronic AA dosing significantly increases neuronal maturation, particularly in the high-fat diet group. This effect was seen in the absence of any changes in COX-2 levels in mice given the same type of food, pointing to the possibility of alternate anti-inflammatory pathways in the stimulation of neurogenesis and neuro-maturation in a background of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Baek
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Pan Soo Kim
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion (GSTEP), Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Ji Ae Song
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Choi
- Biocenter, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion (GSTEP), Suwon 16229, Korea
| | - Do Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Seung Il Oh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agricultural Life Science, ChonBuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Seo
- Department of Health Science, Konyang University, Nonsan 32992, Korea
| | - Sun Shin Yi
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
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The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:23-43. [PMID: 26989000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition. Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e., an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.
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Yi SS. Effects of exercise on brain functions in diabetic animal models. World J Diabetes 2015; 6:583-597. [PMID: 25987956 PMCID: PMC4434079 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i4.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human life span has dramatically increased over several decades, and the quality of life has been considered to be equally important. However, diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by problems related to insulin secretion and recognition has become a serious health problem in recent years that threatens human health by causing decline in brain functions and finally leading to neurodegenerative diseases. Exercise is recognized as an effective therapy for DM without medication administration. Exercise studies using experimental animals are a suitable option to overcome this drawback, and animal studies have improved continuously according to the needs of the experimenters. Since brain health is the most significant factor in human life, it is very important to assess brain functions according to the different exercise conditions using experimental animal models. Generally, there are two types of DM; insulin-dependent type 1 DM and an insulin-independent type 2 DM (T2DM); however, the author will mostly discuss brain functions in T2DM animal models in this review. Additionally, many physiopathologic alterations are caused in the brain by DM such as increased adiposity, inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, uncontrolled hyperphagia, insulin and leptin resistance, and dysregulation of neurotransmitters and declined neurogenesis in the hippocampus and we describe how exercise corrects these alterations in animal models. The results of changes in the brain environment differ according to voluntary, involuntary running exercises and resistance exercise, and gender in the animal studies. These factors have been mentioned in this review, and this review will be a good reference for studying how exercise can be used with therapy for treating DM.
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Nguyen JCD, Killcross AS, Jenkins TA. Effect of low-intensity treadmill exercise on behavioural measures and hippocampal parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:598-601. [PMID: 24035878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has been demonstrated to have positive effects on both the body and brain. The present study aimed to determine the behavioural and morphological consequence of low-intensity running. Rats were exercised on a treadmill for a total of 30 days, 30 min/day. Social interaction, locomotor activity and behaviour on an elevated plus maze were assessed post-treatment. Exercised animals demonstrated more passive interaction and less time not interacting than control animals that were not exercised. Conversely, locomotor and anxiety measures showed no effect of exercise. Analysis of brains demonstrated an increase in expression of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus localised to the CA1 and CA2/3 regions. These results demonstrate that low-intensity exercise leads to changes in social behaviour as well as neuroplastic morphological changes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C D Nguyen
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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