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Lee N, Kim D. Toxic Metabolites and Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism: What One Informs about the Other. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060527. [PMID: 35736461 PMCID: PMC9231173 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In inborn errors of metabolism, such as amino acid breakdown disorders, loss of function mutations in metabolic enzymes within the catabolism pathway lead to an accumulation of the catabolic intermediate that is the substrate of the mutated enzyme. In patients of such disorders, dietarily restricting the amino acid(s) to prevent the formation of these catabolic intermediates has a therapeutic or even entirely preventative effect. This demonstrates that the pathology is due to a toxic accumulation of enzyme substrates rather than the loss of downstream products. Here, we provide an overview of amino acid metabolic disorders from the perspective of the ‘toxic metabolites’ themselves, including their mechanism of toxicity and whether they are involved in the pathology of other disease contexts as well. In the research literature, there is often evidence that such metabolites play a contributing role in multiple other nonhereditary (and more common) disease conditions, and these studies can provide important mechanistic insights into understanding the metabolite-induced pathology of the inborn disorder. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies developed for the inborn disorder may be applicable to these nonhereditary disease conditions, as they involve the same toxic metabolite. We provide an in-depth illustration of this cross-informing concept in two metabolic disorders, methylmalonic acidemia and hyperammonemia, where the pathological metabolites methylmalonic acid and ammonia are implicated in other disease contexts, such as aging, neurodegeneration, and cancer, and thus there are opportunities to apply mechanistic or therapeutic insights from one disease context towards the other. Additionally, we expand our scope to other metabolic disorders, such as homocystinuria and nonketotic hyperglycinemia, to propose how these concepts can be applied broadly across different inborn errors of metabolism and various nonhereditary disease conditions.
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2
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Kundu D, Dubey VK. Purines and Pyrimidines: Metabolism, Function and Potential as Therapeutic Options in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 22:170-189. [PMID: 33292151 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721999201208200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Various neurodegenerative disorders have various molecular origins but some common molecular mechanisms. In the current scenario, there are very few treatment regimens present for advanced neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, there is an urgent need for alternate options in the form of natural compounds with an ameliorating effect on patients. There have been individual scattered experiments trying to identify potential values of various intracellular metabolites. Purines and Pyrimidines, which are vital molecules governing various aspects of cellular biochemical reactions, have been long sought as crucial candidates for the same, but there are still many questions that go unanswered. Some critical functions of these molecules associated with neuromodulation activities have been identified. They are also known to play a role in foetal neurodevelopment, but there is a lacuna in understanding their mechanisms. In this review, we have tried to assemble and identify the importance of purines and pyrimidines, connecting them with the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases. The leading cause of this class of diseases is protein misfolding and the formation of amyloids. A direct correlation between loss of balance in cellular homeostasis and amyloidosis is yet an unexplored area. This review aims at bringing the current literature available under one umbrella serving as a foundation for further extensive research in this field of drug development in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Kundu
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP - 221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology BHU, Varanasi, UP - 221005, India
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3
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Pu J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Tian L, Gui S, Yu Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Yang L, Ran Y, Zhong X, Xu S, Song X, Liu L, Zheng P, Wang H, Xie P. An integrated meta-analysis of peripheral blood metabolites and biological functions in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4265-4276. [PMID: 31959849 PMCID: PMC8550972 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious mental illness, characterized by high morbidity, which has increased in recent decades. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying MDD remain unclear. Previous studies have identified altered metabolic profiles in peripheral tissues associated with MDD. Using curated metabolic characterization data from a large sample of MDD patients, we meta-analyzed the results of metabolites in peripheral blood. Pathway and network analyses were then performed to elucidate the biological themes within these altered metabolites. We identified 23 differentially expressed metabolites between MDD patients and controls from 46 studies. MDD patients were characterized by higher levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, tyramine, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, phosphatidylcholine (32:1), and taurochenodesoxycholic acid and lower levels of L-acetylcarnitine, creatinine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, linoleic acid, pyruvic acid, palmitoleic acid, L-serine, oleic acid, myo-inositol, dodecanoic acid, L-methionine, hypoxanthine, palmitic acid, L-tryptophan, kynurenic acid, taurine, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D compared with controls. L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid were consistently downregulated in MDD patients, regardless of antidepressant exposure. Depression rating scores were negatively associated with decreased levels of L-tryptophan. Pathway and network analyses revealed altered amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism, especially for the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and fatty acid metabolism, in the peripheral system of MDD patients. Taken together, our integrated results revealed that metabolic changes in the peripheral blood were associated with MDD, particularly decreased L-tryptophan and kynurenic acid levels, and alterations in the tryptophan-kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Our findings may facilitate biomarker development and the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that underly MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Pu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lu Tian
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Siwen Gui
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yue Yu
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55901 USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yue Chen
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lining Yang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yanqin Ran
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiaogang Zhong
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xuemian Song
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Peng Zheng
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- grid.452206.70000 0004 1758 417XNHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016 China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Peng Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Ferreira AGK, Biasibetti-Brendler H, Sidegum DSV, Loureiro SO, Figueiró F, Wyse ATS. Effect of Proline on Cell Death, Cell Cycle, and Oxidative Stress in C6 Glioma Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:327-334. [PMID: 33196952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Since proline metabolism has been implicated to play an underlying role in apoptotic signaling and cancer, and hyperprolinemic patients present susceptibility to tumors development, this study investigated the effect of proline on cell death, cell cycle, antioxidant enzymes activities, and immunocontent/activity of proteins involved in cell death/survival signaling pathways in C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were incubated with proline (0-5 mM) for 1 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 7 days. Proline in high concentrations slightly decreased LDH release, and no cytotoxic effect was seen by Annexin-PI staining. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were increased by proline (1 mM) after 72 h, suggesting an increase in reactive species levels. Acetylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by proline at 1, 3, and 5 mM. The cell cycle progression was not altered. Results from Western blot analyses showed that proline at 1 mM after 72 h increased p-NF-ĸB and decreased acetylcholinesterase immunocontent but did not altered AKT, p-AKT, GSK3β, and p-GSK3β. Taken together, the data suggest that high proline levels seems to favor the signaling pathways towards cell proliferation, since acetylcholinesterase, which may act as tumor suppressor, is inhibited by proline. Also, p-NF-κB is increased by proline treatment and its activation is related to tumor cell proliferation and cellular response to oxidants. Proline also induced oxidative stress, but it appears to be insufficient to induce a significant change in cell cycle progression. These data may be related, at least in part, to the increased susceptibility to tumor development in hyperprolinemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Gisiane Kurek Ferreira
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Helena Biasibetti-Brendler
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Daniele Susana Volkart Sidegum
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, UFRGS Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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5
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Motte J, Fisse AL, Grüter T, Schneider R, Breuer T, Lücke T, Krueger S, Nguyen HP, Gold R, Ayzenberg I, Ellrichmann G. Novel variants in a patient with late-onset hyperprolinemia type II: diagnostic key for status epilepticus and lactic acidosis. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:345. [PMID: 31884946 PMCID: PMC6935479 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperprolinemia type 2 (HPII) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the proline metabolism, that affects the ALDH4A1 gene. So far only four different pathogenic mutations are known. The manifestation is mostly in neonatal age, in early infancy or early childhood. CASE PRESENTATION The 64-years female patient had a long history of abdominal pain, and episode of an acute neuritis. Ten years later she was admitted into the neurological intensive-care-unit with acute abdominal pain, multiple generalized epileptic seizures, a vertical gaze palsy accompanied by extensive lactic acidosis in serum 26.0 mmol/l (reference: 0.55-2.2 mmol/l) and CSF 12.01 mmol/l (reference: 1.12-2.47 mmol/l). Due to repeated epileptic seizures and secondary complications a long-term sedation with a ventilation therapy over 20 days was administered. A diagnostic work-up revealed up to 400-times increased prolin-level in urine CSF and blood. Furthermore, a low vitamin-B6 serum value was found, consistent with a HPII causing secondary pyridoxine deficiency and seizures. The ALDH4A1 gene sequencing confirmed two previously unknown compound heterozygous variants (ALDH4A1 gene (NM_003748.3) Intron 1: c.62 + 1G > A - heterozygous and ALDH4A1 gene (NM_003748.3) Exon 5 c.349G > C, p.(Asp117His) - heterozygous). Under high-dose vitamin-B6 therapy no further seizures occurred. CONCLUSION We describe two novel ALDH4A1-variants in an adult patient with hyperprolinemia type II causing secondary pyridoxine deficiency and seizures. Severe and potentially life-threatening course of this treatable disease emphasizes the importance of diagnostic vigilance and thorough laboratory work-up including gene analysis even in cases with atypical late manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias Motte
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Anna Lena Fisse
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Grüter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ruth Schneider
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Breuer
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Lücke
- University Children's Hospital, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Huu Phuc Nguyen
- Center for Rare Diseases Ruhr (CeSER), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
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6
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van Duin EDA, Vaessen T, Kasanova Z, Viechtbauer W, Reininghaus U, Saalbrink P, Vingerhoets C, Hernaus D, Booij J, Swillen A, Vorstman J, van Amelsvoort T, Myin-Germeys I. Lower cortisol levels and attenuated cortisol reactivity to daily-life stressors in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:85-94. [PMID: 30959234 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder associated with neurodevelopmental, anxiety and mood disorders, as well as an increased risk for developing psychosis. Cortisol levels and stress reactivity reflect hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis activity, and are believed to be altered in individuals that often experience daily-life stress, depression, and psychotic symptoms. However, it is unknown whether individuals with 22q11DS display an altered stress reactivity. METHODS We included 27 adults with 22q11DS (mean age: 34.1 years, 67% female) and 24 age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC; mean age: 39.9 years, 71% female) into an experience sampling study. Throughout 6 consecutive days, we measured participants' subjective stress related to current activity and at the same time collected salivary cortisol samples. Multilevel regression models were used to analyze cortisol reactivity to activity-related stress. RESULTS Diurnal cortisol levels were significantly lower in the 22q11DS group compared to HCs (B=-1.03, p < 0.001). 22q11DS adults displayed significantly attenuated cortisol reactivity to activity-related stress compared to HCs (B = -0.04, p = 0.026). Post-hoc exploratory analysis revealed that these results were independent from 22q11DS psychiatric diagnosis or medication use. CONCLUSION These results indicate that adults with 22q11DS have lower cortisol levels and attenuated cortisol response to daily stress, possibly resulting from an increased sensitization of the HPA-axis. This suggests that alterations in HPA-axis functioning, previously reported in several psychiatric disorders including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychotic disorder, and mood disorder, also appear to be present in adults with 22q11DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther D A van Duin
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vaessen
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Zuzana Kasanova
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Viechtbauer
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Saalbrink
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Vingerhoets
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Hernaus
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Swillen
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven - Leuven University, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thérèse van Amelsvoort
- Department of Psychiatry & Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Inez Myin-Germeys
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Pavone P, Praticò AD, Sorge G, Meli C, Ruggieri M, Rizzo R, Fiumara A. Hyperprolinemia Type IA. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2017; 5:232640981770777. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409817707772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele,” Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea D. Praticò
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sorge
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta Meli
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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8
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Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Garozzo R, Frinchi M, Fernandez-Dueñas V, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Condorelli DF, Ciruela F, Belluardo N. The Guanine-Based Purinergic System: The Tale of An Orphan Neuromodulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:158. [PMID: 27378923 PMCID: PMC4911385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e., GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Víctor Fernandez-Dueñas
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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9
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Kalafatakis K, Gkanti V, Mackenzie-Gray Scott CA, Zarros A, Baillie GS, Tsakiris S. Acetylcholinesterase activity as a neurotoxicity marker within the context of experimentally-simulated hyperprolinaemia: An in vitro approach. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:S98-S101. [PMID: 26604630 PMCID: PMC4630774 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.166099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperprolinaemia is characterized by increased tissue accumulation of proline (Pro) and is known to exert serious cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric symptomatology as a direct result of Pro accumulation in the brain. The aim of this study was to explore a putative link between experimentally-simulated hyperprolinaemia and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE); a crucial neurotoxicity marker. In vitro experiments were undertaken on purified eel-derived AChE, as well as on adult mouse brain homogenates, in order to examine the effect of a spectrum of Pro concentrations (3, 30, 500, and 1000 μM) on this marker. Our data showed that although Pro exerted a significant inhibitory effect on pure AChE activity, mouse brain-derived membrane-bound AChE activity was found either unaltered or significantly increased following incubation with Pro. The use of AChE activity as a neurotoxicity marker within the context of experimentally-simulated hyperprolinaemia should be considered with caution and in parallel with a number of other experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kalafatakis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece ; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Vasiliki Gkanti
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece ; Gardiner Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Connie A Mackenzie-Gray Scott
- Gardiner Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Apostolos Zarros
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece ; Gardiner Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George S Baillie
- Gardiner Laboratory, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stylianos Tsakiris
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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10
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de Koning MB, van Duin EDA, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, Bakker JA, Abel KM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. PRODH rs450046 and proline x COMT Val¹⁵⁸ Met interaction effects on intelligence and startle in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3111-22. [PMID: 26068888 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders, suggesting a relationship between genotypes and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Two genes in the deleted region, catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 (PRODH), contain polymorphisms associated with neuropsychiatric phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Here, we explored the association between polymorphisms and full-scale intelligence (FSIQ), startle reactivity (SR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS Forty-five adults with 22q11DS were genotyped for PRODH rs450046, rs372055 and COMT Val(158)Met. Plasma proline levels, FSIQ, SR and PPI were measured. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of the subjects were hyperprolinemic with a median proline value of 456 μmol/L. C allele carriers of PRODH rs450046 had a lower FSIQ compared to T allele carriers, indicating the C allele to be a risk allele (C allele: mean FSIQ 60.2 (sd 8.7); T allele: mean FSIQ 73.7 (sd 11.5); F 1,43 = 7.59; p = 0.009; partial η (2) = 0.15). A significant interaction effect of proline levels and COMT Val(158)Met genotype was found for SR (F 1,16 = 7.9; p = 0.01; partial η (2) = 0.33), but not for PPI and FSIQ. In subjects with hyperprolinemia, the COMT Val(158)Met genotype effect on SR was stronger than in subjects with normal proline levels. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data provide further evidence for the risk effect of elevated proline levels combined with the COMT Met allele and support the possibilities of using 22q11DS as a model to investigate genotype effects on psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Baron G.A. Tindalstraat 27, 1019 TS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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11
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Crosstalk Among Disrupted Glutamatergic and Cholinergic Homeostasis and Inflammatory Response in Mechanisms Elicited by Proline in Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1065-1079. [PMID: 25579384 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemias are inherited disorder of proline (Pro) metabolism. Patients affected may present neurological manifestations, but the mechanisms of neural excitotoxicity elicited by hyperprolinemia are far from being understood. Considering that the astrocytes are important players in neurological disorders, the aim of the present work was to study the effects 1 mM Pro on glutamatergic and inflammatory parameters in cultured astrocytes from cerebral cortex of rats, exploring some molecular mechanisms underlying the disrupted homeostasis of astrocytes exposed to this toxic Pro concentration. We showed that cortical astrocytes of rats exposed to 1 mM Pro presented significantly elevated extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, suggesting glutamate excitotoxicity. The excess of glutamate elicited by Pro together with increased glutamate uptake and upregulated glutamine synthetase (GS) activity supported misregulated glutamate homeostasis in astrocytic cells. High Pro levels also induced production/release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. We also evidenced misregulation of cholinergic anti-inflammatory system with increased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and decreased acetylcholine (ACh) levels, contributing to the inflammatory status in Pro-treated astrocytes. Our findings highlighted a crosstalk among disrupted glutamate homeostasis, cholinergic mechanisms, and inflammatory cytokines, since ionotropic (DL-AP5 and CNQX) and metabotropic (MCPG and MPEP) glutamate antagonists were able to restore the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels; downregulate TNFα and IL6 production/release, modulate GS and AChE activities; and restore ACh levels. Otherwise, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs nimesulide, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium decreased the extracellular glutamate and glutamine levels, downregulated GS and AChE activities, and restored ACh levels in Pro-treated astrocytes. Altogether, our results evidence that the vulnerability of metabolic homeostasis in cortical astrocytes might have important implications in the neurotoxicity of Pro.
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12
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Siebert C, Kolling J, Scherer EBS, Schmitz F, da Cunha MJ, Mackedanz V, de Andrade RB, Wannmacher CMD, Wyse ATS. Effect of physical exercise on changes in activities of creatine kinase, cytochrome c oxidase and ATP levels caused by ovariectomy. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:825-35. [PMID: 24810635 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reduction in the secretion of ovarian hormones, principally estrogen, is a consequence of menopause. Estrogens act primarily as female sex hormones, but also exert effects on different physiological systems including the central nervous system. The treatment normally used to reduce the symptoms of menopause is the hormone therapy, which seems to be effective in treating symptoms, but it may be responsible for adverse effects. Based on this, there is an increasing demand for alternative therapies that minimize signs and symptoms of menopause. In the present study we investigated the effect of ovariectomy and/or physical exercise on the activities of energy metabolism enzymes, such as creatine kinase (cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions), pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase, complex II, cytochrome c oxidase, as well as on ATP levels in the hippocampus of adult rats. Adult female Wistar rats with 90 days of age were subjected to ovariectomy (an animal model widely used to mimic the postmenopausal changes). Thirty days after the procedure, the rats were submitted to the exercise protocol, which was performed three times a week for 30 days. Twelve hours after the last training session, the rats were decapitated for subsequent biochemical analyzes. Results showed that ovariectomy did not affect the activities of pyruvate kinase, succinate dehydrogenase and complex II, but decreased the activities of creatine kinase (cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions) and cytochrome c oxidase. ATP levels were also reduced. Exercise did not produce the expected results since it was only able to partially reverse the activity of creatine kinase cytosolic fraction. The results of this study suggest that estrogen deficiency, which occurs as a result of ovariectomy, affects generation systems and energy homeostasis, reducing ATP levels in hippocampus of adult female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassiana Siebert
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Clelland JD, Read LL, Drouet V, Kaon A, Kelly A, Duff KE, Nadrich RH, Rajparia A, Clelland CL. Vitamin D insufficiency and schizophrenia risk: evaluation of hyperprolinemia as a mediator of association. Schizophr Res 2014; 156:15-22. [PMID: 24787057 PMCID: PMC4044915 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficits have been associated with schizophrenia susceptibility and supplementation has been recommended for those at-risk. Although the mechanism by which a deficit confers risk is unknown, vitamin D is a potent transcriptional modulator and can regulate proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) expression. PRODH maps to chromosome 22q11, a region conferring the highest known genetic risk of schizophrenia, and encodes proline oxidase, which catalyzes proline catabolism. l-Proline is a neuromodulator at glutamatergic synapses, and peripheral hyperprolinemia has been associated with decreased IQ, cognitive impairment, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. We investigated the relationship between 25(OH)D and schizophrenia, comparing fasting plasma 25(OH)D in 64 patients and 90 matched controls. We then tested for a mediating effect of hyperprolinemia on the association between 25(OH)D and schizophrenia. 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients, and 25(OH)D insufficiency associated with schizophrenia (OR 2.1, adjusted p=0.044, 95% CI: 1.02-4.46). Moreover, 25(OH)D insufficient subjects had three times greater odds of hyperprolinemia than those with optimal levels (p=0.035, 95% CI: 1.08-8.91), and formal testing established that hyperprolinemia is a significantly mediating phenotype that may explain over a third of the effect of 25(OH)D insufficiency on schizophrenia risk. This study presents a mechanism by which 25(OH)D insufficiency confers risk of schizophrenia; via proline elevation due to reduced PRODH expression, and a concomitant dysregulation of neurotransmission. Although definitive causality cannot be confirmed, these findings strongly support vitamin D supplementation in patients, particularly for those with elevated proline, who may represent a large subgroup of the schizophrenia population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Clelland
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY
| | - Laura L. Read
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY
| | - Valérie Drouet
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
| | - Angela Kaon
- Movement Disorders and Molecular Psychiatry. The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. 140 Old Orangeburg Road. Orangeburg. NY
| | - Alexandra Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
| | - Karen E. Duff
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York,New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY
| | - Robert H Nadrich
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY,Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, New York, NY
| | - Amit Rajparia
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue. New York, NY,Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 First Avenue, New York, NY
| | - Catherine L. Clelland
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain. Columbia University Medical Center. 630 West 168th Street. New York
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14
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Pinto MCX, de Paiva MJN, Oliveira-Lima OC, Menezes HC, Cardeal ZDL, Gomez MV, Resende RR, Gomez RS. Neurochemical study of amino acids in rodent brain structures using an improved gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 55:24-37. [PMID: 24321291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of amino acid levels is crucial for neuroscience studies because of the roles of these molecules as neurotransmitters and their influence on behavior. The present study describes the distribution and levels of 16 amino acids (alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glycine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, sarcosine, serine, valine, and threonine) in brain tissues (prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and cerebellum) and the serum. Neurochemical analysis was performed on Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice using an efficient method for extraction, a fast microwave-assisted derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The amino acid concentration varied across brain regions for 14 of the 16 analyzed molecules, with detection limits ranging from 0.02±0.005μmolL(-1) to 7.07±0.05μmolL(-1). In rats, the concentrations of alanine, glycine, methionine, serine and threonine were higher in prefrontal cortex than in other areas, whereas in mice, the concentrations of glutamic acid, leucine and proline were highest in the hippocampus. In conclusion, this study provides a cerebral profile of amino acids in brain regions and the serum of rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cunha Xavier Pinto
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria José Nunes de Paiva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Onésia Cristina Oliveira-Lima
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda de Lourdes Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Gomez
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, R. Domingos Vieira, 590, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro Resende
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, 190, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Savio LEB, Vuaden FC, Rosemberg DB, Bogo MR, Bonan CD, Wyse ATS. Long-term proline exposure alters nucleotide catabolism and ectonucleotidase gene expression in zebrafish brain. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:541-9. [PMID: 22669495 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperprolinemia is an inherited disorder of proline metabolism and hyperprolinemic patients can present neurological manifestations, such as seizures cognitive dysfunctions, and psychotic disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of these symptoms are still unclear. Since adenine nucleotides play crucial roles in neurotransmission and neuromodulation, we evaluated the in vivo and in vitro effects of proline on ectonucleotidase activities and gene expression in zebrafish brain. For the in vivo studies, animals were exposed at two proline concentrations (1.5 and 3.0 mM) during 1 h or 7 days (short- or long-term treatments, respectively). For the in vitro assays, different proline concentrations (ranging from 3.0 to 1000 μM) were tested. Short-term proline exposure did not promote significant changes on the ectonucleotidase activities and gene expression. Long-term proline exposure significantly increased ATP catabolism in both concentrations tested (14 % and 22 %, respectively), whereas ADP and AMP hydrolysis were increased only at 3.0 mM proline (21 % and 17 %, respectively) when compared to control. Moreover, the relative gene expression of enpd3 increased in both treated groups after long-term proline, whereas enptd1 increased only at 3.0 mM proline. Proline in vitro did not promote significant changes on ectonucleotidase activities. Altogether, these data indicate that the enzymes responsible for the control of extracellular nucleotides levels might be altered after proline exposure in zebrafish, contributing to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. Moreover, such findings might facilitate the use of the zebrafish as a complementary vertebrate model for studying inborn errors of amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600-Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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da Cunha MJ, da Cunha AA, Ferreira AGK, Machado FR, Schmitz F, Lima DD, Delwing D, Mussulini BHM, Wofchuk S, Netto CA, Wyse ATS. Physical exercise reverses glutamate uptake and oxidative stress effects of chronic homocysteine administration in the rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2012; 30:69-74. [PMID: 22244886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of physical exercise on the effects elicited by homocysteine on glutamate uptake and some parameters of oxidative stress, namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (H(2)DCF) oxidation, as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in rat cerebral cortex were investigated. Wistar rats received subcutaneous administration of homocysteine or saline (control) from the 6th to 29th day of life. The physical exercise was performed from the 30th to 60th day of life; 12 h after the last exercise session animals were sacrificed and the cerebral cortex was dissected out. It is shown that homocysteine reduces glutamate uptake increases thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and disrupts enzymatic antioxidant defenses in cerebral cortex. Physical activity reversed the homocysteine effects on glutamate uptake and on antioxidant enzymes activities; although the increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was only partially reversed by exercise. These findings allow us to suggest that physical exercise may have a protective role against homocysteine-induced oxidative imbalance and brain damage to the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira J da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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