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Chronic ethanol forced administration from adolescence to adulthood reduces cell density in the rat spinal cord. Tissue Cell 2018; 55:77-82. [PMID: 30503063 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) consumption is a risk factor for central nervous system damage, especially during adolescence. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of chronic EtOH forced administration on gray and white matter of the spinal cord, from adolescence to adulthood. For this, male Wistar rats were administered EtOH by gavage (6.5 g/kg/day; 22.5% w/v) from the 35th to the 90th day of life, while control animals received only distilled water. After exposure, animals were euthanized and their spinal cords processed to obtain cervical and thoracic segments for histological analyses. Quantitative analyses of total cell density and motor neurons of white and gray matter from the ventral horns were evaluated. Forced EtOH administration model showed a decrease in the motoneuron density in the spinal cord in both segments evaluated. Analyses of total cell density showed that the cervical segment was more susceptible to damages promoted by EtOH, with a significant decrease in cell density. Our results showed that chronic EtOH exposure during adolescence could promote injuries to the spinal cord, with neurodegeneration of motoneurons and other cell types present in neural parenchyma.
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Kharatmal SB, Singh JN, Sharma SS. Calpain inhibitor, MDL 28170 confer electrophysiological, nociceptive and biochemical improvement in diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:113-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Thakore NP, Samantaray S, Park S, Nozaki K, Smith JA, Cox A, Krause J, Banik NL. Molecular Changes in Sub-lesional Muscle Following Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:44-52. [PMID: 26290268 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1696-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the molecular changes of sublesional muscle in the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI), a moderately severe injury (40 g cm) was induced in the spinal cord (T10 vertebral level) of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (injury) and compared with sham (laminectomy only). Rats were sacrificed at 48 h (acute) post injury, and gastrocnemius muscles were excised. Morphological examination revealed no significant changes in the muscle fiber diameter between the sham and injury rats. Western blot analyses performed on the visibly red, central portion of the gastrocnemius muscle showed significantly higher expression of muscle specific E3 ubiquitin ligases (muscle ring finger-1 and muscle atrophy f-box) and significantly lower expression of phosphorylated Akt-1/2/3 in the injury group compared to the sham group. Cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and caspase-1, also had a significantly higher expression in the injury group; although, the mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-6 did not show any significant difference between the sham and injury groups. These results suggest activation of protein degradation, deactivation of protein synthesis, and development of inflammatory reaction occurring in the sublesional muscles in the acute phase of SCI before overt muscle atrophy is seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakul P Thakore
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Departmentof Physical Therapy, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Kenkichi Nozaki
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Division of Neuromuscular Disease, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua A Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - April Cox
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - James Krause
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, 309 CSB, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA. .,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Cox A, Varma A, Barry J, Vertegel A, Banik N. Nanoparticle Estrogen in Rat Spinal Cord Injury Elicits Rapid Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Tissue. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1413-21. [PMID: 25845398 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) are in need of effective therapeutics. Estrogen (E2), as a steroid hormone, is a highly pleiotropic agent; with anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neurotrophic properties, it is ideal for use in treatment of patients with SCI. Safety concerns around the use of high doses of E2 have limited clinical application, however. To address these concerns, low doses of E2 (25 μg and 2.5 μg) were focally delivered to the injured spinal cord using nanoparticles. A per-acute model (6 h after injury) was used to assess nanoparticle release of E2 into damaged spinal cord tissue; in addition, E2 was evaluated as a rapid anti-inflammatory. To assess inflammation, 27-plex cytokine/chemokine arrays were conducted in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and spinal cord tissue. A particular focus was placed on IL-6, GRO-KC, and MCP-1 as these have been identified from CSF in human studies as potential biomarkers in SCI. S100β, an additional proposed biomarker, was also assessed in spinal cord tissue only. Tissue concentrations of E2 were double those found in the plasma, indicating focal release. E2 showed rapid anti-inflammatory effects, significantly reducing interleukin (IL)-6, GRO-KC, MCP-1, and S100β in one or all compartments. Numerous additional targets of rapid E2 modulation were identified including: leptin, MIP-1α, IL-4, IL-2, IL-10, IFNγ, tumor necrosis factor-α, etc. These data further elucidate the rapid anti-inflammatory effects E2 exerts in an acute rat SCI model, have identified additional targets of estrogen efficacy, and suggest nanoparticle delivered estrogen may provide a safe and efficacious treatment option in persons with acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Cox
- 1 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Abhay Varma
- 1 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina
| | - John Barry
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Alexey Vertegel
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Naren Banik
- 1 Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston, South Carolina.,3 Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center , Charleston, South Carolina
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Samantaray S, Knaryan VH, Patel KS, Mulholland PJ, Becker HC, Banik NL. Chronic intermittent ethanol induced axon and myelin degeneration is attenuated by calpain inhibition. Brain Res 2015; 1622:7-21. [PMID: 26100335 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption causes multifaceted damage to the central nervous system (CNS), underlying mechanisms of which are gradually being unraveled. In our previous studies, activation of calpain, a calcium-activated neutral protease has been found to cause detrimental alterations in spinal motor neurons following ethanol (EtOH) exposure in vitro. However, it is not known whether calpain plays a pivotal role in chronic EtOH exposure-induced structural damage to CNS in vivo. To test the possible involvement of calpain in EtOH-associated neurodegenerative mechanisms the present investigation was conducted in a well-established mouse model of alcohol dependence - chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) exposure and withdrawal. Our studies indicated significant loss of axonal proteins (neurofilament light and heavy, 50-60%), myelin proteins (myelin basic protein, 20-40% proteolipid protein, 25%) and enzyme (2', 3'-cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, 21-55%) following CIE in multiple regions of brain including hippocampus, corpus callosum, cerebellum, and importantly in spinal cord. These CIE-induced deleterious effects escalated after withdrawal in each CNS region tested. Increased expression and activity of calpain along with enhanced ratio of active calpain to calpastatin (sole endogenous inhibitor) was observed after withdrawal compared to EtOH exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of calpain with calpeptin (25 μg/kg) prior to each EtOH vapor inhalation significantly attenuated damage to axons and myelin as demonstrated by immuno-profiles of axonal and myelin proteins, and Luxol Fast Blue staining. Calpain inhibition significantly protected the ultrastructural integrity of axons and myelin compared to control as confirmed by electron microscopy. Together, these findings confirm CIE exposure and withdrawal induced structural alterations in axons and myelin, predominantly after withdrawal and corroborate calpain inhibition as a potential protective strategy against EtOH associated CNS degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Varduhi H Knaryan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Kaushal S Patel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Patrick J Mulholland
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Howard C Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Ralph H. Johnson Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Naren L Banik
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Ralph H. Johnson Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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