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Müller T, Riederer P, Kuhn W. Aminoadamantanes: from treatment of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease to symptom amelioration of long COVID-19 syndrome? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2023; 16:101-107. [PMID: 36726198 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2176301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aminoadamantanes amantadine and memantine are well known. They mainly act as N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists. AREAS COVERED The antiviral drug amantadine moderately ameliorates impaired motor behavior in patients with Parkinson's disease. Memantine provides beneficial effects on memory function in patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease already treated with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors. Both compounds counteract impaired monoamine neurotransmission with associated symptoms, such as depression. They improve vigilance, lack of attention and concentration, fatigue syndromes according to clinical findings in patients with chronic neurodegenerative processes. Their extrasynaptic N-methyl-D-Aspartate receptor blockade weakens a prolonged influx of Ca2+ ions as the main responsible components of neuronal excitotoxicity. This causes neuronal dying and associated functional deficits. EXPERT OPINION We suggest aminoadamantanes as future therapies for amelioration of short- and long-term consequences of a COVID 19 infection. Particularly the extended-release amantadine formulations will be suitable. They showed better clinical efficacy compared with the conventional available compounds. Amantadine may particularly be suitable for amelioration of fatigue or chronic exhaustion, memantine for improvement of cognitive deficits. Clinical research in patients, who are affected by the short- and long-term consequences of a COVID 19 infection, is warranted to confirm these still hypothetical putative beneficial effects of aminoadamantanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, Gartenstr. 1, 13088, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Füchsleinstrasse 15, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Kuhn
- Department of Neurology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Gustav Adolf Str. 8, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany
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Bazylianska V, Sharma A, Chauhan H, Schneider B, Moszczynska A. Dopamine and Methamphetamine Differentially Affect Electron Transport Chain Complexes and Parkin in Rat Striatum: New Insight into Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010363. [PMID: 35008791 PMCID: PMC8745447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly abused psychostimulant that is neurotoxic to dopaminergic (DAergic) nerve terminals in the striatum and increases the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease (PD). In vivo, METH-mediated DA release, followed by DA-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in pre- and postsynaptic neurons, mediates METH neurotoxicity. METH-triggered oxidative stress damages parkin, a neuroprotective protein involved in PD etiology via its involvement in the maintenance of mitochondria. It is not known whether METH itself contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and whether parkin regulates complex I, an enzymatic complex downregulated in PD. To determine this, we separately assessed the effects of METH or DA alone on electron transport chain (ETC) complexes and the protein parkin in isolated striatal mitochondria. We show that METH decreases the levels of selected complex I, II, and III subunits (NDUFS3, SDHA, and UQCRC2, respectively), whereas DA decreases the levels only of the NDUFS3 subunit in our preparations. We also show that the selected subunits are not decreased in synaptosomal mitochondria under similar experimental conditions. Finally, we found that parkin overexpression does not influence the levels of the NDUFS3 subunit in rat striatum. The presented results indicate that METH itself is a factor promoting dysfunction of striatal mitochondria; therefore, it is a potential drug target against METH neurotoxicity. The observed decreases in ETC complex subunits suggest that DA and METH decrease activities of the ETC complexes via oxidative damage to their subunits and that synaptosomal mitochondria may be somewhat “resistant” to DA- and METH-induced disruption in mitochondrial ETC complexes than perikaryal mitochondria. The results also suggest that parkin does not regulate NDUFS3 turnover in rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Akhil Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Heli Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Bernard Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (V.B.); (A.S.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Xiong Q, Tian X, Li W, Chen L, Zhou M, Xu C, Ru Q. Sulforaphane alleviates methamphetamine-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis via the Nrf2-mediated pathway in vitro and in vivo. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2020.1784099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Tian
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiling Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Congyue Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Ru
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, PR People’s Republic of China
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Holper L, Ben-Shachar D, Mann JJ. Psychotropic and neurological medication effects on mitochondrial complex I and IV in rodent models. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:986-1002. [PMID: 31320210 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH-dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase) are reported to be affected by drugs used to treat psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs. We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of each drug category on complex I and IV. The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2018. Of 3105 screened studies, 68 articles covering 53 drugs were included in the meta-analyses. All studies assessed complex I and IV in rodent brain at the level of enzyme activity. Results revealed that selected antidepressants increase or decrease complex I and IV, antipsychotics and stimulants decrease complex I but increase complex IV, whereas anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidementia, and antiparkinsonian drugs preserve or even enhance both complex I and IV. Potential contributions to the drug effects were found to be related to the drugs' neurotransmitter receptor profiles with adrenergic (α1B), dopaminergic (D1/2), glutaminergic (NMDA1,3), histaminergic (H1), muscarinic (M1,3), opioid (OP1-3), serotonergic (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3A) and sigma (σ1) receptors having the greatest effects. The findings are discussed in relation to pharmacological mechanisms of action that might have relevance for clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Holper
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion IIT, Haifa, Israel
| | - J J Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, USA
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Modarresi A, Eslami K, Kouti L, Hassanvand R, Javadi M, Sayyah M. Amantadine reduces persistent fatigue during post-acute withdrawal phase in methamphetamine abstained individuals: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1459904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Modarresi
- Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Eslami
- School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Leila Kouti
- School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Hassanvand
- School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Javadi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Krill oil protects PC12 cells against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting apoptotic response and oxidative stress. Nutr Res 2018; 58:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Shin EJ, Hwang YG, Sharma N, Tran HQ, Dang DK, Jang CG, Jeong JH, Nah SY, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Role of protein kinase Cδ in dopaminergic neurotoxic events. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:254-261. [PMID: 30195712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic role of Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), a member of the novel PKC subfamily, has been well-documented in various pathological conditions. In the central nervous system, the possible role of PKCδ has been studied, mainly in the condition of dopaminergic loss. It has been suggested that the phosphorylation of PKCδ at tyrosine 311 residue (Tyr311) by redox-sensitive Src family kinases (SFKs) is critical for the caspase-3-mediated proteolytic cleavage, which produces the constitutively active cleaved form of PKCδ. Mitochondrial translocation of cleaved PKCδ has been suggested to facilitate mitochondria-derived apoptosis and oxidative burdens. Moreover, it has been suggested that PKCδ contribute to neuroinflammation through the transformation of microglia into the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and the assembly of membrane NADPH oxidase in dopaminergic impairments. Interestingly, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors or neuroinflammogens have shown to induce PKCδ activation in dopaminergic systems. Thus, PKCδ activation may be one of the pivotal causes of neuropathologic events, and could amplify these processes further in a positive feedback manner. Furthermore, PKCδ may play an intermediary role in connecting each neuropathologic event. This review affords insight into the role of PKCδ in various dopaminergic neurotoxic models, which could provide a potential target for mitigating dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Yang X, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhong Y, Chen L, Du Y, He J, Liao L, Xiong K, Yi CX, Yan J. The Main Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Methamphetamine- Induced Neurotoxicity and Implications for Pharmacological Treatment. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:186. [PMID: 29915529 PMCID: PMC5994595 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a popular new-type psychostimulant drug with complicated neurotoxicity. In spite of mounting evidence on METH-induced damage of neural cell, the accurate mechanism of toxic effect of the drug on central nervous system (CNS) has not yet been completely deciphered. Besides, effective treatment strategies toward METH neurotoxicity remain scarce and more efficacious drugs are to be developed. In this review, we summarize cellular and molecular bases that might contribute to METH-elicited neurotoxicity, which mainly include oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. We also discuss some drugs that protect neural cells suffering from METH-induced neurotoxic consequences. We hope more in-depth investigations of exact details that how METH produces toxicity in CNS could be carried out in future and the development of new drugs as natural compounds and immunotherapies, including clinic trials, are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiyan Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaxian Zhong
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangpei Chen
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yajun Du
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lvshuang Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Shin EJ, Tran HQ, Nguyen PT, Jeong JH, Nah SY, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Role of Mitochondria in Methamphetamine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity: Involvement in Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Pro-apoptosis-A Review. Neurochem Res 2017; 43:66-78. [PMID: 28589520 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA), an amphetamine-type psychostimulant, is associated with dopaminergic toxicity and has a high abuse potential. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have suggested that impaired mitochondria are critical in dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA. Mitochondria are important energy-producing organelles with dynamic nature. Evidence indicated that exposure to MA can disturb mitochondrial energetic metabolism by inhibiting the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Alterations in mitochondrial dynamic processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fusion/fission, have recently been shown to contribute to dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that MA-induced mitochondrial impairment enhances susceptibility to oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in a positive feedback loop. Protein kinase Cδ has emerged as a potential mediator between mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, or neuroinflammation in MA neurotoxicity. Understanding the role and underlying mechanism of mitochondrial impairment could provide a molecular target to prevent or alleviate dopaminergic toxicity induced by MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai-Quyen Tran
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Phuong-Tram Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
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The neuroprotective effect of memantine on methamphetamine-induced cognitive deficits. Behav Brain Res 2017; 323:133-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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McDonnell-Dowling K, Kelly JP. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Methamphetamine-induced Toxicity and Sources of Variation in the Design of Animal Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:300-314. [PMID: 27121285 PMCID: PMC5412700 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160428110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of methamphetamine (MA) use has increased in recent years. In order to assess how this drug produces its effects, both clinical and preclinical studies have recently begun to focus on oxidative stress as an important biochemical mechanism in mediating these effects. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to illustrate the variation in the design of preclinical studies investigating MA exposure on oxidative stress parameters in animal models. METHOD The experimental variables investigated and summarised include MA drug treatment, measurements of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatments that ameliorate the harmful effects of MA. RESULTS These preclinical studies differ greatly in their experimental design with respect to the dose of MA (ranging between 0.25 and 20 mg/kg), the dosing regime (acute, binge or chronic), the time of measurement of oxidative stress (0.5 h to 2 wks after last MA administration), the antioxidant system targeted and finally the use of antioxidants including the route of administration (i.p. or p.o.), the frequency of exposure and the time of exposure (preventative or therapeutic). CONCLUSION The findings in this paper suggest that there is a large diversity among these studies and so the interpretation of these results is challenging. For this reason, the development of guidelines and how best to assess oxidative stress in animal models may be beneficial. The use of these simple recommendations mean that results will be more comparable between laboratories and that future results generated will give us a greater understanding of the contribution of this important biochemical mechanism and its implications for the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate McDonnell-Dowling
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Thrash-Williams B, Karuppagounder SS, Bhattacharya D, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic toxicity prevented owing to the neuroprotective effects of salicylic acid. Life Sci 2016; 154:24-9. [PMID: 26926078 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methamphetamine (Schedule-II drug, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration) is one of the most abused illicit drug following cocaine, marijuana, and heroin in the USA. There are numerous health impairments and substantial economic burden caused by methamphetamine abuse. Salicylic acid, potent anti-inflammatory drug and a known neuroprotectant has shown to protect against toxicity-induced by other dopaminergic neurotoxins. Hence, in this study we investigated the neuroprotective effects of salicylic acid against methamphetamine-induced toxicity in mice. MAIN METHODS The current study investigated the effects of sodium salicylate and/or methamphetamine on oxidative stress, monoamine oxidase, mitochondrial complex I & IV activities using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods. Behavioral analysis evaluated the effect on movement disorders-induced by methamphetamine. Monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels were evaluated using high pressure liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection. KEY FINDINGS Methamphetamine caused significant generation of reactive oxygen species and decreased complex-I activity leading to dopamine depletion. Striatal dopamine depletion led to significant behavioral changes associated with movement disorders. Sodium salicylate (50 & 100mg/kg) significantly scavenged reactive oxygen species, blocked mitochondrial dysfunction and exhibited neuroprotection against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, sodium salicylate significantly blocked methamphetamine-induced behavioral changes related to movement abnormalities. SIGNIFICANCE One of the leading causative theories in nigral degeneration associated with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease is exposure to stimulants, drugs of abuse, insecticide and pesticides. These neurotoxic substances can induce dopaminergic neuronal insult by oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Salicylic acid due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects could provide neuroprotection against the stimulants or drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessy Thrash-Williams
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Dwipayan Bhattacharya
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Manuj Ahuja
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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Hsieh YS, Chen PN, Yu CH, Chen CH, Tsai TT, Kuo DY. Involvement of oxidative stress in the regulation of NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in amphetamine-treated rats. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:131-41. [PMID: 25825358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMPH) treatment can suppress appetite and increase oxidative stress in the brain. AMPH-induced appetite suppression is associated with the regulation of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) in the hypothalamus. The present study explored whether antioxidants, including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GP), were involved in this NPY/CART-mediated appetite control. Rats were treated daily with AMPH for four days. Changes in food intake and expression levels of hypothalamic NPY, CART, GST, and GP were examined and compared. Results showed that, in AMPH-treated rats, (1) food intake and NPY expression decreased, while CART, GST, and GP expression increased; (2) NPY knockdown in the brain enhanced the decrease in NPY and the increases in CART, GST, and GP expression; and (3) central inhibition of reactive oxygen species production decreased GST and GP and modulated AMPH anorexia and the expression levels of NPY and CART. The present results suggest that oxidative stress in the brain participates in regulating NPY/CART-mediated appetite control in AMPH-treated rats. These results may advance the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of AMPH-evoked or NPY/CART-mediated appetite suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Shou Hsieh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Yu
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ta Tsai
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Yih Kuo
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan.
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