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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Su Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Yong VW, Xue M. Ion Channel Dysregulation Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:401-414. [PMID: 37755675 PMCID: PMC10912428 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury to the brain after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results from numerous complex cellular mechanisms. At present, effective therapy for ICH is limited and a better understanding of the mechanisms of brain injury is necessary to improve prognosis. There is increasing evidence that ion channel dysregulation occurs at multiple stages in primary and secondary brain injury following ICH. Ion channels such as TWIK-related K+ channel 1, sulfonylurea 1 transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and glutamate-gated channels affect ion homeostasis in ICH. They in turn participate in the formation of brain edema, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and the generation of neurotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the interaction between ions and ion channels, the effects of ion channel dysregulation, and we discuss some therapeutics based on ion-channel modulation following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Qiuyang Su
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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2
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Ocaña-Sánchez MF, Soto-Ojeda GA, Cocotle-Ronzón Y, Soria-Fregozo C, Sánchez-Medina A, García-Rodríguez RV, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Corro-Méndez EJ, Hernández-Lozano M. Flaxseed Oil ( Linum usitatissimum) Prevents Cognitive and Motor Damage in Rats with Hyperammonemia. Nutrients 2023; 15:4550. [PMID: 37960203 PMCID: PMC10647672 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is characterized by the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the body as a result of the loss of liver detoxification, leading to the development of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). These metabolic alterations carry cognitive and motor deficits and cause neuronal damage, with no effective treatment at present. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of two subacute oral administrations of flaxseed oil (0.26 and 0.52 mL/kg) on short- and long-term memory, visuospatial memory, locomotor activity, motor coordination, and the neuronal morphology of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) via tests on Wistar rats with hyperammonemia. The goal was to identify its role in the regulation of cerebral edema, without liver damage causing cerebral failure. In contrast with an ammonium-rich diet, flaxseed oil and normal foods did not cause cognitive impairment or motor alterations, as evidenced in the short-term and visuospatial memory tests. Furthermore, the flaxseed oil treatment maintained a regular neuronal morphology of the prefrontal cortex, which represents a neuroprotective effect. We conclude that the oral administration of flaxseed oil prevents cognitive and motor impairments as well as neuronal alterations in rats with hyperammonemia, which supports the potential use of this oil to ameliorate the changes that occur in hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F. Ocaña-Sánchez
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Mexico
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico; (G.A.S.-O.); (Y.C.-R.)
| | - Gabriel A. Soto-Ojeda
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico; (G.A.S.-O.); (Y.C.-R.)
| | - Yolanda Cocotle-Ronzón
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico; (G.A.S.-O.); (Y.C.-R.)
| | - Cesar Soria-Fregozo
- Laboratorio Ciencias Biomédicas/área Histología y Psicobiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y de la Vida, Centro Universitario de los Lagos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno 47460, Mexico;
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Medina
- Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Mexico; (A.S.-M.); (R.V.G.-R.)
| | - Rosa V. García-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Mexico; (A.S.-M.); (R.V.G.-R.)
| | | | - Erick J. Corro-Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán 94945, Mexico;
| | - Minerva Hernández-Lozano
- Facultad de Química Farmacéutica Biológica, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Mexico; (G.A.S.-O.); (Y.C.-R.)
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3
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Wei HX, Guan YN, Chen PP, Rao ZZ, Yang JS. Upregulation of EphA4 deteriorate brain damage by shifting microglia M1-polarization via NF-κB signaling after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18429. [PMID: 37519758 PMCID: PMC10375859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the main reason of disability and mortality in many countries, and currently has limited treatments. The post-stroke inflammation characterized with microglia activation and polarization has been regarded as a promising therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. After ischemia, the activated microglia polarize to classical (M1) phenotype or alternative (M2) phenotype and exhibit biphasic function. Promoting microglia phenotype shift from deleterious M1 phenotype to neuroprotective M2 phenotype will be promising in stroke treatment. Increasing evidence indicates that the erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptor A4 (EphA4), a kind of abundant Eph receptor, distributes mainly in neuron and participates in multiple links of pathological changes after ischemia. This paper discussed the hypothesis that EphA4 receptor could affect ischemic brain injury through EphA4/ephrin bidirectional signaling between neuron and microglia, and then explored its underlying mechanisms. We manipulated EphA4/ephrin signaling with either EphA4 overexpression lentiviral vectors or the short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to upregulate or knock down neuronal EphA4 expression. NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate ammonium salt (PDTC) was applied to block NF-κB pathway. According to the experimental results, upregulated neuronal EphA4 induced by ischemia deteriorated neurological function as well as brain damage by shifting microglia M1-polarization via promoting NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, PR China
| | - Yun-Ni Guan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China
| | - Zhao-Zeng Rao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Longyan People's Hospital, Longyan, PR China
| | - Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital, PR China
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4
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Shen Z, Xiang M, Chen C, Ding F, Wang Y, Shang C, Xin L, Zhang Y, Cui X. Glutamate excitotoxicity: Potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113125. [PMID: 35609367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is an important mechanism leading to post ischemic stroke damage. After acute stroke, the sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow is most initially followed by ion transport protein dysfunction and disruption of ion homeostasis, which in turn leads to impaired glutamate release, reuptake, and excessive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation, promoting neuronal death. Despite extensive evidence from preclinical studies suggesting that excessive NMDAR stimulation during ischemic stroke is a central step in post-stroke damage, NMDAR blockers have failed to translate into clinical stroke treatment. Current treatment options for stroke are very limited, and there is therefore a great need to develop new targets for neuroprotective therapeutic agents in ischemic stroke to extend the therapeutic time window. In this review, we highlight recent findings on glutamate release, reuptake mechanisms, NMDAR and its downstream cellular signaling pathways in post-ischemic stroke damage, and review the pathological changes in each link to help develop viable new therapeutic targets. We then also summarize potential neuroprotective drugs and therapeutic approaches for these new targets in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mi Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chang Shang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China; Clinical Medical School, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Laiyun Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China.
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5
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Li F, Zhou SN, Zeng X, Li Z, Yang R, Wang XX, Meng B, Pei WL, Lu L. Activation of the TREK-1 Potassium Channel Improved Cognitive Deficits in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease by Modulating Glutamate Metabolism. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5193-5206. [PMID: 35678977 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive dysfunction. The glutamate (Glu) metabolic pathway may be a major contributor to the memory dysfunction associated with AD. The TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK-1) protects against brain ischemia, but any specific role for the channel in AD remains unknown. In this study, we used SAMP8 mice as an AD model and age-matched SAMR1 mice as controls. We explored the trends of changes in TREK-1 channel activity and the levels of AD-related molecules in the brains of SAMP8 mice. We found that the expression level of TREK-1 increased before 3 months of age and then began to decline. The levels of Tau and Glu increased with age whereas the acetylcholine level decreased with age. α-Linolenic acid (ALA), an activator of the TREK-1 channel, significantly increased the TREK-1 level, and improved the learning and memory deficits of SAMP8 mice aged 6 months. The mechanism in play may involve the Glu metabolic pathway. After activation of the TREK-1 channel, damaged neurons and astrocytes were rescued, the levels of Glu and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor were downregulated, and the level of glutamate transporter-1 was upregulated. These findings suggest that TREK-1 plays a crucial role in the pathological progression of AD; activation of the TREK-1 channel improved cognitive deficits in SAMP8 mice via a mechanism that involved Glu metabolism. The TREK-1 potassium channel may thus be a valuable therapeutic target in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Shu-Ning Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China.,The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- The Endocrinology Department, Lanzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China.
| | - Xue-Xi Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Bin Meng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Wei-Lin Pei
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China
| | - Li Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 73000, Gansu, China.
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Fan J, Du J, Zhang Z, Shi W, Hu B, Hu J, Xue Y, Li H, Ji W, Zhuang J, Lv P, Cheng K, Chen K. The Protective Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide New Donor Methyl S-(4-Fluorobenzyl)- N-(3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)-l-Cysteinate on the Ischemic Stroke. Molecules 2022; 27:1554. [PMID: 35268655 PMCID: PMC8911759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel S-allyl-l-cysteine (SAC) and gallic acid conjugate S-(4-fluorobenzyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)-l-cysteinate (MTC). We evaluate the effects on ischemia-reperfusion-induced PC12 cells, primary neurons in neonatal rats, and cerebral ischemic neuronal damage in rats, and the results showed that MTC increased SOD, CAT, GPx activity and decreased LDH release. PI3K and p-AKT protein levels were significantly increased by activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim levels were reduced while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 levels were increased. The levels of cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3 were also reduced in the plasma. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) was decreased, which in turns the survival rate of nerve cells was increased, so that the ischemic injury of neurons was protected accordingly. MTC activated the MEK-ERK signaling pathway and promoted axonal regeneration in primary neurons of the neonatal rat. The pretreatment of MEK-ERK pathway inhibitor PD98059 and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 partially attenuated the protective effect of MTC. Using a MCAO rat model indicated that MTC could reduce cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and decrease the expression of proinflammatory factors. The neuroprotective effect of MTC may be due to inhibition of the over-activation of the TREK-1 channel and reduction of the current density of the TREK1 channel. These results suggested that MTC has a protective effect on neuronal injury induced by ischemia reperfusion, so it may have the potential to become a new type of neuro-ischemic drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Junxi Du
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Wenjing Shi
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Binyan Hu
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiaqin Hu
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.X.); (W.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Haipeng Li
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenjin Ji
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.X.); (W.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 96 DongChun Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.X.); (W.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Pengcheng Lv
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Kui Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kun Chen
- The Joint Research Center of Guangzhou University and Keele University for Gene Interference and Application, School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.F.); (J.D.); (W.S.); (B.H.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
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7
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Zheng X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Fang Y, Tian Y, Xie M, Wang W, Liu Y. The Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Exacerbates Neuronal Death After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2305-2327. [PMID: 35067892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown the neuroprotective role of TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) in global cerebral and spinal cord ischemia, while its function in focal cerebral ischemia has long been debated. This study used TREK-1-deficient mice to directly investigate the role of TREK-1 after focal cerebral ischemia. First, immunofluorescence assays in the mouse cerebral cortex indicated that TREK-1 expression was mostly abundant in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells but was low in myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, or endothelial cells. TREK-1 deficiency did not affect brain weight and morphology or the number of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia but did increase glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the cerebral cortex. The anatomy of the major cerebral vasculature, number and structure of brain micro blood vessels, and blood-brain barrier integrity were unaltered. Next, mice underwent 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia and 72 h of reperfusion induced by the intraluminal suture method. TREK-1-deficient mice showed less neuronal death, smaller infarction size, milder blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, reduced immune cell invasion, and better neurological function. Finally, the specific pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 also decreased infarction size and improved neurological function. These results demonstrated that TREK-1 might play a detrimental rather than beneficial role in focal cerebral ischemia, and inhibition of TREK-1 would be a strategy to treat ischemic stroke in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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8
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Schmaul S, Hanuscheck N, Bittner S. Astrocytic potassium and calcium channels as integrators of the inflammatory and ischemic CNS microenvironment. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1519-1530. [PMID: 34455729 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are key regulators of their surroundings by receiving and integrating stimuli from their local microenvironment, thereby regulating glial and neuronal homeostasis. Cumulating evidence supports a plethora of heterogenic astrocyte subpopulations that differ morphologically and in their expression patterns of receptors, transporters and ion channels, as well as in their functional specialisation. Astrocytic heterogeneity is especially relevant under pathological conditions. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), morphologically distinct astrocytic subtypes were identified and could be linked to transcriptome changes during different disease stages and regions. To allow for continuous awareness of changing stimuli across age and diseases, astrocytes are equipped with a variety of receptors and ion channels allowing the precise perception of environmental cues. Recent studies implicate the diverse repertoire of astrocytic ion channels - including transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated calcium channels, inwardly rectifying K+ channels, and two-pore domain potassium channels - in sensing the brain state in physiology, inflammation and ischemia. Here, we review current evidence regarding astrocytic potassium and calcium channels and their functional contribution in homeostasis, neuroinflammation and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schmaul
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicholas Hanuscheck
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Bittner
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Li J, Hao JH, Yao D, Li R, Li XF, Yu ZY, Luo X, Liu XH, Wang MH, Wang W. Caspase-1 inhibition prevents neuronal death by targeting the canonical inflammasome pathway of pyroptosis in a murine model of cerebral ischemia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:925-939. [PMID: 32343048 PMCID: PMC7415206 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The involvement of pyroptosis in ischemic stroke remains to be established. Therefore, we used the specific pyroptosis inhibitor Vx765 as an experimental intervention target in a murine model of stroke. Methods A total of 564 C57BL/6 mice were subjected to photothrombotic procedures and treated via gavage with Vx765 at 1‐hour post‐ischemia. We subsequently assessed the expression of Gasdermin D (GSDMD), inflammasomes, caspase‐1, and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blot (WB) analyses. We also examined ultrastructural changes of cortical neurons with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and measured infarct volumes dynamically by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Moreover, we evaluated the neurologic deficits by modified neurological severity scores, the rotarod test, and Treadscan. Results Elevated expression of GSDMD and GSDMD p30, the pore‐forming subunit, was evident in the peri‐ischemic region on days one and three post‐ischemia. The neuronal plasma, nuclear, and mitochondrial membranes showed ultrastructural damage at day three post‐stroke. Elevated expression of inflammasomes, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β was also present on days one and three post‐injury. There were significant differences between Vx765‐treated and vehicle groups in mean infarct volumes (14.36 vs 21.52 mm3; 12.34 vs 18.56 mm3; 4.13 vs 10.06 mm3; P < .05 at day one, three, and seven post‐surgery, respectively). Mice treated with Vx765 showed better motor recovery as assessed by serial behavior tests and had better neuronal survival, which was attributable to pyroptosis inhibition, as illustrated by downregulated expression of the effector protein GSDMD, inflammasomes, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β. Besides, treatment with Vx765 preserved neuronal membrane structures after the ischemic injury. Conclusions Pyroptosis emerges as an important pathway for neuronal death in an acute ischemic stroke. Vx765, a low molecular weight drug that has proven safe in clinical epilepsy trials, has potential therapeutic value for cerebral ischemia by targeting the canonical inflammasome pathway of pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Huan Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Yao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Fei Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing-Hua Liu
- Trauma Center/Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Huan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, The School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Fang Y, Tian Y, Huang Q, Wan Y, Xu L, Wang W, Pan D, Zhu S, Xie M. Deficiency of TREK-1 potassium channel exacerbates blood-brain barrier damage and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:96. [PMID: 31072336 PMCID: PMC6506965 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating medical emergency with high mortality and severe neurological deficit. ICH-related poor outcomes are due to a combination of pathological processes that could be complicated by secondary insults. TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) is a two-pore-domain potassium channel that is highly expressed in the mammalian nervous system. Previous studies have shown that TREK-1 channels play important roles in various central nervous system diseases. However, its role in the secondary injuries after intracerebral hemorrhage remains unknown. In this study, we explored the function of TREK-1 in secondary blood-brain barrier injuries and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. METHODS Adult male TREK-1-/- mice and WT mice were subjected to a collagenase-induced ICH model. Immunostaining, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess inflammatory infiltration and neuronal death. Blood-brain barrier compromise was assessed using electron microscopy and Evans Blue dye injection on days 1 and 3 after intracerebral hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral assessments were conducted to evaluate the neurologic damage and recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage. RESULTS Genetic deficiency of TREK-1 channel exacerbated blood-brain barrier impairment and promoted cerebral edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Meanwhile, TREK-1 deficiency aggravated focal inflammatory featured by the increased recruitment of microglia and neutrophils, the enhanced secretion of proinflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Furthermore, TREK-1 deficiency promoted neuronal injury and neurological impairment. CONCLUSIONS These results establish the first in vivo evidence for the protective role of TREK-1 in blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage. TREK-1 may thereby be harnessed to a potential therapeutical target for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Qibao Huang
- College of medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Dengji Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030.
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430030.
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11
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Kurtys E, Casteels C, Real CC, Eisel ULM, Verkuyl JM, Broersen LM, Klein HC, Dierckx RAJO, Doorduin J, de Vries EFJ. Therapeutic effects of dietary intervention on neuroinflammation and brain metabolism in a rat model of photothrombotic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:36-46. [PMID: 29804326 PMCID: PMC6436598 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A possible target for stroke management is modulation of neuroinflammation. Evidence suggests that food components may exert anti-inflammatory properties and thus may reduce stroke-induced brain damage. AIM To investigate the efficacy of a diet, containing anti-inflammatory ingredients, as treatment for focal ischemic brain damage induced by photothrombotic stroke in the somatosensory cortex of rats. RESULTS Brain lesions were surrounded by strong astrogliosis on both day 7 and day 21 after stroke and were accompanied by a trend toward globally decreased glucose metabolism on day 7. The investigational diet applied 2 weeks before the ischemia did not affect astrocyte activation on day 7, but reduced it at day 21. The investigational diet applied immediately after the ischemia, increased astrocyte activation on day 7 and completely reversed this effect on day 21. Moreover, postischemic intervention increased glucose metabolism in somatosensory cortex ipsilateral to the lesion on day 7. CONCLUSION This study reveals potentially beneficial effects of a diet containing elevated amounts of anti-inflammatory nutrients on the recovery from ischemic brain damage. Therefore, dietary intervention can be considered as an adjuvant therapy for recovery from this brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kurtys
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline C Real
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, GELIFES, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hans C Klein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janine Doorduin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Lig4-4 selectively inhibits TREK-1 and plays potent neuroprotective roles in vitro and in rat MCAO model. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:93-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Photothrombotic Stroke as a Model of Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 9:437-451. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Fang Y, Huang X, Wan Y, Tian H, Tian Y, Wang W, Zhu S, Xie M. Deficiency of TREK-1 potassium channel exacerbates secondary injury following spinal cord injury in mice. J Neurochem 2017; 141:236-246. [PMID: 28192611 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xiaojiang Huang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology; The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province; Wuhan China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education; The School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education; The School of Basic Medicine; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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15
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Arachidonic acid has protective effects on oxygen-glucose deprived astrocytes mediated through enhancement of potassium channel TREK-1 activity. Neurosci Lett 2017; 636:241-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Antollini SS, Barrantes FJ. Fatty Acid Regulation of Voltage- and Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Function. Front Physiol 2016; 7:573. [PMID: 27965583 PMCID: PMC5124694 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids (FFA) are essential components of the cell, where they play a key role in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and most particularly in cell membranes, where they are central actors in shaping the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer and the cellular adaptation to the environment. FFA are continuously being produced and degraded, and a feedback regulatory function has been attributed to their turnover. The massive increase observed under some pathological conditions, especially in brain, has been interpreted as a protective mechanism possibly operative on ion channels, which in some cases is of stimulatory nature and in other cases inhibitory. Here we discuss the correlation between the structure of FFA and their ability to modulate protein function, evaluating the influence of saturation/unsaturation, number of double bonds, and cis vs. trans isomerism. We further focus on the mechanisms of FFA modulation operating on voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channel function, contrasting the still conflicting evidence on direct vs. indirect mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS)Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del SurBahía Blanca, Argentina
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17
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Ryoo K, Park JY. Two-pore Domain Potassium Channels in Astrocytes. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:222-232. [PMID: 27790056 PMCID: PMC5081468 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.5.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels have a distinct structure and channel properties, and are involved in a background K+ current. The 15 members of the K2P channels are identified and classified into six subfamilies on the basis of their sequence similarities. The activity of the channels is dynamically regulated by various physical, chemical, and biological effectors. The channels are expressed in a wide variety of tissues in mammals in an isoform specific manner, and play various roles in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. To function as channels, the K2P channels form dimers, and some isoforms form heterodimers that provide diversity in channel properties. In the brain, TWIK1, TREK1, TREK2, TRAAK, TASK1, and TASK3 are predominantly expressed in various regions, including the cerebral cortex, dentate gyrus, CA1-CA3, and granular layer of the cerebellum. TWIK1, TREK1, and TASK1 are highly expressed in astrocytes, where they play specific cellular roles. Astrocytes keep leak K+ conductance, called the passive conductance, which mainly involves TWIK1-TREK1 heterodimeric channel. TWIK1 and TREK1 also mediate glutamate release from astrocytes in an exocytosis-independent manner. The expression of TREK1 and TREK2 in astrocytes increases under ischemic conditions, that enhance neuroprotection from ischemia. Accumulated evidence has indicated that astrocytes, together with neurons, are involved in brain function, with the K2P channels playing critical role in these astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghyun Ryoo
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Park
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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18
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Devassy JG, Leng S, Gabbs M, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Oxylipins in Neuroinflammation and Management of Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:905-16. [PMID: 27633106 PMCID: PMC5015035 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is becoming one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative conditions worldwide. Although the disease progression is becoming better understood, current medical interventions can only ameliorate some of the symptoms but cannot slow disease progression. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the advancement of this disorder, and n-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in both the reduction in and resolution of inflammation. These effects may be mediated by the anti-inflammatory and proresolving effects of bioactive lipid mediators (oxylipins) derived from n-3 PUFAs [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] in fish oil. Although interventions have generally used fish oil containing both EPA and DHA, several studies that used either EPA or DHA alone or specific oxylipins derived from these fatty acids indicate that they have distinct effects. Both DHA and EPA can reduce neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, but EPA positively influences mood disorders, whereas DHA maintains normal brain structure. Fewer studies with a plant-derived n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid, suggest that other n-3 PUFAs and their oxylipins also may positively affect AD. Further research identifying the unique anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties of oxylipins from individual n-3 PUFAs will enable the discovery of novel disease-management strategies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
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Ehling P, Cerina M, Budde T, Meuth SG, Bittner S. The CNS under pathophysiologic attack--examining the role of K₂p channels. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:959-72. [PMID: 25482672 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Members of the two-pore domain K(+) channel (K2P) family are increasingly recognized as being potential targets for therapeutic drugs and could play a role in the diagnosis and treatment of neurologic disorders. Their broad and diverse expression pattern in pleiotropic cell types, importance in cellular function, unique biophysical properties, and sensitivity toward pathophysiologic parameters represent the basis for their involvement in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). This review will focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke, as there is growing evidence for the involvement of K2P channels in these two major CNS disorders. In MS, TASK1-3 channels are expressed on T lymphocytes and are part of a signaling network regulating Ca(2+)- dependent pathways that are mandatory for T cell activation, differentiation, and effector functions. In addition, TASK1 channels are involved in neurodegeneration, resulting in autoimmune attack of CNS cells. On the blood-brain barrier, TREK1 channels regulate immune cell trafficking under autoinflammatory conditions. Cerebral ischemia shares some pathophysiologic similarities with MS, including hypoxia and extracellular acidosis. On a cellular level, K2P channels can have both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic effects, either promoting neurodegeneration or protecting neurons from ischemic cell death. TASK1 and TREK1 channels have a neuroprotective effect on stroke development, whereas TASK2 channels have a detrimental effect on neuronal survival under ischemic conditions. Future research in preclinical models is needed to provide a more detailed understanding of the contribution of K2P channel family members to neurologic disorders, before translation to the clinic is an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ehling
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany,
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