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Pardo M, Martin M, Gainetdinov RR, Mash DC, Izenwasser S. Heterozygote Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats Display Enhanced Cocaine Locomotion in Adolescent Females. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315414. [PMID: 36499749 PMCID: PMC9736933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is a powerful psychostimulant that is one of the most widely used illicit addictive. The dopamine transporter (DAT) plays a major role in mediating cocaine's reward effect. Decreases in DAT expression increase rates of drug abuse and vulnerability to comorbid psychiatric disorders. We used the novel DAT transgenic rat model to study the effects of cocaine on locomotor behaviors in adolescent rats, with an emphasis on sex. Female rats showed higher response rates to cocaine at lower acute and chronic doses, highlighting a higher vulnerability and perceived gender effects. In contrast, locomotor responses to an acute high dose of cocaine were more marked and sustained in male DAT heterozygous (HET) adolescents. The results demonstrate the augmented effects of chronic cocaine in HET DAT adolescent female rats. Knockout (KO) DAT led to a level of hyperdopaminergia which caused a marked basal hyperactivity that was unchanged, consistent with a possible ceiling effect. We suggest a role of alpha synuclein (α-syn) and PICK 1 protein expressions to the increased vulnerability in female rats. These proteins showed a lower expression in female HET and KO rats. This study highlights gender differences associated with mutations which affect DAT expression and can increase susceptibility to cocaine abuse in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pardo
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-786-230-7181
| | - Michele Martin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine and St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Deborah C Mash
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sari Izenwasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Du T, Wu Z, Luo H, Lu S, Ma K. Injection of α-syn-98 Aggregates Into the Brain Triggers α-Synuclein Pathology and an Inflammatory Response. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:189. [PMID: 31447645 PMCID: PMC6691047 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a major component of Lewy bodies (LB), which play a central role in pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Differential expression of α-syn isoforms has been shown in PD. Isoform α-syn-98 is generated by excision of exon-3 and exon-5 of the α-syn gene. In contrast to the canonical full-length α-syn isoform (α-syn140), little is known about the function of the α-syn-98 isoform. In the present study, to identify the potential role of α-syn-98 protein in PD, we examined the effects of exogenous recombinant insoluble α-syn-98 aggregates on α-syn pathology and inflammatory responses in the midbrain. After injection of α-syn-98 aggregates into the substantia nigra (SN), mice exhibited motor dysfunction accompanied by nigral dopaminergic neuron loss. In addition, α-syn-98 aggregates injection resulted in a significant increase in phosphorylation of endogenous α-syn. Accumulations of α-syn were co-localized with p62 and ubiquitin, which suggests α-syn-98 aggregates-induced pathology exhibits properties similar to human LB. Many glial cells were activated after α-syn-98 aggregates injection. In addition, expression of NF-κB, interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and levels of oxidative stress increased after α-syn-98 aggregates injection. Our results suggest that α-syn-98 may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingfu Du
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengcun Wu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Haiyu Luo
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China.,Medical Primate Research Center & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, China
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Sznejder-Pachołek A, Joniec-Maciejak I, Wawer A, Ciesielska A, Mirowska-Guzel D. The effect of α-synuclein on gliosis and IL-1α, TNFα, IFNγ, TGFβ expression in murine brain. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 69:242-251. [PMID: 28126640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha - synuclein (ASN) is the principal component of Lewy pathology and strongly influences on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The increased level of ASN protein causes microglial response. The reactive microglial cells may actively participate in the damaging of dopaminergic neurons. The data suggests that ASN accumulation in astrocytes might damage these cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) and promotes degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in SN. We examined the potential role of recombinant ASN monomers as a major pathogenic factor causing the inflammatory response in the central nervous system. METHODS Mice were bilaterally infused by human ASN monomers into the striatum (ST) or SN (single treatment was 4μg/structure, 8μg per brain) and decapitated after 1, 4 or 12 weeks post injection. The changes in the level of inflammatory factors in ST were evaluated using Real-Time PCR and Western Blot method. The analysis of morphological changes of glial cells was performed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS We observed a strong activation of microglia cells in ST and increased expression of striatal interleukin 1α, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma after ASN injection into the ST. We noticed an increase in striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA level 4 weeks after ASN injection into the ST. Injection of ASN into the SN led to an increase of striatal transforming growth factor beta mRNA level and has no influence on striatal glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA level. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that both the microglia activation and supressing astrocytes play a crucial role in ASN-related dopaminergic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sznejder-Pachołek
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warszawa, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Ilona Joniec-Maciejak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warszawa, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Adriana Wawer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warszawa, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Ciesielska
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warszawa, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology CePT, Warszawa, Poland; 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland.
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