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Kajita Y, Fukuda Y, Kawamatsu R, Oyanagi T, Mushiake H. Pentylenetetrazole kindling induces dynamic changes in GAD65 expression in hippocampal somatostatin interneurons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 239:173755. [PMID: 38527654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the mechanisms of epileptgenesis is impairment of inhibitory neural circuits. Several studies have compared neural changes among subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acid-related (GABAergic) neurons after acquired epileptic seizure. However, it is unclear that GABAergic neural modifications that occur during acquisition process of epileptic seizure. METHODS Male rats were injected with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ kindling: n = 30) or saline (control: n = 15) every other day to observe the development of epileptic seizure stages. Two time points were identified: the point at which seizures were most difficult to induce, and the point at which seizures were most easy to induce. The expression of GABAergic neuron-related proteins in the hippocampus was immunohistochemically compared among GABAergic subtypes at each of these time points. RESULTS Bimodal changes in seizure stages were observed in response to PTZ kindling. The increase of seizure stage was transiently suppressed after 8 or 10 injections, and then progressed again by the 16th injection. Based on these results, we defined 10 injections as a short-term injection period during which seizures are less likely to occur, and 20 injections as a long-term injection period during which continuous seizures are likely to occur. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that hippocampal glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) expression was increased after short-term kindling but unchanged after long-term kindling. Increased GAD65 expression was limited to somatostatin-positive (SOM+) cells among several GABAergic subtypes. By contrast, GAD, GABA, GABAAR α1, GABABR1, and VGAT cells showed no change following short- or long-term PTZ kindling. CONCLUSION PTZ kindling induces bimodal changes in the epileptic seizure stage. Seizure stage is transiently suppressed after short-term PTZ injection with GAD65 upregulation in SOM+ cells. The seizure stage is progressed again after long-term PTZ injection with GAD65 reduction to baseline level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kajita
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yuki Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Riho Kawamatsu
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takanori Oyanagi
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Ali SO, Ghaiad HR, Elmasry GF, Mehana NA. Sinapic Acid Mitigates Pentylenetetrazol-induced Acute Seizures By Modulating the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Regulating Calcium/calcineurin Signaling: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02019-0. [PMID: 38662166 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sinapic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits and cereals. Recent studies have shown that SA has potential anti-seizure properties due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective role of SA at two different dosages in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced acute seizure model. Mice were divided into six groups: normal control, PTZ, SA (20 mg/kg), SA (20 mg/kg) + PTZ, SA (40 mg/kg), and SA (40 mg/kg) + PTZ. SA was orally administered for 21 days, followed by a convulsive dose of intraperitoneal PTZ (50 mg/kg). Seizures were estimated via the Racine scale, and animals were behaviorally tested using the Y-maze. Brain tissues were used to assess the levels of GABA, glutamate, oxidative stress markers, calcium, calcineurin, (Nod)-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-1β, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), Bcl-2-associated death protein (Bad) and Bcl-2. Molecular docking of SA using a multistep in silico protocol was also performed. The results showed that SA alleviated oxidative stress, restored the GABA/glutamate balance and calcium/calcineurin signaling, downregulated NLRP3 and apoptosis, and improved recognition and ambulatory activity in PTZ-treated mice. In silico results also revealed that SA strongly interacts with the target proteins NLRP3 and ASC. Overall, the results suggest that SA is a promising antiseizure agent and that both doses of SA are comparable, with 40 mg/kg SA being superior in normalizing glutathione, calcium and IL-1β, in addition to calcineurin, NLRP3, ASC and Bad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa O Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Heba R Ghaiad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Ghada F Elmasry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Noha A Mehana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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Han QT, Yang WQ, Zang C, Zhou L, Zhang CJ, Bao X, Cai J, Li F, Shi Q, Wang XL, Qu J, Zhang D, Yu SS. The toxic natural product tutin causes epileptic seizures in mice by activating calcineurin. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:101. [PMID: 36894540 PMCID: PMC9998865 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tutin, an established toxic natural product that causes epilepsy in rodents, is often used as a tool to develop animal model of acute epileptic seizures. However, the molecular target and toxic mechanism of tutin were unclear. In this study, for the first time, we conducted experiments to clarify the targets in tutin-induced epilepsy using thermal proteome profiling. Our studies showed that calcineurin (CN) was a target of tutin, and that tutin activated CN, leading to seizures. Binding site studies further established that tutin bound within the active site of CN catalytic subunit. CN inhibitor and calcineurin A (CNA) knockdown experiments in vivo proved that tutin induced epilepsy by activating CN, and produced obvious nerve damage. Together, these findings revealed that tutin caused epileptic seizures by activating CN. Moreover, further mechanism studies found that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and voltage- and Ca2+- activated K+ (BK) channels might be involved in related signaling pathways. Our study fully explains the convulsive mechanism of tutin, which provides new ideas for epilepsy treatment and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Tong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wan-Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Caixia Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chong-Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiuqi Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fangfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qinyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus Treatment Delays Acute Seizure Occurrence, Reduces Elevated Oxidative Stress, and Reverses PGF2α Burst in the Brain of PTZ-Treated Rats. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1971-1980. [PMID: 36780043 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
It is still an urgent need to find alternative and effective therapies to combat epileptic seizures. Tacrolimus as a potent immunosuppressant and calcineurin inhibitor is emerging as promising drug to suppress seizures. However, there are few reports applying tacrolimus to epilepsy and providing data for its antiseizure properties. In this study, we investigated the antiseizure effects of 5 and 10 mg/kg doses of tacrolimus treatment priorly to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induction of seizures in rats. As an experimental design, we establish two independent rat groups where we observe convulsive seizures following 70 mg/kg PTZ and sub-convulsive seizures detected by electroencephalography (EEG) following 35 mg/kg PTZ. Thereafter, we proceed with biochemical analyses of the brain including assessment of malondialdehyde level as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and PGF2α. Tacrolimus pre-treatment dose-dependently resulted in lesser seizure severity according to Racine's scale, delayed start-up latency of the first myoclonic jerk and attenuated the spike percentages detected by EEG in seizure-induced rats. However, only the higher dose of tacrolimus was effective to restore lipid peroxidation. An increase in SOD activity was observed in the PTZ group, mediated by seizure activity per se, however, it was greater in the groups that received treatment with 5 and 10 mg/kg of Tacrolimus. PGF2α bursts following PTZ induction of seizures were reversed by tacrolimus pre-treatment in a dose-dependent manner as well. We report that the well-known immunosuppressant tacrolimus is a promising agent to suppress seizures. Comparative studies are necessary to determine the possible utilization of tacrolimus in clinical cases.
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Wang Z, Zhao M, Gao S. Epileptic Seizures After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:675756. [PMID: 34335446 PMCID: PMC8322618 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.675756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Technique in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has greatly advanced over the past decades, which has led to an increase in the number of patients receiving transplantation, but the complex procedure places these transplant recipients at high risk of a large spectrum of complications including neurologic involvement. As a common manifestation of neurological disorders, epileptic seizures after transplantation have been of great concern to clinicians because it seriously affects the survival rate and living quality of those recipients. The aim of this review is to elucidate the incidence of seizures after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and to further summarize in detail its etiologies, possible mechanisms, clinical manifestations, therapeutic schedule, and prognosis, hoping to improve doctors' understandings of concurrent seizures following transplantation, so they can prevent, process, and eventually improve the survival and outlook for patients in a timely manner and correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Munan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Zirak MR, Rahimian R, Mousavizadeh K, Dehpour AR. Mechanisms underlie the proconvulsant effects of sildenafil. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111142. [PMID: 33360157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hori K, Tsujikawa S, Novakovic MM, Yamashita M, Prakriya M. Regulation of chemoconvulsant-induced seizures by store-operated Orai1 channels. J Physiol 2020; 598:5391-5409. [PMID: 32851638 DOI: 10.1113/jp280119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Temporal lobe epilepsy is a complex neurological disease caused by imbalance of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Growing literature implicates altered Ca2+ signalling in many aspects of epilepsy but the diversity of Ca2+ channels that regulate this syndrome are not well-understood. Here, we report that mice lacking the store-operated Ca2+ channel, Orai1, in the brain show markedly stronger seizures in response to the chemoconvulsants, kainic acid and pilocarpine. Electrophysiological analysis reveals that selective deletion of Orai1 channels in inhibitory neurons disables chemoconvulsant-induced excitation of GABAergic neurons in the CA1 hippocampus. Likewise, deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons abrogates the chemoconvulsant-induced burst of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) on CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This loss of chemoconvulsant inhibition likely aggravates status epilepticus in Orai1 KO mice. These results identify Orai1 channels as regulators of hippocampal interneuron excitability and seizures. ABSTRACT Store-operated Orai1 channels are a major mechanism for Ca2+ entry in many cells and mediate numerous functions including gene expression, cytokine production and gliotransmitter release. Orai1 is expressed in many regions of the mammalian brain; however, its role in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic function and brain disorders has only now begun to be investigated. To investigate a potential role of Orai1 channels in status epilepticus induced by chemoconvulsants, we examined acute seizures evoked by intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid (KA) and pilocarpine in mice with a conditional deletion of Orai1 (or its activator STIM1) in the brain. Brain-specific Orai1 and STIM1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited significantly stronger seizures (P = 0.00003 and P < 0.00001), and higher chemoconvulsant-induced mortality (P = 0.02) compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. Electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal brain slices revealed that KA stimulated the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the CA1 hippocampus (P = 0.04) which failed to occur in Orai1 KO mice. Further, KA and pilocarpine increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons >twofold (KA: P = 0.04; pilocarpine: P = 0.0002) which was abolished in Orai1 KO mice. Mice with selective deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons alone also showed stronger seizures to KA (P = 0.001) and pilocarpine (P < 0.00001) and loss of chemoconvulsant-induced increases in sIPSC responses compared with WT controls. We conclude that Orai1 channels regulate chemoconvulsant-induced excitation in GABAergic neurons and that destabilization of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in Orai1 KO mice aggravates chemoconvulsant-mediated seizures. These results identify Orai1 channels as novel molecular regulators of hippocampal neuronal excitability and seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Hori
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shogo Tsujikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michaela M Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megumi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Tacrolimus protects hippocampal neurons of rats with status epilepticus through suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Brain Res 2019; 1715:176-181. [PMID: 30831086 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on the hippocampal neurons of rats with status epilepticus (SE). METHOD A total of 126 male Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into the control group, the epilepsy group, and the epilepsy + FK506 group. The epilepsy group and the epilepsy + FK506 group were both injected with pilocarpine to establish SE models. The epilepsy + FK506 group was pretreated with FK506 at 24 h and 1 h prior to pilocarpine injection. The contents of nitric oxide (NO), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) of the hippocampus were measured. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus was determined by immunohistochemistry. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondria size were also detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS FK506 could increase the survival of neurons in the hippocampus. Compared with the epilepsy group, the levels of NO, NOS (including nNOS and iNOS), and MDA were obviously decreased by FK506 (P < 0.05). Moreover, FK506 reversed the SE-induced MMP reduction and mitochondrial expansion (P < 0.05). Besides, compared with the epilepsy group, FK506 significantly increased the AIF level in the mitochondrial, but decreased that in the nuclear fractions, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION FK506 plays an important role in neuroprotection, possibly through suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
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Rydzanicz M, Wachowska M, Cook EC, Lisowski P, Kuźniewska B, Szymańska K, Diecke S, Prigione A, Szczałuba K, Szybińska A, Koppolu A, Murcia Pienkowski V, Kosińska J, Wiweger M, Kostrzewa G, Brzozowska M, Domańska-Pakieła D, Jurkiewicz E, Stawiński P, Gromadka A, Zielenkiewicz P, Demkow U, Dziembowska M, Kuźnicki J, Creamer TP, Płoski R. Novel calcineurin A (PPP3CA) variant associated with epilepsy, constitutive enzyme activation and downregulation of protein expression. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 27:61-69. [PMID: 30254215 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PPP3CA encodes calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit of calcineurin, a ubiquitously expressed calcium/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase. Recently de novo PPP3CA variants were reported as a cause of disease in 12 subjects presenting with epileptic encephalopathy and dysmorphic features. We describe a boy with similar phenotype and severe early onset epileptic encephalopathy in whom a novel de novo c.1324C>T (p.(Gln442Ter)) PPP3CA variant was found by whole exome sequencing. Western blot experiments in patient's cells (EBV transformed lymphocytes and neuronal cells derived through reprogramming) indicate that despite normal mRNA abundance the protein expression level is strongly reduced both for the mutated and wild-type protein. By in vitro studies with recombinant protein expressed in E. coli we show that c.1324C>T (p.(Gln442Ter)) results in constitutive activation of the enzyme. Our results confirm the role of PPP3CA defects in pathogenesis of a distinct neurodevelopmental disorder including severe epilepsy and dysmorphism and provide further functional clues regarding the pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Erik C Cook
- Center for Structural Biology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Paweł Lisowski
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Poland.,Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Krystyna Szymańska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prigione
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szczałuba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Koppolu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Victor Murcia Pienkowski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kosińska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wiweger
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Kostrzewa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Domańska-Pakieła
- Department of Child Neurology and Epileptology, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jurkiewicz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Stawiński
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gromadka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Kuźnicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Trevor P Creamer
- Center for Structural Biology and Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Rafał Płoski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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