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Yepes M. Reprint of: Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 550:21-29. [PMID: 38964373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Babenko VA, Yakupova EI, Pevzner IB, Bocharnikov AD, Zorova LD, Fedulova KS, Grebenchikov OA, Kuzovlev AN, Grechko AV, Silachev DN, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Plotnikov EY. Effects of Lithium Ions on tPA-Induced Hemorrhagic Transformation under Stroke. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1325. [PMID: 38927532 PMCID: PMC11201972 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a therapeutic option for acute ischemic stroke. However, this approach is subject to several limitations, particularly the increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Lithium salts show neuroprotective effects in stroke, but their effects on HT mechanisms are still unknown. In our study, we use the models of photothrombosis (PT)-induced brain ischemia and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to investigate the effect of Li+ on tPA-induced changes in brain and endothelial cell cultures. We found that tPA did not affect lesion volume or exacerbate neurological deficits but disrupted the blood-brain barrier. We demonstrate that poststroke treatment with Li+ improves neurological status and increases blood-brain barrier integrity after thrombolytic therapy. Under conditions of OGD, tPA treatment increased MMP-2/9 levels in endothelial cells, and preincubation with LiCl abolished this MMP activation. Moreover, we observed the effect of Li+ on glycolysis in tPA-treated endothelial cells, which we hypothesized to have an effect on MMP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A. Babenko
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elmira I. Yakupova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Irina B. Pevzner
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey D. Bocharnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- Advanced Engineering School “Intelligent Theranostics Systems”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljubava D. Zorova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kseniya S. Fedulova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
| | - Oleg A. Grebenchikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Artem N. Kuzovlev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 107031 Moscow, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.N.K.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Denis N. Silachev
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi-Moghaddam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran;
| | - Egor Y. Plotnikov
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.B.); (E.I.Y.); (I.B.P.); (A.D.B.); (L.D.Z.); (K.S.F.); (D.N.S.)
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Yepes M. Fibrinolytic and Non-fibrinolytic Roles of Tissue-type Plasminogen Activator in the Ischemic Brain. Neuroscience 2024; 542:69-80. [PMID: 37574107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is assembled by endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, and encased by a basement membrane (BM) surveilled by microglia and surrounded by perivascular astrocytes (PVA), which in turn are in contact with synapses. Cerebral ischemia induces the rapid release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from endothelial cells, perivascular astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Owning to its ability to catalyze the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin, in the intravascular space tPA functions as a fibrinolytic enzyme. In contrast, the release of astrocytic, microglial and neuronal tPA have a plethora of effects that not always require the generation of plasmin. In the ischemic brain tPA increases the permeability of the NVU, induces microglial activation, participates in the recycling of glutamate, and has various effects on neuronal survival. These effects are mediated by different receptors, notably subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). Here we review data on the role of tPA in the NVU under non-ischemic and ischemic conditions, and analyze how this knowledge may lead to the development of potential strategies for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Emory Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Lin B, Shen Y, Zhang P, Shen Y, Gu Y, He X, Li J, Yang K, Shen W, Zhang Q, Xin Y, Liu Y. Prognostic role of tissue plasminogen activator in coronary artery disease with or without aortic valve sclerosis. ESC Heart Fail 2023. [PMID: 37308095 PMCID: PMC10375160 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to investigate the relationship between circulating tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) level and long-term outcomes in stable coronary artery disease patients with or without aortic valve sclerosis (AVSc). METHODS AND RESULTS Serum levels of t-PA were determined in 347 consecutive stable angina patients with (n = 183) or without (n = 164) AVSc. Outcomes were prospectively recorded as planned clinic evaluations every 6 months up to 7 years. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death and rehospitalization due to heart failure. The secondary endpoint included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and rehospitalization due to heart failure. Serum t-PA was significantly higher in AVSc than in non-AVSc patients (2131.22 pg/mL vs. 1495.85 pg/mL, P < 0.001). For patients with AVSc, those with t-PA level above the median (>1840.68 pg/mL) were more likely to meet the primary and secondary endpoints (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, serum t-PA level remained significantly predictive for each endpoint in the Cox proportional hazard models. The prognostic value of t-PA was good, with an AUC-ROC of 0.753 (P < 0.001). The combination of t-PA with traditional risk factors improved the risk reclassification of AVSc patients, with a net reclassification index of 0.857 and an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.217 (all P < 0.001). However, for patients without AVSc, both primary and secondary endpoints were similar, irrespective of t-PA levels. CONCLUSIONS Elevated circulating t-PA confers an increased risk for poor long-term clinical outcomes in stable coronary artery disease patients with AVSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Maity S, Mayer MG, Shu Q, Linh H, Bao D, Blair RV, He Y, Lyon CJ, Hu TY, Fischer T, Fan J. Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Markers Indicate Neuro-Damage in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Nonhuman Primates. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100523. [PMID: 36870567 PMCID: PMC9981268 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic manifestations are among the most frequently reported complications of COVID-19. However, given the paucity of tissue samples and the highly infectious nature of the etiologic agent of COVID-19, we have limited information to understand the neuropathogenesis of COVID-19. Therefore, to better understand the impact of COVID-19 on the brain, we used mass-spectrometry-based proteomics with a data-independent acquisition mode to investigate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins collected from two different nonhuman primates, Rhesus Macaque and African Green Monkeys, for the neurologic effects of the infection. These monkeys exhibited minimal to mild pulmonary pathology but moderate to severe central nervous system (CNS) pathology. Our results indicated that CSF proteome changes after infection resolution corresponded with bronchial virus abundance during early infection and revealed substantial differences between the infected nonhuman primates and their age-matched uninfected controls, suggesting these differences could reflect altered secretion of CNS factors in response to SARS-CoV-2-induced neuropathology. We also observed the infected animals exhibited highly scattered data distributions compared to their corresponding controls indicating the heterogeneity of the CSF proteome change and the host response to the viral infection. Dysregulated CSF proteins were preferentially enriched in functional pathways associated with progressive neurodegenerative disorders, hemostasis, and innate immune responses that could influence neuroinflammatory responses following COVID-19. Mapping these dysregulated proteins to the Human Brain Protein Atlas found that they tended to be enriched in brain regions that exhibit more frequent injury following COVID-19. It, therefore, appears reasonable to speculate that such CSF protein changes could serve as signatures for neurologic injury, identify important regulatory pathways in this process, and potentially reveal therapeutic targets to prevent or attenuate the development of neurologic injuries following COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Maity
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Meredith G Mayer
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Qingbo Shu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hellmers Linh
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Duran Bao
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher J Lyon
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tony Y Hu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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Gong P, Tian Q, He Y, He P, Wang J, Guo Y, Ye Q, Li M. Dental pulp stem cell transplantation facilitates neuronal neuroprotection following cerebral ischemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113234. [PMID: 35689857 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify and evaluate the intracranial transplantation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) as a possible ischemic stroke therapy that mitigates neuronal death/apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS DPSCs were isolated from the impacted third molars of healthy volunteers and then intracranially injected at 24 h post-ischemic stroke to Sprague Dawley rats that had been subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological functional deficits were assessed using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), and cerebral edema was quantified using brain water content. Neuronal death/apoptosis was indicated by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) staining, NeuN immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis of the protein expression of anti-apoptotic indicator of Bcl-2 and apoptotic indicators of Bax and caspase 3. RESULTS DPSC transplantation could ameliorate neurological dysfunction and brain edema, reduce infarct volume, decrease the percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei, increase the number and percentage of NeuN-positive cells in ischemic penumbra, increase the ratio of Bcl-2 and Bax and down-regulate the production of caspase 3 in the cortical infarct zone. CONCLUSIONS DPSC therapy via intracranial injection exerted remarkably neuroprotection mainly by inhibiting neuronal death/apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yan He
- Regenerative Medicine Lab, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430064, China
| | - Peibang He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Qingsong Ye
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
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MicroRNA Transcriptomics Analysis Identifies Dysregulated Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Exposed to Hyperglycemia. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2022; 31:106281. [PMID: 35026495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemia is often observed in the patients after acute stroke. This study aims to elucidate the potential effect and mechanism of hyperglycemia by screening microRNAs expression in intracerebral hemorrhage mice. METHODS We employed the collagenase model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Twenty male C57BL/6 mice were used and randomly divided in normo- and hyperglycemic. The hyperglycemia was induced by intraperitoneally injection of 50% of Dextrose (8 mL/kg) 3 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage. The neurologic impairment was investigated by neurologic deficit scale. To study the specific mechanisms of hyperglycemia, microRNAs expression in perihematomal area was investigated by RNA sequencing. MicroRNAs expression in hyperglycemic intracerebral hemorrhage animals were compared normoglycemic mice. Functional annotation analysis was used to indicate potential pathological pathway, underlying observed effects. Finally, polymerase chain reaction validation was administered. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injection of dextrose significantly increased blood glucose level. That was associated with aggravation of neurological deficits in hyperglycemic compared to normoglycemic animals. A total of 73 differentially expressed microRNAs were identified via transcriptomics analysis. Bioinformatics analyses showed that these microRNAs were significantly altered in several signaling pathways, of which the hedgehog signaling pathway was regarded as the most potential pathway associated with the effect of hyperglycemia on acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction results validated the correlation between microRNAs and hedgehog signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA elevated in hyperglycemia group may be involved in worsening the neurological function via inhibiting the hedgehog signaling, which provides a novel molecular physiological mechanism and lays the foundation for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Zhu L, Zhou H, Xu F, Yang H, Li P, Sheng Y, Liu P, Kong W, Liu X, Yang L, Liu L, Liu X. Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Impairs Blood-Brain Barrier Partly Due to Release of Arginase From Injured Liver. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724471. [PMID: 34721021 PMCID: PMC8548691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) induces remote organs injury, including the brain. The homeostasis of the brain is maintained by the blood-brain barrier (BBB); thus, we aimed to investigate whether HIR impaired BBB and attempted to elucidate its underlying mechanism. Methods: Cell viability of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) was measured following 24 h incubation with a serum of HIR rat undergoing 1 h ischemia and 4 h reperfusion, liver homogenate, or lysate of primary hepatocytes of the rat. The liver homogenate was precipitated using (NH4)2SO4 followed by separation on three columns and electrophoresis to identify the toxic molecule. Cell activity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, and expressions of proteins related to cell cycle were measured in hCMEC/D3 cells incubated with identified toxic molecules. HIR rats undergoing 1 h ischemia and 24 h reperfusion were developed to determine the release of an identified toxic molecule. BBB function was indexed as permeability to fluorescein and brain water. Endothelial cell proliferation and expressions of proteins related to the cell cycle in cerebral microvessels were measured by immunofluorescence and western blot. Results: Toxic molecule to BBB in the liver was identified to be arginase. Arginase inhibitor nor-NOHA efficiently attenuated hCMEC/D3 damage caused by liver homogenate and serum of HIR rats. Both arginase and serum of HIR rats significantly lowered arginine (Arg) in the culture medium. Arg addition efficiently attenuated the impairment of hCMEC/D3 caused by arginase or Arg deficiency, demonstrating that arginase impaired hCMEC/D3 via depriving Arg. Both arginase and Arg deficiency damaged hCMEC/D3 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation, retarding the cell cycle to G1 phase, and downregulating expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2, and CDK4. HIR notably increased plasma arginase activity and lowered Arg level, increased the BBB permeability accompanied with enhanced brain water, and decreased the proliferative cells (marked by Ki67) in cerebral microvessels (marked by CD31) and protein expressions of cyclin A, cyclin D, CDK2 and CDK4 in isolated brain microvessels. Oral supplement of Arg remarkably attenuated these HIR-induced alterations. Conclusion: HIR leads to substantial release of arginase from the injured liver and then deprives systemic Arg. The Arg deficiency further impairs BBB via inhibiting the proliferation of brain microvascular endothelial cells by cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Sheng
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weimin Kong
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaonan Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Gong P, Zou Y, Zhang W, Tian Q, Han S, Xu Z, Chen Q, Wang X, Li M. The neuroprotective effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 via the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway are mediated by the PI3K/AKT cascade following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:373-387. [PMID: 34717965 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has neuroprotective actions, including vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects, following ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 following ischemic stroke remain unknown. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether IGF-1 exerted its neuroprotective effects by regulating the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway, potentially via activation of the PI3K/AKT cascade, following ischemic stroke. In the in vitro study, we exposed cultured PC12 and SH-5YSY cells, and cortical primary neurons, to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Cell viability was measured using CCK-8 assay. In the in vivo study, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological function was assessed using a modified neurologic scoring system and the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test, brain edema was detected by brain water content measurement, infarct volume was measured using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and neuronal death and apoptosis were evaluated by TUNEL/NeuN double staining, HE and Nissl staining, and immunohistochemistry staining for NeuN. Finally, western blot analysis was used to measure the level of IGF-1 in vivo and levels of YAP/TAZ, PI3K and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) both in vitro and in vivo. IGF-1 induced activation of YAP/TAZ, which resulted in improved cell viability in vitro, and reduced neurological deficits, brain water content, neuronal death and apoptosis, and cerebral infarct volume in vivo. Notably, the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 were blocked by an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT cascade, LY294002. LY294002 treatment not only downregulated PI3K and p-AKT, but YAP/TAZ as well, leading to aggravation of neurological dysfunction and worsening of brain damage. Our findings indicate that the neuroprotective effects of IGF-1 are, at least in part mediated by upregulation of YAP/TAZ via activation of the PI3K/AKT cascade following cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Yichun Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Qi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Shoumeng Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, PR China.
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10
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Salman M, Ismael S, Li L, Ahmed HA, Puchowicz MA, Ishrat T. Endothelial Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Depletion Reduces Hemorrhagic Transformation in Hyperglycemic Mice after Embolic Stroke and Thrombolytic Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100983. [PMID: 34681207 PMCID: PMC8537904 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesize that endothelial-specific thioredoxin-interacting protein knock-out (EC-TXNIP KO) mice will be more resistant to the neurovascular damage (hemorrhagic-transformation-HT) associated with hyperglycemia (HG) in embolic stroke. Adult-male EC-TXNIP KO and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were injected with-streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for five consecutive days to induce diabetes. Four-weeks after confirming HG, mice were subjected to embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO) followed by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-reperfusion (10 mg/kg at 3 h post-eMCAO). After the neurological assessment, animals were sacrificed at 24 h for neurovascular stroke outcomes. There were no differences in cerebrovascular anatomy between the strains. Infarct size, edema, and HT as indicated by hemoglobin (Hb)-the content was significantly higher in HG-WT mice, with or without tPA-reperfusion, compared to normoglycemic WT mice. Hyperglycemic EC-TXNIP KO mice treated with tPA tended to show lower Hb-content, edema, infarct area, and less hemorrhagic score compared to WT hyperglycemic mice. EC-TXNIP KO mice showed decreased expression of inflammatory mediators, apoptosis-associated proteins, and nitrotyrosine levels. Further, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMP-9/MMP-3), which degrade junction proteins and increase blood-brain-barrier permeability, were decreased in EC-TXNIP KO mice. Together, these findings suggest that vascular-TXNIP could be a novel therapeutic target for neurovascular damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd. Salman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Saifudeen Ismael
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Lexiao Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Michelle A. Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA;
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; (M.S.); (S.I.); (L.L.); (H.A.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +901-448-2178; Fax:-901-448-7193
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11
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Plasminogen Activators in Neurovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094380. [PMID: 33922229 PMCID: PMC8122722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a dynamic structure assembled by endothelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane, pericytes, astrocytes, microglia and neurons. A carefully coordinated interplay between these cellular and non-cellular components is required to maintain normal neuronal function, and in line with these observations, a growing body of evidence has linked NVU dysfunction to neurodegeneration. Plasminogen activators catalyze the conversion of the zymogen plasminogen into the two-chain protease plasmin, which in turn triggers a plethora of physiological events including wound healing, angiogenesis, cell migration and inflammation. The last four decades of research have revealed that the two mammalian plasminogen activators, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), are pivotal regulators of NVU function during physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we will review the most relevant data on their expression and function in the NVU and their role in neurovascular and neurodegenerative disorders.
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12
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Marta-Enguita J, Navarro-Oviedo M, Muñoz R, Olier-Arenas J, Zalba G, Lecumberri R, Mendioroz M, Paramo JA, Roncal C, Orbe J. Inside the Thrombus: Association of Hemostatic Parameters With Outcomes in Large Vessel Stroke Patients. Front Neurol 2021; 12:599498. [PMID: 33692737 PMCID: PMC7937873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.599498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Actual clinical management of ischemic stroke (IS) is based on restoring cerebral blood flow using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and/or endovascular treatment (EVT). Mechanical thrombectomy has permitted the analysis of thrombus structural and cellular classic components. Nevertheless, histological assessment of hemostatic parameters such as thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and matrix metalloproteinase 10 (MMP-10) remains unknown, although their presence could determine thrombus stability and its response to thrombolytic treatment, improving patient's outcome. Methods: We collected thrombi (n = 45) from large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke patients (n = 53) and performed a histological analysis of different hemostatic parameters [TAFI, MMP-10, von Willebrand factor (VWF), and fibrin] and cellular components (erythrocytes, leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and platelets). Additionally, we evaluated the association of these parameters with plasma levels of MMP-10, TAFI and VWF activity and recorded clinical variables. Results: In this study, we report for the first time the presence of MMP-10 and TAFI in all thrombi collected from LVO patients. Both proteins were localized in regions of inflammatory cells, surrounded by erythrocyte and platelet-rich areas, and their content was significantly associated (r = 0.41, p < 0.01). Thrombus TAFI was lower in patients who died during the first 3 months after stroke onset [odds ratio (OR) (95%CI); 0.59 (0.36–0.98), p = 0.043]. Likewise, we observed that thrombus MMP-10 was inversely correlated with the amount of VWF (r = −0.30, p < 0.05). Besides, VWF was associated with the presence of leukocytes (r = 0.37, p < 0.05), platelets (r = 0.32, p < 0.05), and 3 months mortality [OR (95%CI); 4.5 (1.2–17.1), p = 0.029]. Finally, plasma levels of TAFI correlated with circulating and thrombus platelets, while plasma MMP-10 was associated with cardiovascular risk factors and functional dependence at 3 months. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the composition and distribution of thrombus hemostatic components might have clinical impact by influencing the response to pharmacological and mechanical therapies as well as guiding the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Marta-Enguita
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Navarro-Oviedo
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Roberto Muñoz
- Neurology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Red de Investigación Cooperativa de Enfermedades Vasculares Cerebrales (INVICTUS PLUS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Olier-Arenas
- Radiology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Zalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ramon Lecumberri
- Haematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neurology Service, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroepigenetics Laboratory-Navarrabiomed, Complejo-Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra-UPNA, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose A Paramo
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,Haematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Roncal
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain.,CIBER Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Liu C, Xie J, Sun S, Li H, Li T, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang J, Le A, Wang J, Li Z, Wang J, Wang W. Hemorrhagic Transformation After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:621-646. [PMID: 33125600 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication after thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke. In this article, recent research progress of HT in vivo and in vitro studies was reviewed. We have discussed new potential mechanisms and possible experimental models of HT development, as well as possible biomarkers and treatment methods. Meanwhile, we compared and analyzed rodent models, large animal models and in vitro BBB models of HT, and the limitations of these models were discussed. The molecular mechanism of HT was investigated in terms of BBB disruption, rt-PA neurotoxicity and the effect of neuroinflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species. The clinical features to predict HT were represented including blood biomarkers and clinical factors. Recent progress in neuroprotective strategies to improve HT after stroke treated with rt-PA is outlined. Further efforts need to be made to reduce the risk of HT after rt-PA therapy and improve the clinical prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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