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Influence of the Core Formulation on Features and Drug Delivery Ability of Carbamate-Based Nanogels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186621. [PMID: 32927733 PMCID: PMC7555386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, nanogels have emerged as one of the most promising classes of novel drug delivery vehicles since they can be employed in multiple fields, such as various therapeutics or diagnostics, and with different classes of compounds and active molecules. Their features, such as a high volume to surface ratio, excellent drug loading and release ability, as well as biocompatibility and tunable behavior, are unique, and, nowadays, great efforts are made to develop new formulations that can be employed in a wider range of applications. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polyethylenimine (PEI) nanogels probably represent the baseline of this class of biomaterials and they are still largely employed and studied. In any way, the possibility to exploit new core formulations for nanogels is certainly very interesting in order to understand the influence of different polymer chains on the final properties of the system. In this research, we explore and make a comparison between PEG-PEI nanogels and two other different formulations: pluronic F127-PEI nanogels and PEG-Jeffamine nanogels. We propose nanogels synthesis methods, their chemical and physical characterization, as well as their stability analysis, and we focus on the different drug delivery ability that these structures exhibit working with different typologies of drug mimetics.
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2
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Praphakar RA, Jeyaraj M, Mehnath S, Higuchi A, Ponnamma D, Sadasivuni KK, Rajan M. A pH-sensitive guar gum-grafted-lysine-β-cyclodextrin drug carrier for the controlled release of 5-flourouracil into cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:1519-1530. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The physiological environment is a crucial factor in biomedical systems, which can be regulated with relative ease both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Amarnath Praphakar
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
| | - Murugan Jeyaraj
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai
- India
| | - Sivaraj Mehnath
- National Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- University of Madras
- Chennai
- India
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Central University
- Jhong-Li
- Taiwan
| | | | | | - Mariappan Rajan
- Biomaterials in Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
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3
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Neamtu I, Rusu AG, Diaconu A, Nita LE, Chiriac AP. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:539-557. [PMID: 28181831 PMCID: PMC8240973 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1276232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanogels in biomedical field are promising and innovative materials as dispersions of hydrogel nanoparticles based on crosslinked polymeric networks that have been called as next generation drug delivery systems due to their relatively high drug encapsulation capacity, uniformity, tunable size, ease of preparation, minimal toxicity, stability in the presence of serum, and stimuli responsiveness. Nanogels show a great potential in chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting and delivery of bioactive substances. The main subjects reviewed in this article concentrates on: (i) Nanogel assimilation in the nanomedicine domain; (ii) Features and advantages of nanogels, the main characteristics, such as: swelling capacity, stimuli sensitivity, the great surface area, functionalization, bioconjugation and encapsulation of bioactive substances, which are taken into account in designing the structures according to the application; some data on the advantages and limitations of the preparation techniques; (iii) Recent progress in nanogels as a carrier of genetic material, protein and vaccine. The majority of the scientific literature presents the multivalency potential of bioconjugated nanogels in various conditions. Today's research focuses over the overcoming of the restrictions imposed by cost, some medical requirements and technological issues, for nanogels' commercial scale production and their integration as a new platform in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Alina Diaconu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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Pluronic Nanotechnology for Overcoming Drug Resistance. BIOACTIVITY OF ENGINEERED NANOPARTICLES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5864-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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5
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Szulc A, Pulaski L, Appelhans D, Voit B, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Sugar-modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as drug delivery agents for cytarabine to overcome drug resistance. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:572-583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Yao Y, Xia M, Wang H, Li G, Shen H, Ji G, Meng Q, Xie Y. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-based nanogels/gels for oral delivery of myricetin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Gollnest T, de Oliveira TD, Schols D, Balzarini J, Meier C. Lipophilic prodrugs of nucleoside triphosphates as biochemical probes and potential antivirals. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8716. [PMID: 26503889 PMCID: PMC4640093 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often limited by ineffective phosphorylation. We report on a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) prodrug approach in which the γ-phosphate of NTPs is bioreversibly modified. A series of TriPPPro-compounds bearing two lipophilic masking units at the γ-phosphate and d4T as a nucleoside analogue are synthesized. Successful delivery of d4TTP is demonstrated in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell extracts by an enzyme-triggered mechanism with high selectivity. In antiviral assays, the compounds are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in CD4+ T-cell (CEM) cultures. Highly lipophilic acyl residues lead to higher membrane permeability that results in intracellular delivery of phosphorylated metabolites in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK− cells with higher antiviral activity than the parent nucleoside. Charged phosphorylated metabolite such as nucleoside tri-phosphates exhibit poor membrane permeability due to their high polarity, limiting their utility as drugs or cellular probes. Here the authors develop a method to render nucleoside triphosphates cell permeable and allows their release by an enzyme-triggered mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gollnest
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thiago Dinis de Oliveira
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominique Schols
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Szulc A, Signorelli M, Schiraldi A, Appelhans D, Voit B, Bryszewska M, Klajnert-Maculewicz B, Fessas D. Maltose modified poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as potential carriers of nucleoside analog 5'-triphosphates. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:940-7. [PMID: 26456295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers contained surface maltose modification are proposed as drug carriers for nucleoside analog (NA) 5'-triphosphates. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between PPI dendrimers of 3rd (G3) or 4th (G4) generation and cytidine-5'-triphosphate (CTP) by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry method. CTP was used as a model molecule of pyrimidine nucleoside analog-cytarabine (ara-CTP) commonly used in leukemia treatment. Complexes of PPI dendrimers with NAs may help to overcome severe limitations of NAs associated with their low solubility and stability or resistance in cancer cells. In the present work, we evaluated stoichiometry and a mechanism of forming complexes between dendrimers and the nucleotide. Moreover, we examined the efficiency of complex formation in relation to dendrimer generations, a type of dendrimer modification with maltose residues and a type of solvent. It was observed that PPI dendrimers create complexes with CTP with high efficiency that makes them promising candidates for a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szulc
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marco Signorelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Celoria St. 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Schiraldi
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Celoria St. 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str. 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dimitrios Fessas
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Celoria St. 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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9
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Zhao D, Li B, Han J, Yang Y, Zhang X, Wu G. PH responsive polypeptide based polymeric micelles for anticancer drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3045-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Bingqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jiaming Han
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xinchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Guolin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of MOE, Institute of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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10
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Kowalczuk A, Trzcinska R, Trzebicka B, Müller AH, Dworak A, Tsvetanov CB. Loading of polymer nanocarriers: Factors, mechanisms and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Ramos J, Forcada J, Hidalgo-Alvarez R. Cationic Polymer Nanoparticles and Nanogels: From Synthesis to Biotechnological Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 114:367-428. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ramos
- POLYMAT,
Bionanoparticles Group, Departamento de Química Aplicada, UFI
11/56, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jacqueline Forcada
- POLYMAT,
Bionanoparticles Group, Departamento de Química Aplicada, UFI
11/56, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Apdo. 1072, 20080 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
| | - Roque Hidalgo-Alvarez
- Grupo
de Física de Fluidos y Biocoloides, Departamento de Física
Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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12
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Misra AC, Bhaskar S, Clay N, Lahann J. Multicompartmental particles for combined imaging and siRNA delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:3850-6. [PMID: 22581730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asish C Misra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Michigan, 2300 Hayward St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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13
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Barwal I, Sood A, Sharma M, Singh B, Yadav SC. Development of stevioside Pluronic-F-68 copolymer based PLA-nanoparticles as an antidiabetic nanomedicine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 101:510-6. [PMID: 23022553 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside (FDA approved nontoxic natural non-caloric sweetener) has been reported to have very good antidiabetic potential but its use as therapeutic drug is restricted in human due to its deprived intestinal absorption and poor bioavailability. We have nano-bioconjugated this molecule on biodegradable Pluronic-F-68 copolymer based PLA nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation method (spherical, size range 110-130 nm) to overcome deprived intestinal absorption and to enhance the bioavailability. The drug loading calculated by the standard calibrated HPLC was 16.32±4% (w/w). The in vitro release study showed the initial burst followed by the sustained release. The half release and complete release were observed on 25±4 h and 200±10 h respectively. This newly formulated nanostevioside showed very high potential to be used as antidiabetic nanomedicine for safe and effective use in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Barwal
- Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
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14
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Fan W, Wu X, Ding B, Gao J, Cai Z, Zhang W, Yin D, Wang X, Zhu Q, Liu J, Ding X, Gao S. Degradable gene delivery systems based on Pluronics-modified low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine: preparation, characterization, intracellular trafficking, and cellular distribution. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1127-38. [PMID: 22403492 PMCID: PMC3292422 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s27117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cationic copolymers consisting of polycations linked to nonionic amphiphilic block polymers have been evaluated as nonviral gene delivery systems, and a large number of different polymers and copolymers of linear, branched, and dendrimeric architectures have been tested in terms of their suitability and efficacy for in vitro and in vivo transfection. However, the discovery of new potent materials still largely relies on empiric approaches rather than a rational design. The authors investigated the relationship between the polymers’ structures and their biological performance, including DNA compaction, toxicity, transfection efficiency, and the effect of cellular uptake. Methods This article reports the synthesis and characterization of a series of cationic copolymers obtained by grafting polyethyleneimine with nonionic amphiphilic surfactant polyether-Pluronic® consisting of hydrophilic ethylene oxide and hydrophobic propylene oxide blocks. Transgene expression, cytotoxicity, localization of plasmids, and cellular uptake of these copolymers were evaluated following in vitro transfection of HeLa cell lines with various individual components of the copolymers. Results Pluronics can exhibit biological activity including effects on enhancing DNA cellular uptake, nuclear translocation, and gene expression. The Pluronics with a higher hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value lead to homogeneous distribution in the cytoplasm; those with a lower hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value prefer to localize in the nucleus. Conclusion This Pluronic-polyethyleneimine system may be worth exploring as components in the cationic copolymers as the DNA or small interfering RNA/microRNA delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai
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15
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Du X, Li J, Gao Y, Kuang Y, Xu B. Catalytic dephosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to form supramolecular nanofibers/hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2098-100. [PMID: 22246046 PMCID: PMC3522864 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc16723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzyme to instruct the self-assembly of the nucleoside of adenosine in water provides a new class of molecular nanofibers/hydrogels as functional soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA. Fax: 781-736-2516; Tel: 781-736-5201
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16
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Szulc A, Appelhans D, Voit B, Bryszewska M, Klajnert B. Characteristics of complexes between poly(propylene imine) dendrimers and nucleotides. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj40165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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17
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Crespan E, Garbelli A, Amoroso A, Maga G. Exploiting the nucleotide substrate specificity of repair DNA polymerases to develop novel anticancer agents. Molecules 2011; 16:7994-8019. [PMID: 21926946 PMCID: PMC6264456 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16097994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome is constantly exposed to mutations that can originate during replication or as a result of the action of both endogenous and/or exogenous damaging agents [such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), UV light, genotoxic environmental compounds, etc.]. Cells have developed a set of specialized mechanisms to counteract this mutational burden. Many cancer cells have defects in one or more DNA repair pathways, hence they rely on a narrower set of specialized DNA repair mechanisms than normal cells. Inhibiting one of these pathways in the context of an already DNA repair-deficient genetic background, will be more toxic to cancer cells than to normal cells, a concept recently exploited in cancer chemotherapy by the synthetic lethality approach. Essential to all DNA repair pathways are the DNA pols. Thus, these enzymes are being regarded as attractive targets for the development of specific inhibitors of DNA repair in cancer cells. In this review we examine the current state-of-the-art in the development of nucleotide analogs as inhibitors of repair DNA polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuele Crespan
- DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology, Insititute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Asadi H, Rostamizadeh K, Salari D, Hamidi M. Preparation and characterization of tri-block poly(lactide)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactide) nanogels for controlled release of naltrexone. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:356-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Cattaneo AG, Gornati R, Sabbioni E, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Bernardini G. Nanotechnology and human health: risks and benefits. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 30:730-44. [PMID: 21117037 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is expected to be promising in many fields of medical applications, mainly in cancer treatment. While a large number of very attractive exploitations open up for the clinics, regulatory agencies are very careful in admitting new nanomaterials for human use because of their potential toxicity. The very active research on new nanomaterials that are potentially useful in medicine has not been counterbalanced by an adequate knowledge of their pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The different nanocarriers used to transport and release the active molecules to the target tissues should be treated as additives, with potential side effects of themselves or by virtue of their dissolution or aggregation inside the body. Only recently has a systematic classification of nanomaterials been proposed, posing the basis for dedicated modeling at the nanoscale level. The use of in silico methods, such as nano-QSAR and PSAR, while highly desirable to expedite and rationalize the following stages of toxicological research, are not an alternative, but an introduction to mandatory experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giulia Cattaneo
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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He J, Yan B, Tremblay L, Zhao Y. Both core- and shell-cross-linked nanogels: photoinduced size change, intraparticle LCST, and interparticle UCST thermal behaviors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:436-444. [PMID: 21141813 DOI: 10.1021/la1040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
New thermal- and photoresponsive core-shell nanogel particles were obtained from self-assembly in aqueous solution of a double-hydrophilic block copolymer (DHBCP) of which the two blocks could be photo-cross-linked via the reversible photodimerization and photocleavage of coumarin moieties. The diblock copolymer, consisting of poly[N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-4-methyl-[7-(methacryloyl)oxyethyloxy]coumarin] and poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-co-4-methyl-[7-(methacryloyl)oxyethyloxy]coumarin] (P(DMA-co-CMA)-b-P(NIPAM-co-CMA)), was synthesized by using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. At T > LCST of the P(NIPAM-co-CMA) block, core-shell micelles were formed and UV light irradiation at λ > 310 nm resulted in cross-linking of both the micelle core of P(NIPAM-co-CMA) and the micelle shell of P(DMA-co-CMA); subsequent cooling of the solution to T < LCST gave rise to water-soluble, swollen nanogel particles. Upon UV light irradiation at λ < 260 nm, the decrease of cross-linking density could increase the swelling of nanogel particles by ∼23% in diameter. By alternating irradiation with the different wavelengths, the average hydrodynamic diameter of nanogel particles was tunable between ∼58 and ∼47 nm. Interestingly, upon further cooling of the solution, aggregation occurred for nanogel particles with a moderate cross-linking density (10%-40% dimerization of coumarin moieties). Therefore, such core- and shell-cross-linked nanogel could display both "intraparticle" LCST (solubility of polymer chains forming the core) and "interparticle" UCST (solubility of particles). The possible mechanism and the effect of dimerization degree on the UCST behavior were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Wang Z, Cai Z, Guo Q. Tunable Amphiphilic Poly(Ether-Anhydride) Gel Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200900059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kim Y, Thapa M, Hua DH, Chang KO. Biodegradable nanogels for oral delivery of interferon for norovirus infection. Antiviral Res 2010; 89:165-73. [PMID: 21144866 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Norwalk virus (NV) replicon-harboring cells have provided an excellent tool to the development of antivirals. Previously we demonstrated that the expression levels of replicon RNA and proteins were significantly reduced in the presence of various interferons (IFNs) including IFN-α and IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner in the NV replicon-harboring cells, and suggested that IFNs could be therapeutic options for norovirus infection. It was also demonstrated that innate immunity including IFNs is crucial in the replication and pathogenicity of murine norovirus (MNV) in vitro (RAW267.4 cells) and in vivo. IFNs have a short half-life in vitro and in vivo due to low stability. Thus it is important to have a good delivery system to improve the stability of IFNs. Nanogels are nanosized networks of chemically cross-linked polymers that swell in physiologic solutions and provide improved stability and bioavailability to drugs. We have synthesized nanogels based on cross-linked polyethyleneimine (PEI)-polyethylenglycol (PEG). The PEI/PEG nanogels were further acetylated (AcNg) to reduce cellular penetration and cytotoxicity. The IFN-AcNg complex was prepared by incubating two components together at 4 °C and lyophilization. The IFN activity of IFN-AcNg was evaluated in the NV- and HCV-replicon-harboring cells and against MNV-1 in RAW267.4 cells in comparison to IFN without AcNg. The AcNg improved the stability of IFN stored at 4 °C, and was well tolerated in the cells. Furthermore, the activity of IFN was significantly higher when combined with AcNg in the replicon-harboring cells and against MNV-1 in RAW267.4 cells. We concluded that AcNg may be pursued further as a vehicle for oral delivery of IFNs in norovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Tan JP, Tan MB, Tam MK. Application of nanogel systems in the administration of local anesthetics. Local Reg Anesth 2010; 3:93-100. [PMID: 22915875 PMCID: PMC3417954 DOI: 10.2147/lra.s7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels are robust nanoparticles that could be used to deliver active drug compounds in controlled drug delivery applications. This review discusses the design, synthesis, loading, and release of local anesthetics using polymeric nanoparticles produced via various types of polymerization techniques. The strategy of using layer-by-layer approach to control the burst release of procaine hydrochloride (PrHy; a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group) is described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pk Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore
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Efficient overcoming of drug resistance to anticancer nucleoside analogs by nanodelivery of active phosphorylated drugs. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:281-9. [PMID: 20580798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major problems in cancer chemotherapy is the fast development of drug resistance to most anticancer therapeutics. Thus, an important cause of the eventual decline in clinical efficacy of cytotoxic nucleoside analogs was the selection of resistant cancer cells with deficiencies in the expression of nucleoside transporters or nucleoside-activating kinases. Here, we present an efficient strategy of overcoming this type of drug resistance by tumor-specific delivery of nanogel-encapsulated active triphosphates of nucleoside analogs (NATP). The small particles of biodegradable cationic nanogels loaded with anionic NATP efficiently interacted with cancer cells and released active drug compounds into the cytoplasm. The potential of novel drug formulations was evaluated in the nucleoside transport-deficient (CEM/araC/C8) or nucleoside activation-deficient (RL7/G) lymphogenic cancer cells. Compared to nucleoside analogs, NATP-loaded nanogels demonstrated increased cytotoxicity, reducing the drug resistance index 250- to 900-fold in CEM/araC/C8 cells and 70- to 100-fold in RL7/G cells. The strong cytotoxic effect of nanoformulations was accompanied by characteristic cell cycle perturbations, usually observed in drug-treated sensitive cells, and resulted in the induction of apoptosis in all studied drug-resistant cells. Efficient cellular accumulation of nanogels and the consequent increase in intracellular levels of NATP were found to be the major factors determining cytotoxic efficacy of nanoformulations. Decoration of nanogels with multiple molecules of tumor lymphatic-specific peptide (LyP1) enhanced the binding efficacy of nanocarriers with lymphogenic cancer cells. The targeted nanoformulation of activated gemcitabine (LyP1-NG-dFdCTP), when injected in subcutaneous RL7/G xenograft tumor model, demonstrated 2-fold more efficient tumor growth inhibition than gemcitabine at a higher dose. Nanogel-drug formulations exhibited no systemic toxicity during the treatment, hence extending the versatility of nucleoside analogs in the treatment of drug-resistant lymphogenic tumors.
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McKenna CE, Kashemirov BA, Peterson LW, Goodman MF. Modifications to the dNTP triphosphate moiety: from mechanistic probes for DNA polymerases to antiviral and anti-cancer drug design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1223-30. [PMID: 20079885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal replication of DNA is associated with many important human diseases, most notably viral infections and neoplasms. Existing approaches to chemotherapeutics for diseases associated with dysfunctional DNA replication classically involve nucleoside analogues that inhibit polymerase activity due to modification in the nucleobase and/or ribose moieties. These compounds must undergo multiple phosphorylation steps in vivo, converting them into triphosphosphates, in order to inhibit their targeted DNA polymerase. Nucleotide monophosphonates enable bypassing the initial phosphorylation step at the cost of decreased bioavailability. Relatively little attention has been paid to higher nucleotides (corresponding to the natural di- and triphosphate DNA polymerase substrates) as drug platforms due to their expected poor deliverability. However, a better understanding of DNA polymerase mechanism and fidelity dependence on the triphosphate moiety is beginning to emerge, aided by systematic incorporation into this group of substituted methylenebisphosphonate probes. Meanwhile, other bridging, as well as non-bridging, modifications have revealed intriguing possibilities for new drug design. We briefly survey some of this recent work, and argue that the potential of nucleotide-based drugs, and intriguing preliminary progress in this area, warrant acceptance of the challenges that they present with respect to bioavailability and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E McKenna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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Albrecht K, Moeller M, Groll J. Nano- and Microgels Through Addition Reactions of Functional Oligomers and Polymers. CHEMICAL DESIGN OF RESPONSIVE MICROGELS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2010_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Argentiere S, Blasi L, Ciccarella G, Barbarella G, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Nanogels of poly(acrylic acid): Uptake and release behavior with fluorescent oligothiophene-labeled bovine serum albumin. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kabanov A, Vinogradov S. Nanogele als pharmazeutische Trägersysteme: winzige Netzwerke mit großen Möglichkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Argentiere S, Blasi L, Ciccarella G, Barbarella G, Cingolani R, Gigli G. Synthesis of Poly(acrylic acid) Nanogels and Application in Loading and Release of an Oligothiophene Fluorophore and Its Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.200950709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kabanov AV, Vinogradov SV. Nanogels as pharmaceutical carriers: finite networks of infinite capabilities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:5418-29. [PMID: 19562807 PMCID: PMC2872506 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 889] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanogels are swollen nanosized networks composed of hydrophilic or amphiphilic polymer chains. They are developed as carriers for the transport of drugs, and can be designed to spontaneously incorporate biologically active molecules through formation of salt bonds, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic interactions. Polyelectrolyte nanogels can readily incorporate oppositely charged low-molecular-mass drugs and biomacromolecules such as oligo- and polynucleotides (siRNA, DNA) as well as proteins. The guest molecules interact electrostatically with the ionic polymer chains of the gel and become bound within the finite nanogel. Multiple chemical functionalities can be employed in the nanogels to introduce imaging labels and to allow targeted drug delivery. The latter can be achieved, for example, with degradable or cleavable cross-links. Recent studies suggest that nanogels have a very promising future in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830 (United States); Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Serguei V. Vinogradov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830 (United States)
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Galmarini CM, Warren G, Kohli E, Zeman A, Mitin A, Vinogradov SV. Polymeric nanogels containing the triphosphate form of cytotoxic nucleoside analogues show antitumor activity against breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3373-80. [PMID: 18852140 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficiency of anticancer nucleoside analogues (NA) strongly depends on their intracellular accumulation and conversion into 5'-triphosphates. Because active NATP cannot be directly administrated due to instability, we present here a strategy of nanoencapsulation of these active drugs for efficient delivery to tumors. Stable lyophilized formulations of 5'-triphosphates of cytarabine (araCTP), gemcitabine (dFdCTP), and floxuridine (FdUTP) encapsulated in biodegradable PEG-cl-PEI or F127-cl-PEI nanogel networks (NGC and NGM, respectively) were prepared by a self-assembly procedure. Cellular penetration, in vitro cytotoxicity, and drug-induced cell cycle perturbations of these nanoformulations were analyzed in breast and colorectal cancer cell lines. Cellular accumulation and NATP release from nanogel was studied by confocal microscopy and direct high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cellular lysates. Antiproliferative effect of dFdCTP nanoformulations was evaluated in human breast carcinoma MCF7 xenograft animal model. Nanoencapsulated araCTP, dFdCTP, and FdUTP showed similar to NA cytotoxicity and cell cycle perturbations. Nanogels without drugs showed very low cytotoxicity, although NGM was more toxic than NGC. Treatment by NATP nanoformulations induced fast increase of free intracellular drug concentration. In human breast carcinoma MCF7 xenograft animal model, i.v. dFdCTP-nanogel was equally effective in inhibiting tumor growth at four times lower administered drug dose compared with free gemcitabine. Active triphosphates of NA encapsulated in nanogels exhibit similar cytotoxicity and cell cycle perturbations in vitro and faster cell accumulation and equal tumor growth-inhibitory activity in vivo at much lower dose compared with parental drugs, illustrating their therapeutic potential for cancer chemotherapy.
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Pluronic decorated-nanogels with temperature-responsive volume transitions, cytotoxicities, and transfection efficiencies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ganta C, Shi A, Battina SK, Pyle M, Rana S, Hua DH, Tamura M, Troyer D. Combination of nanogel polyethylene glycol-polyethylenimine and 6(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-anthracenedione as an anticancer nanomedicine. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 8:2334-40. [PMID: 18572646 PMCID: PMC2556214 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2008.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-polyethylenimine (PEG-PEI) nanogels have been used to deliver nucleic acids and oligonucleotides into cells. First, we synthesized PEG-PEI nanogels with methylene proton ratios (CH2O:CH2N) in PEG-PEI ranging from approximately 6.8:1 to 4:1 and less, as shown by 1H NMR spectra. We first synthesized various nanogels with varying ratios of CH2O:CH2N (methylene proton) in PEG-PEI as shown by 1H NMR spectra and tested their cytotoxicity using a rodent pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (Pan 02). We showed that the nanogel PEG-PEI with methylene proton ratio of 4:1 was strongly cytotoxic to Pan 02 cells in vitro, while the nanogel with the methylene proton ratio of 6.8:1 was not toxic. We incorporated a novel anti-cancer drug, 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-anthracenedione (AQ) analogue (AQ10) into nontoxic nanogel PEG-PEI and tested the effect of AQ10 loaded nanogel PEG-PEI (AQ10-nanogel PEG-PEI) and AQ10 dissolved in DMSO on Pan 02 cell growth. The size of this AQ10-nanogel PEG-PEI was characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our studies showed that the AQ10-nanogel PEG-PEI is readily taken up by Pan 02 cells. Growth attenuation of Pan 02 cells treated with AQ10-nanogel PEG-PEI was three to four times that of cells treated with AQ10 dissolved in DMSO. These results suggest that PEG-PEI, usually used to deliver nucleic acids into cells, can also be used to deliver an insoluble small molecule anticancer drug, AQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanran Ganta
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Aibin Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | | | - Marla Pyle
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Sandeep Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Duy H. Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Deryl Troyer
- **Corresponding author: Deryl Troyer, 228 Coles Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, Ph. 785-532-4509; Fax: 785-532-4557, E-mail:
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Vinogradov SV, Mitin A, Warren G. FOLATE-TARGETED POLYFORMULATIONS OF CYTOTOXIC NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATES AND PACLITAXEL. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE ... MEETING. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. DIVISION OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2008; 49:1050-1051. [PMID: 19079756 PMCID: PMC2601599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Vinogradov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science University of Nebraska Medical Center 986025 Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE 68198-6025
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gilpin
- Brehm Research Laboratory, University Park, Wright State University, Fairborn, Ohio 45324-2031, USA
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Kohli E, Han HY, Zeman AD, Vinogradov SV. Formulations of biodegradable Nanogel carriers with 5'-triphosphates of nucleoside analogs that display a reduced cytotoxicity and enhanced drug activity. J Control Release 2007; 121:19-27. [PMID: 17509713 PMCID: PMC2000331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapies including nucleoside analogs are associated with severe toxic side effects and acquirement of drug resistance. We have previously reported the drug delivery in the form of 5'-triphosphates (NTP) encapsulated in cross-linked cationic networks of polyethylenimine (PEI) and PEG/Pluronic polymers (Nanogels). In this study, Nanogels, containing biodegradable PEI that could easily dissociate in reducing cytosolic environment and form products with minimal toxicity, were synthesized and displayed low cytotoxicity. Toxicity of Nanogels was clearly dependent on the total positive charge of carriers and was 5-6 fold lower for carriers loaded with NTP. Though intracellular ATP level was immediately reduced by ca. 50% following the treatment with Nanogels, it was largely restored 24 h later. Effect of Nanogels on various respiratory components of cells was reversible too, and, therefore, resulted in low immediate cell death. Nanogel alone and formulations with AZT-TP demonstrated a much lower mitochondrial toxicity than AZT. As an example of potential antiviral applications of low-toxic Nanogel carriers, a 5'-triphosphorylated Ribavirin-Nanogel formulation was prepared that demonstrated a 30-fold decrease in effective drug concentration (EC(90)) and, totally, a 10-fold increase in selectivity index compared to the drug alone in MDCK cells infected with influenza A virus.
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Abstract
Nanogels are colloidal microgel carriers that have been recently introduced as a prospective drug delivery system for nucleotide therapeutics. The crosslinked protonated polymer network of nanogels binds oppositely charged drug molecules, encapsulating them into submicron particles with a core-shell structure. The nanogel network also provides a suitable template for chemical engineering, surface modification and vectorisation. This review reveals recent attempts to develop novel drug formulations of nanogels with antiviral and antiproliferative nucleoside analogs in the active form of 5'-triphosphates, discusses structural approaches to the optimisation of nanogel properties, and discusses the development of targeted nanogel drug formulations for systemic administration. Notably, nanogels can improve the CNS penetration of nucleoside analogs that are otherwise restricted from passing across the blood-brain barrier. The latest findings reviewed here demonstrate an efficient intracellular release of nucleoside analogs, encouraging further applications of nanogel carriers for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Vinogradov
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciencess, College of Pharmacy and Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA.
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Vinogradov SV, Kohli E, Zeman A, Kabanov AV. Chemical engineering of nanogel drug carriers: increased bioavailability and decreased cytotoxicity. PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE ... MEETING. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. DIVISION OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2006; 47:27-28. [PMID: 19079755 PMCID: PMC2601575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Vinogradov
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE68198-5830
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