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Aldosari BN, Tawfeek HM, Abdellatif AAH, Almurshedi AS, Alfagih IM, AlQuadeib BT, Abbas AYA, Mohammed HM, Hassan YA, Fayed MH, Tolba NS. Comparative study of Lepidium sativum orally administered seeds, hydrogel and atorvastatin on obesity of rats fed on a high fat diet. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38963406 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2376624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has become a prevalent issue worldwide, leading to various complications such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. Statins, as FDA approved anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, still pose some concerns upon their administration. Recently, researchers have looked for natural products as an alternative to manage hyperlipidemia and obesity. AIM This work aimed to study the hypolipidemic effect of Lepidium sativum garden cress (GC) from different preparations; orally administered seeds, and hydrogel, in comparison to atorvastatin. METHODS GC hydrogel was prepared from the GC aqueous extract and pharmaceutically evaluated for its pH, spreadability, seeds content, homogeneity, rheology, and in vitro release. The rat's body weight, blood glucose levels, total lipid profile, and liver biomarkers were evaluated on obese rats for one month. In addition, the histopathology study was also performed. RESULTS GC hydrogel had acceptable pharmaceutical properties and showed a sustained release performance over 24 h. Oral and topical GC significantly reduced the lipid profiles, blood sugar and ALT, AST levels more than the negative control group and comparable to atorvastatin. It was found that oral GC showed a significant effect on the percentage decrease in the rat's body weight than the applied hydrogel. Histopathology study revealed a better outcome in the histological structure of pancreas and liver compared with rats feed on high fat diet post-treatment for one month. CONCLUSION GC orally administered, or topically applied hydrogel could be a promising, safe alternative formulation to atorvastatin in managing hyperlipidemia and normalizing body weight of obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basmah N Aldosari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Tawfeek
- Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Iman Mohammed Alfagih
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asmaa Youssef A Abbas
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Heba M Mohammed
- Puplic Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Fayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Faiyum, Egypt
| | - Nahla Sameh Tolba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt
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Luzzi S, Bektaşoğlu PK, Doğruel Y, Güngor A. Beyond nimodipine: advanced neuroprotection strategies for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:305. [PMID: 38967704 PMCID: PMC11226492 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The clinical management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-associated vasospasm remains a challenge in neurosurgical practice, with its prevention and treatment having a major impact on neurological outcome. While considered a mainstay, nimodipine is burdened by some non-negligible limitations that make it still a suboptimal candidate of pharmacotherapy for SAH. This narrative review aims to provide an update on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, overall evidence, and strength of recommendation of nimodipine alternative drugs for aneurysmal SAH-associated vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. A PRISMA literature search was performed in the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PubChem databases using a combination of the MeSH terms "medical therapy," "management," "cerebral vasospasm," "subarachnoid hemorrhage," and "delayed cerebral ischemia." Collected articles were reviewed for typology and relevance prior to final inclusion. A total of 346 articles were initially collected. The identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion process resulted in the selection of 59 studies. Nicardipine and cilostazol, which have longer half-lives than nimodipine, had robust evidence of efficacy and safety. Eicosapentaenoic acid, dapsone and clazosentan showed a good balance between effectiveness and favorable pharmacokinetics. Combinations between different drug classes have been studied to a very limited extent. Nicardipine, cilostazol, Rho-kinase inhibitors, and clazosentan proved their better pharmacokinetic profiles compared with nimodipine without prejudice with effective and safe neuroprotective role. However, the number of trials conducted is significantly lower than for nimodipine. Aneurysmal SAH-associated vasospasm remains an area of ongoing preclinical and clinical research where the search for new drugs or associations is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Luzzi
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Pınar Kuru Bektaşoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yücel Doğruel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences University, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Abuzer Güngor
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Deljavan Ghodrati A, Comoglu T. An overview on recent approaches for colonic drug delivery systems. Pharm Dev Technol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38813948 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2362353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Colon-targeted drug delivery systems have garnered significant interest as potential solutions for delivering various medications susceptible to acidic and catalytic degradation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or as a means of treating colonic diseases naturally with fewer overall side effects. The increasing demand for patient-friendly drug administration underscores the importance of colonic drug delivery, particularly through noninvasive methods like nanoparticulate drug delivery technologies. Such systems offer improved patient compliance, cost reduction, and therapeutic advantages. This study places particular emphasis on formulations and discusses recent advancements in various methods for designing colon-targeted drug delivery systems and their medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Deljavan Ghodrati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tansel Comoglu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Hirosawa K, Fujioka H, Morinaga G, Fukami T, Ishiguro N, Kishimoto W, Nakase H, Mizuguchi H, Nakajima M. Quantitative Analysis of mRNA and Protein Expression Levels of Aldo-Keto Reductase and Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Isoforms in the Human Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1569-1577. [PMID: 37722844 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes catalyzing the reduction reaction of xenobiotics are mainly members of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamilies. The intestine, together with the liver, is responsible for first-pass effects and is an organ that determines the bioavailability of orally administered drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mRNA and protein expression levels of 12 AKR isoforms (AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1B15, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, AKR1D1, AKR1E2, AKR7A2, and AKR7A3) and 7 SDR isoforms (CBR1, CBR3, CBR4, DCXR, DHRS4, HSD11B1, and HSD17B12) in each region of the human intestine using next-generation sequencing and data-independent acquisition proteomics. At both the mRNA and protein levels, most AKR isoforms were highly expressed in the upper regions of the intestine, namely the duodenum and jejunum, and then declined toward the rectum. Among the members in the SDR superfamily, CBR1 and DHRS4 were highly expressed in the upper regions, whereas the expression levels of the other isoforms were almost uniform in all regions. Significant positive correlations between mRNA and protein levels were observed in AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1B10, AKR1C3, AKR7A2, AKR7A3, CBR1, and CBR3. The mRNA level of AKR1B10 was highest, followed by AKR7A3 and CBR1, each accounting for more than 10% of the sum of all AKR and SDR levels in the small intestine. This expression profile in the human intestine was greatly different from that in the human liver, where AKR1C isoforms are predominantly expressed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study comprehensively determined the mRNA and protein expression profiles of aldo-keto reductase (AKR) and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase isoforms involved in xenobiotic metabolism in the human intestine and found that most of them are highly expressed in the upper region, where AKR1B10, AKR7A3, and CBR1 are predominantly expressed. Since the intestine is significantly involved in the metabolism of orally administered drugs, the information provided here is valuable for pharmacokinetic studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiya Hirosawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hijiri Fujioka
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gaku Morinaga
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H., T.F., M.N.) and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (T.F., M.N.), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Nonclinical Safety, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (H.F., G.M., N.I., W.K.); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan (H.N.); Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (H.M.); Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics (H.M.) and Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER) (H.M.), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Wang X, Yu Y, Liu H, Bu F, Shen C, He Q, Zhu X, Jiang P, Han B, Xiang X. Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions with Ensartinib as a Time-Dependent CYP3A Inhibitor Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1515-1526. [PMID: 37643879 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensartinib (X-396) is a second-generation anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) indicated for the treatment of ALK-positive patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Although in vitro experiments and molecular docking suggested its potential as a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, no further investigation or clinical trials have been conducted to assess its drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk. In this study, we conducted a series of in vitro experiments to elucidate the inhibition mechanism of ensartinib. Furthermore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on in vitro, in silico, and in vivo parameters, verified using clinical data, and applied to predict the clinical DDI mediated by ensartinib. The in vitro incubation experiments suggested that ensartinib exhibited strong time-dependent inhibition. Simulation results from the PBPK model indicated a significant increase in the exposure of CYP3A substrates in the presence of ensartinib, with the maximal plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve increasing up to 12-fold and 29-fold for sensitive substrates. Based on these findings, it is evident that co-administration of ensartinib and CYP3A substrates requires careful regulatory consideration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Ensartinib was found to be a strong time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A for the first time based on in vitro experiments, but there was no research conducted to estimate the risk of drug-drug interaction (DDI) of ensartinib in clinic. Therefore, the first ensartinib physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed and applied to predict various untested scenarios. The simulation result indicated that the exposure of CYP3A substrate increased significantly and urged the further clinical DDI study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Yiqun Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Chunying Shen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Qingfeng He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Pin Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
| | - Xiaoqiang Xiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Q.H., X.Z., P.J., X.X.); Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (X.W., Y.Y., H.L., C.S., B.H.); Department of Pharmacy, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (F.B.); and Shanghai Medicilon Inc., Shanghai, China (P.J.)
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6
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McCoubrey LE, Favaron A, Awad A, Orlu M, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Colonic drug delivery: Formulating the next generation of colon-targeted therapeutics. J Control Release 2023; 353:1107-1126. [PMID: 36528195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Colonic drug delivery can facilitate access to unique therapeutic targets and has the potential to enhance drug bioavailability whilst reducing off-target effects. Delivering drugs to the colon requires considered formulation development, as both oral and rectal dosage forms can encounter challenges if the colon's distinct physiological environment is not appreciated. As the therapeutic opportunities surrounding colonic drug delivery multiply, the success of novel pharmaceuticals lies in their design. This review provides a modern insight into the key parameters determining the effective design and development of colon-targeted medicines. Influential physiological features governing the release, dissolution, stability, and absorption of drugs in the colon are first discussed, followed by an overview of the most reliable colon-targeted formulation strategies. Finally, the most appropriate in vitro, in vivo, and in silico preclinical investigations are presented, with the goal of inspiring strategic development of new colon-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoubrey
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alessia Favaron
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Atheer Awad
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Mine Orlu
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Abdul W Basit
- 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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7
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Zhu J, Duan Y, Duo D, Yang J, Bai X, Liu G, Wang Q, Wang X, Qu N, Zhou Y, Li X. High-altitude Hypoxia Influences the Activities of the Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A1 and the Pharmacokinetics of Four Cardiovascular System Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101303. [PMID: 36297415 PMCID: PMC9612038 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High-altitude hypoxia has been shown to affect the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Although there is a high incidence of cardiovascular disease among individuals living in high-altitude areas, studies on the effect of high-altitude hypoxia on the pharmacokinetic properties of cardiovascular drugs are limited. (2) Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, bosentan, simvastatin, sildenafil, and their respective main metabolites, dehydronifedipine, hydroxybosentan, simvastatin hydroxy acid, and N-desmethyl sildenafil, in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 3A1 (CYP3A1), a drug-metabolizing enzyme, were examined. (3) Results: There were significant changes in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia, as evidenced by an increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and the half-life (t1/2z) and a decrease in total plasma clearance (CLz/F). However, most of these changes were reversed when the rats returned to a normoxic environment. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in CYP3A1 expression in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia at both the protein and mRNA levels. (4) Conclusions: High-altitude hypoxia suppressed the metabolism of the drugs, indicating that the pharmacokinetics of the drugs should be re-examined, and the optimal dose should be reassessed in patients living in high-altitude areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China
| | - Delong Duo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Red Cross Hospital of Qinghai, Xining 810000, China
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining 810000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
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8
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Wang W, Ouyang D. Opportunities and challenges of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2100-2120. [PMID: 35452792 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important in silico tool to bridge drug properties and in vivo PK behaviors during drug development. Over the recent decade, the PBPK method has been largely applied to drug delivery systems (DDS), including oral, inhaled, transdermal, ophthalmic, and complex injectable products. The related therapeutic agents have included small-molecule drugs, therapeutic proteins, nucleic acids, and even cells. Simulation results have provided important insights into PK behaviors of new dosage forms, which strongly support drug regulation. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent progress in PBPK applications in drug delivery, which shows large opportunities for facilitating drug development. In addition, we discuss the challenges of applying this methodology from a practical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macau, China; Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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9
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Awad A, Madla CM, McCoubrey LE, Ferraro F, Gavins FK, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Orlu M, Siepmann F, Siepmann J, Basit AW. Clinical translation of advanced colonic drug delivery technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114076. [PMID: 34890739 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery to the colon offers a myriad of benefits, including treatment of local diseases, direct access to unique therapeutic targets and the potential for increasing systemic drug bioavailability and efficacy. Although a range of traditional colonic delivery technologies are available, these systems exhibit inconsistent drug release due to physiological variability between and within individuals, which may be further exacerbated by underlying disease states. In recent years, significant translational and commercial advances have been made with the introduction of new technologies that incorporate independent multi-stimuli release mechanisms (pH and/or microbiota-dependent release). Harnessing these advanced technologies offers new possibilities for drug delivery via the colon, including the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, vaccines, nutrients, and microbiome therapeutics for the treatment of both local and systemic diseases. This review details the latest advances in colonic drug delivery, with an emphasis on emerging therapeutic opportunities and clinical technology translation.
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10
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Coombes Z, Plant K, Freire C, Basit AW, Butler P, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Progesterone Metabolism by Human and Rat Hepatic and Intestinal Tissue. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101707. [PMID: 34684000 PMCID: PMC8537901 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progesterone is low and highly variable. As a result, no clinically relevant, natural progesterone oral formulation is available. After oral delivery, first-pass metabolism initially occurs in the intestines; however, very little information on progesterone metabolism in this organ currently exists. The aim of this study is to investigate the contributions of liver and intestine to progesterone clearance. In the presence of NADPH, a rapid clearance of progesterone was observed in human and rat liver samples (t1/2 2.7 and 2.72 min, respectively). The rate of progesterone depletion in intestine was statistically similar between rat and human (t1/2 197.6 min in rat and 157.2 min in human). However, in the absence of NADPH, progesterone was depleted at a significantly lower rate in rat intestine compared to human. The roles of aldo keto reductases (AKR), xanthine oxidase (XAO) and aldehyde oxidase (AOX) in progesterone metabolism were also investigated. The rate of progesterone depletion was found to be significantly reduced by AKR1C, 1D1 and 1B1 in human liver and by AKR1B1 in human intestine. The inhibition of AOX also caused a significant reduction in progesterone degradation in human liver, whereas no change was observed in the presence of an XAO inhibitor. Understanding the kinetics of intestinal as well as liver metabolism is important for the future development of progesterone oral formulations. This novel information can inform decisions on the development of targeted formulations and help predict dosage regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coombes
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Katie Plant
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | | | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Philip Butler
- Cyprotex, No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Nether Alderley, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK; (K.P.); (P.B.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Reproductive Biology and Gynaecological Oncology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; (Z.C.); (R.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1792-295384
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11
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Kanwal U, Mukhtar S, Waheed M, Mehreen A, Abbas N, Shamim R, Hussain K, Rasool F, Hussain A, Bukhari NI. Fixed Dose Single Tablet Formulation with Differential Release of Amlodipine Besylate and Simvastatin and Its Pharmacokinetic Profile: QbD and Risk Assessment Approach. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:2193-2210. [PMID: 34079222 PMCID: PMC8164448 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s240506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A differential release fixed dose matrix tablet of amlodipine besylate (AML-B) and simvastatin (SIM) was formulated to enhance patient compliance. Material and Method In the first phase, release controlling parameters of AML-B and SIM granules were identified and in the second phase a fixed dose AML-B and SIM tablet formulation was prepared and optimized for a differential release of the drugs using a quality by design (QbD) and risk assessment approach. A validated HPLC method was employed for simultaneous determination of AML-B and SIM for FDC formulation. A pharmacokinetics of the above drugs was studied in healthy dogs in the third phase. Results In QbD-based optimized formulation, Eudragit® RSPO-dicalcium phosphate (DCP) blend controlled the release of AML-B over 8 h, though this diffusion-controlled release assumed first order kinetics. DCP and Eudragit® RS 100 also retarded release of SIM causing SIM release over 8 h after AML-B release from the optimized FDC tablet formulation. The HPLC retention times of AML-B and SIM were 2.10 and 15.52 min, respectively. Linearity for AML-B was 5.0–50 ng/mL and 0.01–2.0 µg/mL for SIM with percent recoveries of 92.85–101.53% and 94.51–117.75% for AML-B and SIM. AUC0-∞ of AML-B was increased 3 fold, while AUC0-∞ of SIM was decreased 2 fold. The tmax values for AML-B and SIM were 12 and 6 h, respectively. AML-B was absorbed without any lag time (tlag) while tlag was 6.33 ± 0.81 h for SIM, thus met the study objective. Conclusion The pharmacokinetic study showed an immediate absorption of AML-B while that of SIM was withheld for 6 h, close to the desired delay time of 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummarah Kanwal
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mukhtar
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Nasir Abbas
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rahat Shamim
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Rasool
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Irfan Bukhari
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Lalagkas PN, Poulentzas G, Kontogiorgis C, Douros A. Potential drug-drug interaction between sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and statins: pharmacological and clinical evidence. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:697-705. [PMID: 33888031 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1921735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent case reports suggested that concomitant use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors with statins could lead to increased statin toxicity. We provide a comprehensive overview of the available pharmacological and clinical evidence on this potential drug-drug interaction (DDI). AREAS COVERED We searched MEDLINE PubMed until November 2020 for (i) pharmacokinetic studies on SGLT2 inhibitors, statins, and their potential interaction, and (ii) case reports and clinical studies assessing the safety of concomitant use of SGLT2 inhibitors and statins. We also searched regulatory documents submitted to the United States Food and Drug Administration for unpublished data on this potential DDI. EXPERT OPINION SGLT2 inhibitors are increasingly used for type 2 diabetes, chronic heart failure, and chronic kidney disease, and concomitant use with statins is common given the comorbidity of indications. While pharmacokinetic studies in healthy subjects showed no clinically relevant changes in statin levels during SGLT2 inhibitor co-administration, the published case reports and pharmacologic reasoning support the possibility of an interaction. Underlying mechanisms could be pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic, and canagliflozin appears to be the SGLT2 inhibitor with the highest interaction potential. Further research including 'real-world' pharmacoepidemiologic studies is needed to better understand the clinical significance of this DDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis-Nikolaos Lalagkas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Poulentzas
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Christos Kontogiorgis
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.,Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonios Douros
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Yadav V, Mai Y, McCoubrey LE, Wada Y, Tomioka M, Kawata S, Charde S, Basit AW. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid as a Novel Therapeutic for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050578. [PMID: 34065300 PMCID: PMC8160866 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a naturally occurring nonprotein amino acid licensed as an optical imaging agent for the treatment of gliomas. In recent years, 5-ALA has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties through upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via enhancement of porphyrin, indicating that it may be beneficial for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. This study systematically examines 5-ALA for use in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Firstly, the ex vivo colonic stability and permeability of 5-ALA was assessed using human and mouse fluid and tissue. Secondly, the in vivo efficacy of 5-ALA, in the presence of sodium ferrous citrate, was investigated via the oral and intracolonic route in an acute DSS colitis mouse model of IBD. Results showed that 5-ALA was stable in mouse and human colon fluid, as well as in colon tissue. 5-ALA showed more tissue restricted pharmacokinetics when exposed to human colonic tissue. In vivo dosing demonstrated significantly improved colonic inflammation, increased local heme oxygenase-1 levels, and decreased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in both plasma and colonic tissue. These effects were superior to that measured concurrently with established anti-inflammatory treatments, ciclosporin and 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine). As such, 5-ALA represents a promising addition to the IBD armamentarium, with potential for targeted colonic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Yadav
- Intract Pharma Limited, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Correspondence: (V.Y.); (A.W.B.)
| | - Yang Mai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Laura E. McCoubrey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Yasufumi Wada
- Neopharma Japan, Iidabashi Grand Bloom 4th Floor, 2-10-2 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Motoyasu Tomioka
- Neopharma Japan, Iidabashi Grand Bloom 4th Floor, 2-10-2 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Satofumi Kawata
- Neopharma Japan, Iidabashi Grand Bloom 4th Floor, 2-10-2 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Shrikant Charde
- Neopharma Japan, Iidabashi Grand Bloom 4th Floor, 2-10-2 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0071, Japan; (Y.W.); (M.T.); (S.K.); (S.C.)
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- Intract Pharma Limited, London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
- Correspondence: (V.Y.); (A.W.B.)
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14
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Bartkowiak A, Matyszewska D, Krzak A, Zaborowska M, Broniatowski M, Bilewicz R. Incorporation of simvastatin into lipid membranes: Why deliver a statin in form of inclusion complex with hydrophilic cyclodextrin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111784. [PMID: 33984617 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of simvastatin (SIM), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and their complex (SIM:HPβCD) on the structure and properties of lipid membranes were investigated for the first time by Langmuir technique combined with PM-IRRAS spectroscopy. An improved understanding of the differences of the interactions between free SIM, and SIM in the form of an inclusion complex with HPβCD with the lipid membrane will improve the development of preparation methods for in vivo applications. Monolayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), cholesterol (Chol) and their mixture DMPC:Chol (7:3) served as simple models of one leaflet of the cell membrane. The penetration of well-organized lipid layers by simvastatin lead to their fluidization but the extent of this unwanted effect was smaller when the drug was delivered in the form of the SIM:HPβCD complex. Surface pressure vs. time dependencies showed that the drug encapsulated with cyclodextrin dissociated from the complex upon contact with the lipid layer and the weak interactions between the exterior polar part of the HPβCD and the polar headgroups of the lipid layer facilitated smooth incorporation of the released lipophilic drug into the membrane. At a longer time-scale, the HPβCD ligand released from the complex removed some cholesterol, but not DMPC, from the lipid layer, hence, similarly to the enzyme inhibiting action of statins - it lead to the decrease of the amount of cholesterol in the membrane. Delivery of simvastatin in the form of an inclusion complex with HPβCD is proposed as an approach improving its bioavailability in the cholesterol-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Matyszewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Krzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Bilewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland; Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Dahan A, González-Álvarez I. Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020272. [PMID: 33671434 PMCID: PMC7922912 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In this Editorial we provide an overview of the Special Issue "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation". The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (I.G.-A.)
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16
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Keikhosravi N, Mirdamadian SZ, Varshosaz J, Taheri A. Preparation and characterization of polypills containing aspirin and simvastatin using 3D printing technology for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1665-1675. [PMID: 32901573 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1820034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a promising manufacturing technique for pharmaceutical products. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most affordable printing technology. But this technique has two major drawbacks: limited drug-loading capacity and the stability of thermolabile drugs. So, other techniques such as melt casting could be associated with FDM to overcome these limitations. In the melt casting method, the drug is mixed with a molten polymer and is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify. The present study for the first time describes the preparation of a multi-compartment polypill permits the physical separation of incompatible drugs by combination of FDM and melt casting techniques. A two-compartment polypill was made using FDM by Eudragit® L100-55 and simultaneously its compartments were filled by aspirin and simvastatin containing molten PEG 6000. Simultaneous usage of FDM and melt casting techniques could increase the drug-loading capacity of 3D-printed polypills. The low temperatures used in melt casting and the absence of solvent in this method would warrant the integrity of polypills, the complete separation of incompatible drugs, and their stability. The prepared polypills showed good uniformity in drug content which confirms the precision of FDM and melt casting techniques. Drug interaction was investigated before and after the accelerated stability test using DSC, which showed that 3D-printed polypills successfully preserved drugs from the interaction. For the first time, this study demonstrates the feasibility of the combination of FDM and melt casting techniques as an innovative platform for CVD polypills production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Keikhosravi
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Mirdamadian
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azade Taheri
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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17
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Meola TR, Abuhelwa AY, Joyce P, Clifton P, Prestidge CA. A safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of a novel simvastatin silica-lipid hybrid formulation in healthy male participants. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1261-1272. [PMID: 32918160 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00853-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM) is a commonly used cholesterol-lowering drug that can reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events. However, due to its poor intrinsic water solubility, the drug is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and exhibits a low oral bioavailability of approximately 5%. The aim of this study was to fabricate and optimize SIM encapsulated silica-lipid hybrids (SLH) as a solid-state lipid-based formulation to enhance absorption and bioavailability during a human in vivo pharmacokinetic study. SLH formulations were formulated by spray drying a submicron emulsion with either Aerosil® 300 fumed silica nanoparticles (SLH-A) or Syloid® 244 amorphous micronized silica (SLH-B). A cross-over, double-blinded study design was implemented to evaluate the performance of SLH formulations compared with a commercially available formulation in 12 healthy male participants after oral administration under fasting conditions. SLH formulations enhanced the bioavailability of SIM up to 1.6-fold and more importantly the active simvastatin acid (SIMA), 3.5-fold when compared with an equivalent dose of commercial formulation. The results demonstrate that the porous nanostructure of SLH impact systemic SIM and SIMA concentrations and may serve as a novel approach to enhance the bioavailability of specifically the parent or metabolite. No significant difference was observed in exposure when SLH formulations were administered at 10 mg in comparison with 20 mg of the commercial formulation, suggesting the potential for dose reduction. The study indicated that SLH formulations were safe and well-tolerated when administered to healthy males, confirming the commercial potential of SLH to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia R Meola
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Ahmad Y Abuhelwa
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter Clifton
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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18
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Sabeel S, Motaung B, Ozturk M, Mukasa S, Kengne AP, Blom D, Sliwa K, Nepolo E, Günther G, Wilkinson RJ, Schacht C, Thienemann F, Guler R. Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis: impact of statins as immune-modulatory agents on inflammatory markers in adults with chronic diseases. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e039034. [PMID: 32792452 PMCID: PMC7430409 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, are lipid-lowering agents that are central in preventing or reducing the complications of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Because statins have anti-inflammatory properties, there is considerable interest in their therapeutic potential in other chronic inflammatory conditions. We aim to identify the statin with the greatest ability to reduce systemic inflammation, independent of the underlying disease entity. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to conduct a comprehensive search of published and peer-reviewed randomised controlled clinical trials, with at least one intervention arm of a Food & Drug Administration-licensed or European Medicines Agency-licensed statin and a minimum treatment duration of 12 weeks. Our objective is to investigate the effect of statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin) on lipid profile, particularly, cholesterol low-density lipoprotein and inflammation markers such as high-sensitive C reactive protein (hsCRP), CRP, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) or sCD16 in adults, published in the last 20 years (between January 1999 and December 2019). We aim to identify the most potent statin to reduce systemic inflammation and optimal dosing. The following databases will be searched: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews. The risk of bias of included studies will be assessed by Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. The quality of studies will be assessed, to show uncertainty, by the Jadad Score. If sufficient evidence is identified, a meta-analysis will be conducted with risk ratios or ORs with 95% CIs in addition to mean differences. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as no primary data will be collected. Results will be presented at conferences and published in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020169919.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solima Sabeel
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bongani Motaung
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Mukasa
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk Blom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Sliwa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Gunar Günther
- University of Namibia School of Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
- Inselspital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Friedrich Thienemann
- General Medicine & Global Health, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Coombes Z, Yadav V, E. McCoubrey L, Freire C, W. Basit A, Conlan RS, Gonzalez D. Progestogens Are Metabolized by the Gut Microbiota: Implications for Colonic Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080760. [PMID: 32806503 PMCID: PMC7464400 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following oral administration, the bioavailability of progestogens is very low and highly variable, in part due to metabolism by cytochrome P450 enzymes found in the mucosa of the small intestine. Conversely, the mucosa in the colon contains much lower levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes, thus, colonic delivery of progestogens may be beneficial. Microbiota in the colon are known to metabolize a great number of drugs, therefore, it is important to understand the stability of these hormones in the presence of colonic flora before developing formulations. The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of three progestogens: progesterone, and its two synthetic analogues, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and levonorgestrel (LNG), in the presence of human colonic microbiota. Progesterone, MPA, and LNG were incubated in mixed fecal inoculum (simulated human colonic fluid) under anerobic conditions. Progesterone was completely degraded after 2 h, whereas levels of MPA and LNG were still detectable after 24 h. The half-lives of progesterone, MPA, and LNG in fecal inoculum were 28, 644, and 240 min, respectively. This study describes the kinetics of colonic microbial metabolism of these hormones for the first time. MPA and LNG show promise for delivery to the colon, potentially improving pharmacokinetics over current oral delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Coombes
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
| | - Vipul Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Laura E. McCoubrey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Cristina Freire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
- Kuecept Limited, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 1TL, UK
| | - Abdul W. Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, WC1N 1AX, UK; (V.Y.); (L.E.M.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
| | - R. Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science 2, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton, Swansea SA28PP, UK;
- Correspondence: (Z.C.); (A.W.B.); (D.G.); Tel.: +44-1792-295384 (Z.C.); +44-1792-602339 (A.W.B.); +44-2077-535865 (D.G.)
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20
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Meola TR, Schultz HB, Peressin KF, Prestidge CA. Enhancing the oral bioavailability of simvastatin with silica-lipid hybrid particles: The effect of supersaturation and silica geometry. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 150:105357. [PMID: 32446169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Silica-lipid hybrid (SLH) microparticles are a solidified lipid-based drug delivery system under investigation for their aptitude to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The cholesterol-lowering agent, simvastatin (SIM), is poorly water-soluble and undergoes extensive first pass metabolism, resulting in a low oral bioavailability of approximately 5%. Hence, the current pre-clinical studies investigated the application of SLH technology to SIM with a supersaturation approach, aiming to enhance bioavailability and drug loading capacity. Additionally, the effect of silica was explored by evaluating the performance of SLH fabricated with silica of different particle geometries. SLH microparticles with supersaturated SIM loading levels ranging from 100% to 400% above the equilibrium solubility were successfully fabricated using either Aerosil® 300 or Syloid® 244 silica. All SLH formulations existed as white free-flowing powders, consisting of spherical porous microparticles for Aerosil® 300, and aggregated irregular microparticles for Syloid® 244. During in vitro dissolution in pH 7.0 media, the SLH formulations performed up to 4.4-fold greater than pure SIM powder. Furthermore, in vivo oral pharmacokinetics in male Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that the SLH formulations enhanced the oral bioavailability of SIM up to 6.1-fold and 2.9-fold, in comparison to pure SIM powder and a commercially available formulation (Simvastatin Sandoz®), respectively. The greatest in vivo performance enhancement was observed for the SLH formulation manufactured with Syloid® 244 silica with a supersaturation level of 200%. SLH technology demonstrated to be a successful formulation strategy to significantly improve the oral bioavailability of SIM in rodents and therefore, has a strong potential to also improve the oral bioavailability of SIM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahlia R Meola
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Hayley B Schultz
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Karl F Peressin
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, University of South Australia, City West Campus, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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21
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Varum F, Freire AC, Bravo R, Basit AW. OPTICORE™, an innovative and accurate colonic targeting technology. Int J Pharm 2020; 583:119372. [PMID: 32344022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating condition, estimated to affect 7 million people worldwide. Current IBD treatment strategies are substandard, relying on colonic targeting using the pH gradient along the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we describe an innovative colonic targeting concept, OPTICORE™ coating technology. OPTICORE™ combines two release triggers (pH and enzyme: Phloral™) in the outer layer, with an inner layer promoting a release acceleration mechanism (Duocoat™). The technology comprises an inner layer of partially neutralized enteric polymer with a buffer agent and an outer layer of a mixture of Eudragit® S and resistant starch. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) tablets were coated with different inner layers, where the type of polymer, buffer salt concentration and pH of neutralization, were investigated for drug release acceleration. Buffer capacity of polymethacrylate neutralized polymer significantly contributes to the buffer capacity of the inner layer formulation, while buffer salt concentration is a major contributor to dispersion buffer capacity in the case of hypromellose enteric polymer formulations. An interplay between buffer capacity, pH and ionic strength contributes to an accelerated drug release. Resistant starch does not impact the enteric properties but allows for drug release mediated by colonic bacterial enzymes, ensuring complete drug release. Therefore, OPTICORE™ technology is designed to offer significant advantages over standard enteric coatings, particularly allowing for more accurate colonic drug delivery in ulcerative colitis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Varum
- Tillotts Pharma AG, Baslerstrasse 15, CH-4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland; UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK.
| | - Ana Cristina Freire
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
| | - Roberto Bravo
- Tillotts Pharma AG, Baslerstrasse 15, CH-4310 Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | - Abdul W Basit
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, UK
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22
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Christfort JF, Guillot AJ, Melero A, Thamdrup LHE, Garrigues TM, Boisen A, Zór K, Nielsen LH. Cubic Microcontainers Improve In Situ Colonic Mucoadhesion and Absorption of Amoxicillin in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E355. [PMID: 32295139 PMCID: PMC7238233 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An increased interest in colonic drug delivery has led to a higher focus on the design of delivery devices targeting this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Microcontainers have previously facilitated an increase in oral bioavailability of drugs. The surface texture and shape of microcontainers have proven to influence the mucoadhesion ex vivo. In the present work, these findings were further investigated using an in situ closed-loop perfusion technique in the rat colon, which allowed for simultaneous evaluation of mucoadhesion of the microcontainers as well as drug absorption. Cylindrical, triangular and cubic microcontainers, with the same exterior surface area, were evaluated based on in vitro release, in situ mucoadhesion and in situ absorption of amoxicillin. Additionally, the mucoadhesion of empty cylindrical microcontainers with and without pillars on the top surface was investigated. From the microscopy analysis of the colon sections after the in situ study, it was evident that a significantly higher percentage of cubic microcontainers than cylindrical microcontainers adhered to the intestinal mucus. Furthermore, the absorption rate constants and blood samples indicated that amoxicillin in cubic microcontainers was absorbed more readily than when cylindrical or triangular microcontainers were dosed. This could be due to a higher degree of mucoadhesion for these particular microcontainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Fjelrad Christfort
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (L.H.E.T.); (A.B.); (K.Z.); (L.H.N.)
| | - Antonio José Guillot
- Department de Farmàcia I Tecnología Farmacèutica, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Ana Melero
- Department de Farmàcia I Tecnología Farmacèutica, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Lasse Højlund Eklund Thamdrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (L.H.E.T.); (A.B.); (K.Z.); (L.H.N.)
| | - Teresa M. Garrigues
- Department de Farmàcia I Tecnología Farmacèutica, Avda. Vincent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain; (A.J.G.); (T.M.G.)
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (L.H.E.T.); (A.B.); (K.Z.); (L.H.N.)
| | - Kinga Zór
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (L.H.E.T.); (A.B.); (K.Z.); (L.H.N.)
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; (L.H.E.T.); (A.B.); (K.Z.); (L.H.N.)
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23
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Quantitative analysis of the effect of controlled-release formulation on nonlinear gastrointestinal absorption of P-glycoprotein substrate talinolol using physiologically based pharmacokinetic absorption model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Markovic M, Zur M, Fine-Shamir N, Haimov E, González-Álvarez I, Dahan A. Segmental-Dependent Solubility and Permeability as Key Factors Guiding Controlled Release Drug Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E295. [PMID: 32214015 PMCID: PMC7151103 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main factors influencing the absorption of orally administered drugs are solubility and permeability, which are location-dependent and may vary along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The purpose of this work was to investigate segmental-dependent intestinal absorption and its role in controlled-release (CR) drug product development. The solubility/dissolution and permeability of carvedilol (vs. metoprolol) were thoroughly studied, in vitro/in vivo (Octanol-buffer distribution coefficients (Log D), parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA), rat intestinal perfusion), focusing on location-dependent effects. Carvedilol exhibits changing solubility in different conditions throughout the GIT, attributable to its zwitterionic nature. A biorelevant pH-dilution dissolution study for carvedilol immediate release (IR) vs. CR scenario elucidates that while the IR dose (25 mg) may dissolve in the GIT luminal conditions, higher doses used in CR products would precipitate if administered at once, highlighting the advantage of CR from the solubility/dissolution point of view. Likewise, segmental-dependent permeability was evident, with higher permeability of carvedilol vs. the low/high Peff marker metoprolol throughout the GIT, confirming it as a biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) class II drug. Theoretical analysis of relevant physicochemical properties confirmed these results as well. A CR product may shift the carvedilol's solubility behavior from class II to I since only a small dose portion needs to be solubilized at a given time point. The permeability of carvedilol surpasses the threshold of metoprolol jejunal permeability throughout the entire GIT, including the colon, establishing it as a suitable candidate for CR product development. Altogether, this work may serve as an analysis model in the decision process of CR formulation development and may increase our biopharmaceutical understanding of a successful CR drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markovic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Moran Zur
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Noa Fine-Shamir
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ester Haimov
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
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Smeets A, Re IL, Clasen C, Van den Mooter G. Fixed dose combinations for cardiovascular treatment via coaxial electrospraying: Coated amorphous solid dispersion particles. Int J Pharm 2019; 577:118949. [PMID: 31837403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As a result of an aging population, the need for fixed dose combinations in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, that are easy to swallow and administer, has been growing remarkably. In this work, the feasibility of coaxial electrospraying (CES) was investigated to manufacture in one single step, a powder of individually coated particles containing atenolol (ATE), lovastatin (LOV) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). To improve the dissolution rate of the poorly water soluble LOV, an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of LOV with Soluplus® (SOL) was formulated and Eudragit S100®, an enteric copolymer that only dissolves above pH 7, was applied as coating to avoid LOV hydrolysis in acidic medium. Furthermore, ATE was added to the inner ASD compartment and the acidic ASA was embedded in the coating layer. With regard to the uncoated ASD particles, which were prepared with single nozzle electrospraying, the rate and extent of the LOV dissolution was increased, even to an extent of 100% for the 1/1/6 (ATE/LOV/SOL) ratio. Hence, this ratio was selected and coated particles with proper release of the three APIs could be successfully produced via CES. However, a peculiar behaviour of the coating performance was observed. Regarding LOV, the enteric layer of the particles performed as expected in acidic medium and supersaturation was obtained after the switch to a neutral pH, but in contrast, over 50% of ATE was released after 90 min in acidic medium. Nonetheless, hardly any ATE was released under acidic circumstances from ATE tablets that were, as a benchmark, manually dip-coated with Eudragit S100®. Two different model APIs, namely paracetamol (well soluble) and fenofibrate (poorly soluble) were tested as well, revealing similar discrepancy in the coating performance. The coating layer formed during CES is most likely less dense as compared to the layer produced with tablet coating and consequently, more permeable for highly soluble APIs, but not for the poorly soluble compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Smeets
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ida Lo Re
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Clasen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter Rheology and Technology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Van den Mooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Simvastatin nanoliposome induces myocardial and hepatic toxicities due to its absorption enhancement in mice. Asian J Pharm Sci 2019; 15:112-120. [PMID: 32175023 PMCID: PMC7066038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoliposome is a useful dosage form to increase solubility and absorption of simvastatin (SMV), and consequently improves its therapeutic effects. However, in vivo toxicity of SMV could also be elevated accompanied by the absorption enhancement, which is a decisive factor for the clinical application of SMV nanoliposome (SMV-Lipo), but has not been studied systematically and reported so far. In this study, organ toxicity of SMV-Lipo was evaluated in mice in the presence and absence of isoproterenol and compared to those of free SMV. Results demonstrated that compared to free SMV, the SMV-Lipo administrated at an equal dose of 25 mg/kg/d led to severe myocardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity at baseline and more pronounced liver injury with elevation of alanine aminotransferase. In addition, muscular adverse effect was also observed in SMV-Lipo treated group but not in SMV group. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that compared to free SMV, the SMV-Lipo administration significantly improved the plasma SMV concentration, and the oral bioavailability was 6.5 times of free SMV. Notably, when the dosage of free SMV increased to 50 mg/kg/d, yielding the comparable plasma concentration as SMV-Lipo given at 25 mg/kg/d, the myocardiotoxicity was observed in free SMV treated mice as well, which further confirmed that the enhanced absorption of SMV by the nanoliposomal formulation resulted in more severe myocardiotoxicity than the equal dose of free SMV.
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27
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Andrews GP, Li S, Almajaan A, Yu T, Martini L, Healy A, Jones DS. Fixed Dose Combination Formulations: Multilayered Platforms Designed for the Management of Cardiovascular Disease. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1827-1838. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9, U.K
| | - S. Li
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9, U.K
| | - A. Almajaan
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9, U.K
| | - T. Yu
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9, U.K
| | - L. Martini
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society, East Smithfield, London E1W 1AW, U.K
| | - A. Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - D. S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9, U.K
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28
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PAI-1 inhibition by simvastatin as a positive adjuvant in cell therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1511-1517. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Ćetković Z, Cvijić S, Vasiljević D. In vitro/in silico approach in the development of simvastatin-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:849-860. [PMID: 29228833 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1414835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to formulate simvastatin (SV)-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), and explore the potential of these drug delivery systems to improve SV solubility, and also to identify the optimal place in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for the release of SV using coupled in vitro/in silico approach. SIGNIFICANCE In comparison to other published results, this study considered the extensive pre-systemic clearance of SV, which could significantly decrease its systemic and hepatic bioavailability if SV is delivered into the small intestine. METHODS SV-loaded SMEDDS were formulated using various proportions of oils (PEG 300 oleic glycerides, propylene glycol monocaprylate, propylene glycol monolaurate), surfactant (PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides) and cosurfactant (polysorbate 80) and subjected to characterization, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. RESULTS According to the in vitro results, the selected SMEDDS consisted of 10.0% PEG 300 oleic glycerides, 67.5% PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides, and 22.5% polysorbate 80. The use of acid-resistant capsules filled with SV-loaded SMEDDS was found helpful in protecting the drug against early degradation in proximal parts of the GI tract, however, in silico simulations indicated that pH-controlled drug release system that dissolve in the distal parts of the intestine might further improve SV bioavailability (up to 7.20%). CONCLUSION The obtained results suggested that combined strategy for the improvement of SV bioavailability should comprise solubility enhancement and delayed drug release. The developed SV-specific PBPK model could potentially be used to assess the influence of formulation factors on drug absorption and disposition when developing SV oral dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Ćetković
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Sandra Cvijić
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Dragana Vasiljević
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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Effects of Cilostazol on the Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine After Oral and Intravenous Administration in Rats. Pharm Chem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-017-1686-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chung J, Kesisoglou F. Physiologically Based Oral Absorption Modelling to Study Gut-Level Drug Interactions. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:18-23. [PMID: 28847476 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based oral absorption models are in silico tools primarily used to guide formulation development and project the clinical performance of formulation variants. This commentary briefly discusses additional oral absorption model applications, focusing on gut-level drug interactions. Gut-level drug interactions can involve drug degradation, metabolic enzymes, transporters, gastrointestinal motility modulators, acid-reducing agents, and food. The growth in publications reporting physiologically based oral absorption model utilization and successful pharmacokinetic prediction (e.g., after acid-reducing agents or food coadministration) indicate that oral absorption models have achieved a level of maturity within the industry particularly over the past 15 years. Provided appropriate data and model validation, oral absorption modeling/simulation may serve as a surrogate for clinical studies by providing both mechanistic and quantitative understanding of oral delivery considerations on pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chung
- Drug Product Technologies, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
| | - Filippos Kesisoglou
- Biopharmaceutics and Specialty Dosage Forms, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck & Company, Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Sakuma S, Matsumoto S, Ishizuka N, Mohri K, Fukushima M, Ohba C, Kawakami K. Enhanced Boosting of Oral Absorption of Lopinavir Through Electrospray Coencapsulation with Ritonavir. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2977-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Patel JK, Sutariya VB. Micronisation of simvastatin by the supercritical antisolvent technique:in vitro–in vivoevaluation. J Microencapsul 2014; 32:193-200. [PMID: 25535989 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2014.995726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayvadan K Patel
- Department of Pharmceutics, Nootan Pharmacy College , Visnagar , India and
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Tsamandouras N, Dickinson G, Guo Y, Hall S, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A, Aarons L. Development and Application of a Mechanistic Pharmacokinetic Model for Simvastatin and its Active Metabolite Simvastatin Acid Using an Integrated Population PBPK Approach. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1864-83. [PMID: 25446771 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a population physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for simvastatin (SV) and its active metabolite, simvastatin acid (SVA), that allows extrapolation and prediction of their concentration profiles in liver (efficacy) and muscle (toxicity). METHODS SV/SVA plasma concentrations (34 healthy volunteers) were simultaneously analysed with NONMEM 7.2. The implemented mechanistic model has a complex compartmental structure allowing inter-conversion between SV and SVA in different tissues. Prior information for model parameters was extracted from different sources to construct appropriate prior distributions that support parameter estimation. The model was employed to provide predictions regarding the effects of a range of clinically important conditions on the SV and SVA disposition. RESULTS The developed model offered a very good description of the available plasma SV/SVA data. It was also able to describe previously observed effects of an OATP1B1 polymorphism (c.521 T > C) and a range of drug-drug interactions (CYP inhibition) on SV/SVA plasma concentrations. The predicted SV/SVA liver and muscle tissue concentrations were in agreement with the clinically observed efficacy and toxicity outcomes of the investigated conditions. CONCLUSIONS A mechanistically sound SV/SVA population model with clinical applications (e.g., assessment of drug-drug interaction and myopathy risk) was developed, illustrating the advantages of an integrated population PBPK approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Room 3.32, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,
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Olivares-Morales A, Kamiyama Y, Darwich AS, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Analysis of the impact of controlled release formulations on oral drug absorption, gut wall metabolism and relative bioavailability of CYP3A substrates using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 67:32-44. [PMID: 25444842 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release (CR) formulations are usually designed to achieve similar exposure (AUC) levels as the marketed immediate release (IR) formulation. However, the AUC is often lower following CR compared to IR formulations. There are a few exceptions when the CR formulations have shown higher AUC. This study investigated the impact of CR formulations on oral drug absorption and CYP3A4-mediated gut wall metabolism. A review of the current literature on relative bioavailability (Frel) between CR and IR formulations of CYP3A substrates was conducted. This was followed by a systematic analysis to assess the impact of the release characteristics and the drug-specific factors (including metabolism and permeability) on oral bioavailability employing a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and simulation approach. From the literature review, only three CYP3A4 substrates showed higher Frel when formulated as CR. Several scenarios were investigated using the PBPK approach; in most of them, the oral absorption of CR formulations was lower as compared to the IR formulations. However, for highly permeable compounds that were CYP3A4 substrates the reduction in absorption was compensated by an increase in the fraction that escapes from first pass metabolism in the gut wall (FG), where the magnitude was dependent on CYP3A4 affinity. The systematic simulations of various interplays between different parameters demonstrated that BCS class 1 highly-cleared CYP3A4 substrates can display up to 220% higher relative bioavailability when formulated as CR compared to IR, in agreement with the observed data collected from the literature. The results and methodology of this study can be employed during the formulation development process in order to optimize drug absorption, especially for CYP3A4 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yoshiteru Kamiyama
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Discovery Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Management, Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Adam S Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Simcyp Limited, Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK.
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Lee CK, Choi JS, Choi DH. Effects of pravastatin on the pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine after oral and intravenous administration in rats: possible role of CYP3A4 inhibition by pravastatin. Indian J Pharmacol 2013; 44:624-8. [PMID: 23112426 PMCID: PMC3480797 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pravastatin on the pharmacokinetics of nimodipine in rats. Materials and Methods: The effect of pravastatin on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity was evaluated. Nimodipine was administered to rats intravenously (3 mg/kg) and orally (12 mg/kg) with pravastatin (0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Results: Pravastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 14 µM. Compared with the oral control group, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of nimodipine was increased significantly. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (AB) of nimodipine with pravastatin (1 mg/kg) was 31.1%, which was significantly enhanced compared with the oral control group. Moreover, the relative bioavailability (RB) of nimodipine was 1.12- to 1.31-fold greater than that of the control group. Conclusions: The enhanced oral bioavailability of nimodipine might be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of nimodipine in the small intestine and/or in the liver and due to reduction of the total body clearance rather than both to inhibition of the P-gp efflux transporter in the small intestine and reduction of renal elimination of nimodipine by pravastatin. The increase in the oral bioavailability of nimodipine with pravastatin should be taken into consideration of potential drug interactions between nimodipine and pravastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Ki Lee
- Department of Medical Management, Chodang University, Mooan, Korea
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Vitorino C, Almeida J, Gonçalves LM, Almeida AJ, Sousa JJ, Pais AACC. Co-encapsulating nanostructured lipid carriers for transdermal application: from experimental design to the molecular detail. J Control Release 2013; 167:301-14. [PMID: 23454133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Co-encapsulation of drugs directed at commonly associated diseases provides a convenient means for administration, especially if transdermally delivered. In this work, a comprehensive study for the co-encapsulation of drugs with a differential lipophilicity, olanzapine and simvastatin, and their transdermal delivery in a formulation containing nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) is presented. Focus is given to the evaluation of a strategy in which NLC and chemical permeation enhancers are combined. It comprises in vitro, in silico and cellular viability approaches. The optimization and rationalization of the systems are carried out using a two-step factorial design. It is shown that the external medium in the NLC dispersion strongly influences permeation. It is also seen that the use of NLC determines a synergistic effect with selected permeation enhancers, thus promoting marked flux enhancement ratios (48 and 21, respectively for olanzapine and simvastatin) relative to the drugs in solution. The developed formulations can be considered non-irritant. A correlation between enhancer positioning in a lipid bilayer, partially governed by a H-bonding phenomenon, and enhancement effect is suggested from molecular dynamics studies and experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vitorino
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Thomas N, Holm R, Garmer M, Karlsson JJ, Müllertz A, Rades T. Supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (Super-SNEDDS) enhance the bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug simvastatin in dogs. AAPS JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 23180162 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (super-SNEDDS) to improve the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs compared to conventional SNEDDS. Conventional SNEDDS contained simvastatin (SIM) at 75% of the equilibrium solubility (S (eq)). Super-SNEDDS containing SIM at 150 and 200% of S (eq) were produced by subjecting the SNEDDS preconcentrates to a heating and cooling cycle. The super-SNEDDS were physically stable over 10 months. During in vitro lipolysis of SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS the SIM concentration in the aqueous phase increased for the first 30 min almost proportional to the drug loads and amounts of preconcentrate employed. The 200% drug-loaded super-SNEDDS generated an amorphous SIM precipitate at the end of in vitro lipolysis. In vivo, the relative bioavailability of SIM from super-SEDDDS increased significantly to 180 ± 53.3% (p = 0.014) compared to the dosing of two capsules of (dose equivalent) 75% drug-loaded SNEDDS. A significant increase in the terminal half-life of elimination was observed for super-SNEDDS (2.3 ± 0.6 h) compared to conventional SNEDDS (1.4 ± 0.3 h) as well as a decreased area under the curve ratio of the SIM metabolite simvastatin acid to the parent compound (0.57 ± 0.20 and 0.90 ± 0.3), possibly due to a combination of saturation effects on presystemic metabolising enzymes and prolonged absorption along the small intestine. In summary, this study demonstrated that super-SNEDDS are a viable formulation option to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as simvastatin while reducing the pill burden by an increased drug load of SNEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Elsby R, Hilgendorf C, Fenner K. Understanding the critical disposition pathways of statins to assess drug-drug interaction risk during drug development: it's not just about OATP1B1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 92:584-98. [PMID: 23047648 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of statins is widespread across disease areas because many patients have comorbidities. Given that these drugs have become common as comedications, it is essential to have an understanding of the potential risks of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between statins and candidate drugs in development. Although the hepatic uptake transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) is known to play a substantial role in statin-related DDI risk, other transporters and metabolizing enzymes can also be involved. Consequently, a holistic approach to risk assessment is required, tailored to each statin. Using evidence from pharmacogenetics, DDIs, and literature on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) in humans, this review identifies pathways that contribute the most to, and are therefore the most critical to, the disposition of each statin. It also provides an understanding of the expected theoretical maximum increase in systemic exposure if the disposition of a statin is inhibited. Finally, on a statin-by-statin basis, we propose in vitro inhibition studies that should be routinely conducted during drug development so as to better assess DDI risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Elsby
- Global DMPK-In Vitro/In Silico ADME, AstraZeneca R&D Alderley Park, Cheshire, UK.
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40
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Heikkinen AT, Baneyx G, Caruso A, Parrott N. Application of PBPK modeling to predict human intestinal metabolism of CYP3A substrates – An evaluation and case study using GastroPlus™. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:375-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Krishnaiah YSR, Khan MA. Strategies of targeting oral drug delivery systems to the colon and their potential use for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 17:521-40. [PMID: 22681390 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.696268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in both men and women. Often, surgical intervention remains the choice in treating CRC. Traditional dosage forms used for treating CRC deliver drug to wanted as well as unwanted sites of drug action resulting in several adverse side effects. Targeted oral drug delivery systems are being investigated to target and deliver chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive agents directly to colon and rectum. Site-specific delivery of a drug to colon increases its concentration at the target site, and thus requires a lower dose with reduced incidence of side effects. The major obstacle to be overcome for successful targeting of drug to colon through oral route is that drug absorption/degradation must be avoided in stomach and small intestine before the dosage form reaches colon. The review includes discussion of physiological factors that must be considered when targeting drugs directly to colorectal region, an outline on drugs used for treatment and prevention of CRC, and a brief description of various types of colon-targeted oral drug delivery systems. The focus is on the assessment of various formulation approaches being investigated for oral colon-specific delivery of drugs used in the treatment and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yellela S R Krishnaiah
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Springs, MD 20993, USA.
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Dong-Hyun C, Jin-Seok C, Cheng L, Jun-Shik C. Effects of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, after oral and intravenous administration in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibition by simvastatin. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:1574-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Choi I, Choi DH, Yeum CH, Choi JS. Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Nisoldipine and Repaglinide in Rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2011.19.4.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Marin L, Colombo P, Bebawy M, Young PM, Traini D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patho-physiology, current methods of treatment and the potential for simvastatin in disease management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1205-20. [PMID: 21615218 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.588697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a severe disease that leads to a non-reversible obstruction of the small airways. The prevalence of this disease is rapidly increasing in developed countries, and in 2020 it has been predicted that this disease will reach the third cause of mortality worldwide. COPD patients do not respond well to current treatment modalities, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids. AREAS COVERED This review article focuses on the patho-physiology of COPD, explores current approaches to alleviate and treat the disease, and discusses the potential use of statins for treatment. Specifically, the mechanism of action and metabolism of simvastatin, the most known and studied molecule among the statin family, are critically reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Various cellular pathways have been implicated in COPD, with alveolar macrophages emerging as pivotal inflammatory mediators in the COPD patho-physiology. Recently, emerging anti-cytokine therapies, such as PDE4 inhibitors and ACE inhibitors, have shown good anti-inflammatory properties that can be useful in COPD treatment. Recently, statins as a drug class have gained much interest with respect to COPD management, following studies which show simvastatin to exert effective anti-inflammatory effects, via inhibition of the mevalonic acid cascade in alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marin
- Pharmaceutical Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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45
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Significant Increase in Systemic Exposure of Atorvastatin After Biliopancreatic Diversion With Duodenal Switch. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87:699-705. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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46
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Cermak R, Wein S, Wolffram S, Langguth P. Effects of the flavonol quercetin on the bioavailability of simvastatin in pigs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:519-24. [PMID: 19804821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the dietary flavonol quercetin on the pharmacokinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin was investigated in pigs. Simvastatin (0.25mg/kg body weight) was orally administered to six pigs either without or with quercetin (10mg/kg). In addition, simvastatin was administered to three pigs that had received a diet supplemented with the flavonol over a period of 1 week. Daily quercetin intake was 10mg/kg in these animals. Co-ingestion of quercetin with the statin did not alter area under the concentration time curve (AUC(0-->infinity)), time to achieve maximum plasma concentration (t(max)) or half-life (t(1/2)) of simvastatin. However, there was a trend towards a reduction of the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) of simvastatin when quercetin was administered concomitantly (P=0.06). As compared to controls, AUC(0-->infinity) of simvastatin was significantly decreased after feeding the quercetin-supplemented diet for 1 week. The plasma ratio of simvastatin and its acid metabolite was neither altered by the concomitant quercetin ingestion nor by feeding of the flavonol over a period of 1 week. We conclude that chronic ingestion of high doses of the flavonol quercetin will decrease the bioavailability of simvastatin to a significant extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Cermak
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 7, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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47
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McConnell EL, Liu F, Basit AW. Colonic treatments and targets: issues and opportunities. J Drug Target 2009; 17:335-63. [PMID: 19555265 DOI: 10.1080/10611860902839502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The colon provides a plethora of therapeutic opportunities. There are multiple disease targets, drug molecules, and colon-specific delivery systems to be explored. Clinical studies highlight the potential for systemic delivery via the colon, and the emerging data on the levels of cell membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes along the gut could prove advantageous for this. Often efflux transporters and metabolic enzyme levels are lower in the colon, suggesting a potential for improved bioavailability of drug substrates at this site. The locoregional distribution of multiple metabolic enzymes (including cytochromes), efflux transporters (including P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance proteins), and influx transporters (including the solute carrier family) along the intestine is summarized. Local delivery to the colonic mucosa remains a valuable therapeutic option. New therapies that target inflammatory mediators could improve the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and old and new anticancer molecules could, when delivered topically, prove to be beneficial adjuncts to the current systemic or surgical treatments. New issues such as pharmacogenomics, chronotherapeutics, and the delivery of prebiotics and probiotics are also discussed in this review. Targeting drugs to the colon utilizes various strategies, each with their advantages and flaws. The most promising systems are considered in the light of the physiological data which influence their in vivo behavior.
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Skottheim IB, Stormark K, Christensen H, Jakobsen GS, Hjelmesaeth J, Jenssen T, Reubsaet JLE, Sandbu R, Asberg A. Significantly altered systemic exposure to atorvastatin acid following gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:311-8. [PMID: 19494810 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of gastric bypass on atorvastatin pharmacokinetics was investigated in 12 morbidly obese patients being treated with 20-80 mg atorvastatin each morning. Eight-hour pharmacokinetic investigations were performed the day before the surgery and at a median of 5 weeks (range 3-6 weeks) after the surgery. Gastric bypass surgery produced a variable effect on individual systemic exposure to atorvastatin acid (area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve from 0 to 8 h postdose (AUC(0-8))), ranging from a threefold decrease to a twofold increase (median ratio = 1.1, P = 0.99). Patients with the highest systemic exposure to atorvastatin before surgery showed reduced exposure after surgery (n = 3, median ratio = 0.4, range = 0.3-0.5, P < 0.01), whereas those with lower systemic exposure before surgery showed a median 1.2-fold increase in atorvastatin AUC(0-8) (n = 9, range = 0.8-2.3, P = 0.03) after surgery. This study indicates that the presurgical first-pass metabolic capacity influences the effect of gastric bypass on atorvastatin bioavailability. Because individual first-pass metabolic capacity is not readily assessable clinically, retitration up to the lowest effective dose should be performed after the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Skottheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tannergren C, Bergendal A, Lennernäs H, Abrahamsson B. Toward an increased understanding of the barriers to colonic drug absorption in humans: implications for early controlled release candidate assessment. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:60-73. [PMID: 19183105 DOI: 10.1021/mp800261a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of in vivo colonic drug absorption in humans by summarizing and evaluating all regional in vivo human absorption data with focus on the interpretation of the colonic absorption data in relation to intestinal permeability and solubility. In addition, the usefulness of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) in early assessment of the in vivo colonic absorption potential of controlled release drug candidates was investigated. Clinical regional absorption data (Cmax, Tmax, and AUC) of 42 drugs were collected from journal articles, abstracts, and internal reports, and the relative bioavailability in the colon (Frel(colon)) was obtained directly or calculated. Bioavailability, fraction dose absorbed, and information if the compounds were substrates for P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) were also obtained. The BCS I drugs were well absorbed in the colon (Frel(colon) > 70%), although some drugs had lower values due to bacterial degradation in the colon. The low permeability drugs (BCS III/IV) had a lower degree of absorption in the colon (Frel(colon) < 50%). There was a clear correlation between in vitro Caco-2 permeability and Frel(colon), and atenolol and metoprolol may function as permeability markers for low and high colonic absorption, respectively. No obvious effect of P-gp on the colonic absorption of the drugs in this study was detected. There was insufficient data available to fully assess the impact of low solubility and slow dissolution rate. The estimated in vivo fractions dissolved of the only two compounds administered to the colon as both a solution and as solid particles were 55% and 92%, respectively. In conclusion, permeability and solubility are important barriers to colonic absorption in humans, and in vitro testing of these properties is recommended in early assessment of colonic absorption potential.
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Basit AW, Short MD, McConnell EL. Microbiota-triggered colonic delivery: Robustness of the polysaccharide approach in the fed state in man. J Drug Target 2009; 17:64-71. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802455805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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