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Mittal G, Jakhar P, Patel A, Bhagwat DP. Pharmacokinetic assessment of cefpodoxime proxetil in diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:385-392. [PMID: 37255782 PMCID: PMC10225406 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01156-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In diabetes, multi-organ level dysfunction arising from metabolic complications is reported to influence the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of many drugs. Hence, the present study was planned in rats to evaluate the effect of diabetes on the PK profile of cefpodoxime, a widely prescribed oral antibiotic. Method PK profile of cefpodoxime was assessed after oral administration of cefpodoxime proxetil (10 and 20 mg/kg) and intravenous (i.v) administration of cefpodoxime sodium (10 mg/kg) in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. To evaluate the impact of diabetes on oral absorption and serum protein binding, in situ intestinal permeability and in vitro serum protein binding studies were performed for cefpodoxime using Single Pass Intestinal Perfusion model (SPIP) and ultracentrifugation technique, respectively. Result In diabetic rats, there was significant (p < 0.01) decrease in maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC) of cefpodoxime by both oral and intravenous route, which was attributed to augmented clearance of cefpodoxime. There was no change in the time to achieve Cmax (Tmax) suggesting no alteration in oral absorption which was further confirmed through unaltered intestinal permeability in diabetic rats. The protein binding in diabetic rats also remained unchanged, indicating no influence of protein binding on elevated clearance. Conclusion The plasma exposure of cefpodoxime, a renally eliminated drug was significantly lowered in diabetic rats due to enhanced glomerular filtration. However, this observation needs to be confirmed through well controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Haryana India
| | - Priyanka Jakhar
- Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab India
| | - Anasuya Patel
- Wockhardt Research Centre, Chikalthana, Aurangabad, Maharashtra India
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Metabolic Profiling and Investigation of the Modulatory Effect of Fagonia cretica L. Aerial Parts on Hepatic CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 Enzymes in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010119. [PMID: 36670981 PMCID: PMC9854966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-metabolizing enzymes are either boosted or suppressed by diabetes mellitus. This research was designed to explore Fagonia cretica L. aerial parts' impact on CYP3A4 and UGT2B7 activity and their mRNA expression in diabetic rats. Fagonia cretica (F. cretica) dried powder was sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The methanol extract and aqueous fraction presented the most significant potential to decrease the concentration of alpha-hydroxyl midazolam, with 176.0 ± 0.85 mg/Kg and 182.9 ± 0.99 mg/Kg, respectively, compared to the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic group, reflecting the inhibition in CYP3A4 activity. The fold change in mRNA expression of CYP3A4 was decreased significantly by the methanol extract, and the aqueous fraction of F. cretica estimated by 0.15 ± 0.002 and 0.16 ± 0.001, respectively, compared with the diabetic group. Morphine metabolism was significantly increased in rats treated with F. cretica methanol extract and its aqueous fraction, displaying 93.4 ± 0.96 mg/Kg and 96.4 ± 1.27 mg/Kg, respectively, compared with the metabolism of morphine in the diabetic group, which highlights the induction of UGT2B7 activity. The fold change in mRNA expression of UGT2B7 was significantly increased by the methanol extract and the aqueous fraction, estimated at 8.14 ± 0.26 and 7.17 ± 0.23 respectively, compared to the diabetic group. Phytochemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), where the methanol extract showed more flavonoids and phenolic compounds compared to the aqueous fraction of F. cretica. The obtained results were further consolidated by molecular docking studies, where quercetin showed the best fitting within the active pocket of CYP3A4, followed by gallic acid, displaying free binding energies (∆G) of -30.83 and -23.12 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, F. cretica could serve as a complementary medicine with standard anti-diabetic therapy that can modulate the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
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Li Z, Lee SH, Jeong HJ, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetic changes of clozapine and norclozapine in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by orotic acid. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:324-334. [PMID: 33185134 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1851070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired in vitro oxidation of clozapine has been reported in steatotic rat liver due to downregulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A. Pharmacokinetic changes of clozapine and its major metabolite, norclozapine, were evaluated in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by orotic acid. Significantly slower in vitro CLint for formation of norclozapine from clozapine was observed in NAFLD rats than in control rats as a result of the reduced protein expression and metabolic activity of CYP1A1/2. However, systemic exposures to clozapine in NAFLD rats were comparable to those in controls after intravenous (4 mg/kg) and oral (10 mg/kg) administration of clozapine. Of note, the AUC of the norclozapine and AUCnorclozapine/AUCclozapine ratio following intravenous and oral administration of clozapine rather increased significantly in NAFLD rats, as a result of the slowed subsequent metabolism of norclozapine via CYP1A1/2. Steady-state brain concentrations of both clozapine and norclozapine were significantly higher in NAFLD rats than those in control rats following intravenous infusion of clozapine. Increased systemic exposure to norclozapine and elevated brain concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine observed in NAFLD rats imply that further studies are warranted on the pharmacotherapy of clozapine in patients with pre-existing or drug-induced hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengri Li
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Song Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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4
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Subali D, Kwon MH, Bang WS, Kang HE. The pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in rats with orotic acid induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:169-176. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplantation nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in liver transplant recipients. Changes in the expression levels and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters have been reported in patients with NAFLD and relevant rodent models. Here, we evaluated whether the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressant, would be altered in rats with NAFLD. NAFLD was induced by feeding a diet containing 1% (w/w) orotic acid for 20 days. The extent of hepatic glucuronidation of MPA to a major metabolite, mycophenolic acid-7-O-glucuronide (MPAG), did not differ between rats with NAFLD and controls. The expression levels of hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, responsible for biliary excretion of MPAG, were comparable in rats with NAFLD and controls; the biliary excretion of MPAG was also similar in the two groups. Compared with control rats, rats with NAFLD did not exhibit significant changes in the areas under the plasma concentration – time curves of MPA or MPAG after intravenous (5 mg/kg) or oral (10 mg/kg) administration of MPA. However, delayed oral absorption of MPA was observed in rats with NAFLD compared with controls; the MPA and MPAG peak plasma concentrations fell significantly and the times to achieve them were prolonged following oral administration of MPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysius Subali
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea
| | - Won Seok Bang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, South Korea
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Kwon MH, Yoon JN, Baek YJ, Kim YC, Cho YY, Kang HE. Effects of poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia on hepatic multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2/Abcc2) and the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:352-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Ji Na Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Baek
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Yu Chul Kim
- Discovery Research Center; C&C Research Laboratories; Suwon South Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
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Comparative investigation on the pharmacokinetics of geniposide in type 2 diabetic and normal rats after oral administration of Fructus Gradeniae extract. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1033-1034:180-186. [PMID: 27561185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fructus Gradeniae, the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, was used alone or in combination with other herb medicines in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China for a long time. In present investigation, the HPLC method for the determination of geniposide in rat plasma was developed and validated, and the pharmacokinetics of geniposide in type 2 diabetic rats after oral administration of Fructus Gradeniae extract or pure was studied. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic profile (especially the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, AUC) of geniposide in type 2 diabetic rats after orally administered with Fructus Gradeniae extract or pure geniposide was remarkably different from that in normal rats. The results indicated that the increased AUC of geniposide in type 2 diabetic rats did not result from the effects of other components contained in Fructus Gradeniae. It could be speculated that the increased AUC of geniposide might result from the pathological state of type 2 diabetes mellitus which resulted in the pharmacokinetic alterations of geniposide.
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Liu C, Hu M, Guo H, Zhang M, Zhang J, Li F, Zhong Z, Chen Y, Li Y, Xu P, Li J, Liu L, Liu X. Combined Contribution of Increased Intestinal Permeability and Inhibited Deglycosylation of Ginsenoside Rb1 in the Intestinal Tract to the Enhancement of Ginsenoside Rb1 Exposure in Diabetic Rats after Oral Administration. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1702-10. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Jung JW, Choi MR, Kwon YS, Jeong JS, Son M, Kang HE. Gender differences in corydaline pharmacokinetics in rats. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:456-63. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.988772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Strategies for preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DMIS) and alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus (DMIA) rat models: case studies and perspectives. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 40:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-014-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Choi MR, Kwon MH, Cho YY, Choi HD, Kim YC, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetics of tolbutamide and its metabolite 4-hydroxy tolbutamide in poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:264-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ran Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
| | - Hye Duck Choi
- College of Pharmacy; Dongguk University-Seoul; Seoul South Korea
| | - Yu Chul Kim
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories; Suwon South Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The Catholic University of Korea; Bucheon South Korea
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11
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Faster non-renal clearance of metoprolol in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:447-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Lee YS, Yoon JN, Yoon IS, Lee MG, Kang HE. Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil in rats with hyperlipidaemia induced by poloxamer 407. Xenobiotica 2013; 42:766-74. [PMID: 22300394 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.654001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil were evaluated following intravenous and oral administration of 10 mg/kg verapamil to rats with hyperlipidaemia (HL) induced by poloxamer 407 (HL rats). The total area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of verapamil in HL rats following intravenous administration was significantly greater (by 11.2%) than in control rats due to their slower (by 11%) non-renal clearance. The oral AUC of verapamil in HL rats was also significantly greater (by 116%) compared with controls, with a larger magnitude than the data observed following intravenous administration. This may have been a result of the decreased intestinal metabolism of verapamil in HL rats. The AUC of norverapamil and AUC(norverapamil)/AUC(verapamil) ratios following intravenous and oral administration of verapamil were unchanged in HL rats. Assuming that the HL rat model qualitatively reflects similar changes in patients with HL, the findings of this study have potential therapeutic implications. Further studies in humans are required to determine whether modification of the oral verapamil dosage regimen in HL states is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea
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Lee JH, Lee A, Oh JH, Lee YJ. Comparative pharmacokinetic study of paclitaxel and docetaxel in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:474-86. [PMID: 22936118 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and docetaxel were compared in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin (DMIS rats) and the impact of altered expression of cytochrome P450 3A (Cyp3A) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the diabetic state. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and docetaxel were determined after intravenous (5 mg/kg) and oral (30 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) administration to both groups and the mRNA expression levels of Cyp3A isozymes and Mdr1a and Mdr1b in the liver and small intestine were determined in control and DMIS rats. After intravenous administration, the AUC and clearance of paclitaxel and docetaxel were not significantly different in DMIS vs control rats. After oral administration, the AUC and C(max) of paclitaxel in DMIS rats were significantly greater than those in the control rats, whereas those of docetaxel was not changed significantly. The mRNA expression levels of hepatic Cyp3A1, Cyp3A9 and Mdr1b were significantly increased in DMIS compared with the control rats. In the intestine, Cyp3A62 expression decreased in the DMIS rats compared with the controls. Thus the pharmacokinetic changes of taxanes observed in the DMIS rats were attributed to changes in P-gp and Cyp3A, predominant factors that control the absorption of paclitaxel and docetaxel, respectively. It seemed that there were different susceptibilities to intestinal P-gp and Cyp3A between the two taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Lee
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Effects of poloxamer 407-induced hyperlipidemia on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its 10,11-epoxide metabolite in rats: Impact of decreased expression of both CYP3A1/2 and microsomal epoxide hydrolase. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2012; 22:431-40. [PMID: 22137858 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its active 10,11-epoxide metabolite (CBZ-E) were evaluated after intravenous and oral administration of 5 mg/kg CBZ to rats with hyperlipidemia induced by poloxamer 407 (HL rats) and controls. The total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of CBZ in HL rats after intravenous administration was significantly greater than that in controls due to their slower non-renal clearance (CL(NR)). This was due to slower hepatic CL(int) for metabolism of CBZ to CBZ-E in HL rats via CYP3A1/2. This result was consistent with a previous study indicating reduced hepatic CYP3A1/2 expression in HL rats. Interestingly, the AUC of CBZ-E was also increased in HL rats, while AUC(CBZ-E)/AUC(CBZ) ratios remained unchanged. These results suggested that further metabolism of CBZ-E to the inactive metabolite trans-10,11-dihydoxyl-10,11-dihydro-CBZ (CBZ-D) via microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) was also slowed in HL rats. The significantly reduced hepatic mRNA level and expression of mEH protein in HL rats compared to controls confirmed the above hypothesis. Similar pharmacokinetic changes were observed in HL rats after oral administration of CBZ. These findings have potential therapeutic implications assuming that the HL rat model qualitatively reflects similar changes in patients with hyperlipidemia. Caution is required regarding pharmacotherapy in the hyperlipidemic state in cases where drugs that are metabolized principally by CYP3A1/2 or mEH and have a narrow therapeutic range are in use.
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Lee JH, Oh JH, Lee YJ. Effects of experimental hyperlipidaemia on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel in rats. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:797-804. [PMID: 21561320 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.580019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia correlates with an increased risk of occurrence of various cancers. In this study, the effects of hyperlipidaemia on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel, a member of the taxane class of anti-cancer drugs, were investigated in rats with experimental hyperlipidaemia; we focused on the alterations in docetaxel metabolism and plasma distribution. Docetaxel (5 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) and 40 mg/kg per oral (p.o.)) was administered to control rats and rats with poloxamer-407 (P-407)-induced hyperlipidaemia (1 g/kg, intraperitoneally). In vitro studies were conducted on hepatic metabolism in S9 fractions and plasma protein binding using the ultrafiltration method. Hyperlipidaemia dramatically increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUC(0-∞)) of docetaxel after i.v. (1.86-fold) or p.o. (10.8-fold) administration and decreased total body clearance (0.574-fold) and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (0.615-fold) of docetaxel after i.v. administration. Compared with the control rats, the metabolism of docetaxel by hepatic S9 fractions and the unbound fraction in the plasma in the hyperlipidaemic rats were decreased, i.e., by 20.1 and 79.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the alterations in docetaxel pharmacokinetics in rats with P-407-induced hyperlipidaemia may be due, at least in part, to a decrease in hepatic metabolism and the unbound fraction of docetaxel in the plasma. These findings have potential therapeutic implications for predicting human pharmacokinetic responses to hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee YS, Choi YH, Yoon IS, Kim TK, Ryu KH, Lee BY, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of mirodenafil and its two metabolites, SK3541 and SK3544, in spontaneously or DOCA-salt-induced hypertensive rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2010; 32:38-49. [PMID: 21162118 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common comorbidity and major risk factor in patients with erectile dysfunction. The pharmacokinetics of mirodenafil, used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, after the intravenous and oral administration (20 mg/kg) to 6-week-old rats (with blood pressure within the normotensive range) and 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and their age-matched control normotensive Kyoto-Wistar (KW) rats, and 16-week-old deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-induced hypertensive rats (DOCA-salt rats) and their age-matched control Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were compared. It was found that time-averaged renal clearance (Cl(r)) was of minor importance and that time-averaged non-renal clearance (Cl(nr)) was dominant. In both 6- and 16-week-old SHRs, the Cl(nr)s and areas under the curve (AUCs) of intravenous mirodenafil were significantly smaller and greater than those of the controls, but in 16-week-old DOCA-salt rats, they were comparable to the controls. Although the AUC of oral mirodenafil in 16-week-old SHRs was comparable to the controls, the Cl(nr)s (or total body clearances, Cls) of intravenous mirodenafil and intestinal intrinsic clearances were significantly smaller than the controls and comparable to the controls for both 6- and 16-week-old SHRs, unlike in the 16-week-old DOCA-salt rats. The above data suggest that the significantly smaller Cl(nr) and greater AUC of intravenous mirodenafil and comparable AUC of oral mirodenafil in 16-week-old SHR could be due to the hereditary characteristics of SHRs, and not due to the hypertensive state itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young S Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Hu N, Xie S, Liu L, Wang X, Pan X, Chen G, Zhang L, Liu H, Liu X, Liu X, Xie L, Wang G. Opposite effect of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin on oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:419-25. [PMID: 21135265 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to report the effect of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil in a route-dependent manner. Diabetes in rats was induced by streptozotocin. Plasma concentrations of verapamil and its metabolite, norverapamil, were measured after oral (10 mg/kg) or intravenous (1 mg/kg) administration. The concentrations of verapamil in portal plasma after oral administration were also determined. Norverapamil formation was used for assessing CYP3A activity in hepatic and intestinal microsomes of diabetic rats. The protein levels of CYP3A1 and CYP3A2 in liver and intestine were measured by Western blot. It was found that diabetes significantly increased the plasma concentration of verapamil and norverapamil after oral administration, which resulted in a 74% increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of verapamil, but the ratio of AUC((norverapamil))/AUC((verapamil)) was significantly decreased by 38%. In contrast, diabetes significantly decreased the AUC of verapamil by 22% after intravenous administration. Diabetes also resulted in increased AUC of verapamil in portal vein by 3.8-fold compared with that in control rats. The absolute bioavailability of verapamil was higher than that of control rats. An in vitro study showed that increased CYP3A activity in the hepatic microsome and decreased CYP3A activity in the intestinal microsome were accompanied by an increase and decrease in the protein expression of CYP3A1/2 in liver and intestine of diabetic rats, respectively. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus revealed a tissue-specific effect on CYP3A activity and expression (induced in liver and inhibited in intestine), resulting in opposite pharmacokinetic behaviors of verapamil after oral and intravenous administration to diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Yoon IS, Choi MK, Kim JS, Shim CK, Chung SJ, Kim DD. Pharmacokinetics and first-pass elimination of metoprolol in rats: contribution of intestinal first-pass extraction to low bioavailability of metoprolol. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:243-51. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.538090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kang HE, Sohn SI, Baek SR, Lee JW, Lee MG. Effects of acute renal failure induced by uranyl nitrate on the pharmacokinetics of liquiritigenin and its two glucuronides, M1 and M2, in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:49-57. [PMID: 21155815 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver disease and acute renal failure (ARF) are closely associated. The pharmacokinetics of liquiritigenin (LQ), a candidate therapy for inflammatory liver disease, and its metabolites M1 and M2 were evaluated in rats with ARF induced by uranyl nitrate (U-ARF rats). METHODS LQ was administered intravenously (20 mg/kg) or orally (50 mg/kg) in U-ARF and control rats, and uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) activity and uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) concentrations were determined in the liver and intestine. KEY FINDINGS After intravenous LQ administration, U-ARF rats displayed significantly slower LQ renal clearance but no significant changes in the LQ area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) compared with controls. This was because of similar hepatic UGT activity and UDPGA levels between two groups, which resulted in comparable non-renal clearance, as well as the limited contribution of LQ renal clearance to total LQ clearance. However, the AUC and AUC(M) /AUC(LQ) ratios of M1 and M2 were significantly increased in U-ARF rats because of decreased urinary excretion of M1 and M2. Similar results were observed following oral administration because of the comparable LQ intestinal metabolism in both groups and decreased urinary excretion of M1 and M2 in U-ARF rats. CONCLUSIONS U-ARF rats displayed decreased urinary excretion of LQ glucuronides, resulting in significantly greater AUC and metabolite ratios of M1 and M2 following LQ administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee E Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ahn CY, Bae SK, Bae SH, Kang HE, Kim SH, Lee MG, Shin WG. Pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and its metabolite, N-desmethylsildenafil, in rats with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus, alone and in combination. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:164-74. [PMID: 21070144 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.532885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and its metabolite, N-desmethylsildenafil, in humans and rats with liver cirrhosis (LC) and diabetes mellitus (DM), alone and in combination (LCD) did not seem to be reported. Sildenafil was administered intravenously (10 mg/kg) and orally (20 mg/kg) to control, LC, DM, and LCD rats. Expression of intestinal CYP isozymes in those rats was also measured. In LC, DM, and LCD rats, the areas under the curve (AUCs) of intravenous sildenafil were significantly greater (by 195%, 54.2%, and 127%, respectively) than controls. In LC and LCD rats, AUCs of oral sildenafil were significantly greater (3010% and 2030%, respectively) than controls. In LC, DM, and LCD rats, significantly greater AUCs of intravenous sildenafil were due to the slower hepatic extraction of sildenafil (because of decrease in the protein expression of hepatic CYP2C11 and 3A subfamily in LC and LCD rats, and CYP2C11 in DM rats). In LC and LCD rats, greater magnitude of increase in AUCs of oral sildenafil than those after the intravenous administration could be mainly due to the decrease in the intestinal extraction of sildenafil (because of decrease in the protein expression of intestinal CYP2C11 in LC and LCD rats).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kang HE, Sohn SI, Baek SR, Lee JW, Lee MG. Liquiritigenin pharmacokinetics in a rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin: greater formation of glucuronides in the liver, especially M2, due to increased hepatic uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid level. Metabolism 2010; 59:1472-80. [PMID: 20170928 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquiritigenin (LQ) is a candidate for the treatment of inflammatory liver disease. Many studies have confirmed that hepatic disease and diabetes mellitus are closely associated. Thus, the pharmacokinetic changes of LQ and its 2 glucuronides, M1 and M2, in a rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS rats) were evaluated. Liquiritigenin was administered intravenously (20 mg/kg) or orally (50 mg/kg) in DMIS and control rats. Changes in in vitro activity and in vivo uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid level in the liver and intestine of DMIS rats compared with controls were also studied. After intravenous administration of LQ in DMIS rats, no significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of LQ were observed. However, the AUC(M2)/AUC(LQ) ratio was significantly greater (by 53.0%) than that of controls. After oral administration of LQ, the AUC of LQ and metabolite ratios of M1 and M2 were comparable to controls. The increase in the formation of glucuronides of LQ, especially M2, after intravenous administration of LQ was due to the increased in vivo hepatic uridine 5'-diphosphoglucuronic acid level in DMIS rats as a result of alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes. The comparable pharmacokinetics of LQ, M1, and M2 after oral administration of LQ were mainly due to the comparable intestinal metabolism of LQ between the control and DMIS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee E Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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Kang H, Kim Y, Sohn S, Baek S, Lee J, Kim S, Lee I, Lee M. Pharmacokinetics of liquiritigenin and its two glucuronides, M1 and M2, in rats with acute hepatitis induced byd-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide or CCl4. Xenobiotica 2010; 40:424-36. [DOI: 10.3109/00498251003734251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lee U, Choi YH, Kim SH, Lee BK. Pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in diabetic rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:931-3. [PMID: 19995926 PMCID: PMC2812152 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01145-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After intravenous or oral administration of 10 mg/kg itraconazole to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and to control rats, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24) for itraconazole and that for its metabolite, 7-hydroxyitraconazole, were similar between the two groups of rats. This may be explained by the comparable hepatic and intestinal intrinsic clearance rates for the disappearance of itraconazole and the formation of 7-hydroxyitraconazole in both groups of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unji Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11-1, Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Kangnung-Wonju National University, 120, Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Kyunggi-Do 210-702, South Korea
| | - Young H. Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11-1, Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Kangnung-Wonju National University, 120, Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Kyunggi-Do 210-702, South Korea
| | - So H. Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11-1, Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Kangnung-Wonju National University, 120, Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Kyunggi-Do 210-702, South Korea
| | - Byung K. Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11-1, Daehyun-Dong, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul 120-750, South Korea, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea, Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Kangnung-Wonju National University, 120, Gangneung Daehangno, Gangneung, Kyunggi-Do 210-702, South Korea
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Lee JH, Yang SH, Oh JM, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozocin: comparison with those in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1-23. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.01.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (DMIA) or streptozocin (DMIS), changes in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes in the liver, lung, kidney, intestine, brain, and testis have been reported based on Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, and various enzyme activities. Changes in phase II enzyme activities have been reported also. Hence, in this review, changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and metabolized via CYPs or phase II isozymes in rats with DMIA or DMIS, as reported in various literature, have been explained. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized in the kidney, and that were excreted mainly via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were reviewed also. For drugs mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, the changes in the total area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to time infinity (AUC) of metabolites, AUCmetabolite/AUCparent drug ratios, or the time-averaged nonrenal and total body clearances (CLNR and CL, respectively) of parent drugs as reported in the literature have been compared.
Key findings
After intravenous administration of drugs that were mainly metabolized via hepatic CYP isozymes, their hepatic clearances were found to be dependent on the in-vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint) for the disappearance of the parent drug (or in the formation of the metabolite), the free fractions of the drugs in the plasma, or the hepatic blood flow rate depending on their hepatic extraction ratios. The changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs that were mainly conjugated and mainly metabolized via the kidney in DMIA or DMIS rats were dependent on the drugs. However, the biliary or renal CL values of drugs that were mainly excreted via the kidney or bile in DMIA or DMIS rats were faster.
Summary
Pharmacokinetic studies of drugs in patients with type I diabetes mellitus were scarce. Moreover, similar and different results for drug pharmacokinetics were obtained between diabetic rats and patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Thus, present experimental rat data should be extrapolated carefully in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo H Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Gastroenterology and Metabolism Products Division, Pharmaceutical Safety Bureau, Korea Food & Drug Administration, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Si H Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung M Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung G Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Pharmacokinetic interaction between liquiritigenin (LQ) and DDB: Increased glucuronidation of LQ in the liver possibly due to increased hepatic blood flow rate by DDB. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:181-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lee JH, Kang HE, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetic interaction between telithromycin and metformin in diabetes mellitus rats. Xenobiotica 2009; 40:217-24. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903470248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lee YS, Choi YH, Kim TK, Ryu KH, Lee BY, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetics of mirodenafil and its two metabolites, SK3541 and SK3544, after intravenous and oral administration of mirodenafil to streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Xenobiotica 2009; 40:129-37. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903380975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Chung HJ, Kang HE, Yang KH, Kim SY, Lee MG. Ipriflavone pharmacokinetics in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:294-304. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang SH, Suh JH, Lee MG. Pharmacokinetic interaction between tamoxifen and ondansetron in rats: non-competitive (hepatic) and competitive (intestinal) inhibition of tamoxifen metabolism by ondansetron via CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 65:407-18. [PMID: 19504095 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tamoxifen and ondansetron were commonly metabolized via rat hepatic CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2, and ondansetron is used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea. The purpose of this study was to report the pharmacokinetic interaction between tamoxifen and ondansetron in rats. METHODS The pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen and ondansetron were evaluated after the intravenous and oral administration of tamoxifen, ondansetron, and both drugs together to rats. The Vmax (maximum velocity), Km (apparent Michaelis-Menten constant), CLint (intrinsic clearance), Ki (inhibition constant), and [I] (concentration of inhibitor in the liver and intestine)/Ki ratio of ondansetron were also measured. RESULTS The AUC0-infinitys of tamoxifen were significantly greater after both intravenous and oral administration with ondansetron compared to those of tamoxifen alone. The significantly slower hepatic and intestinal CLints for the disappearance of tamoxifen with both drugs together were due to inhibition of metabolism of tamoxifen by ondansetron via CYP2D subfamily and 3A1/2. CONCLUSIONS The significantly greater AUC0-infinity of tamoxifen after the intravenous administration of both drugs together could have possibly been attributable to a non-competitive (hepatic) inhibition of CYP2D subfamily- and 3A1/2-mediated tamoxifen metabolism by ondansetron. The significantly greater AUC0-infinity of tamoxifen after the oral administration of both drugs together could have been attributable to a competitive (intestinal) inhibition of CYP2D subfamily- and 3A1/2-mediated tamoxifen metabolism by ondansetron in addition to non-competitive inhibition in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyung Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
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Lee DY, Jung YS, Kim YC, Kim SY, Lee MG. Faster clearance of omeprazole in mutant Nagase analbuminemic rats: possible roles of increased protein expression of hepatic CYP1A2 and lower plasma protein binding. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2009; 30:107-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Time-dependent effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin on the telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats; restoration of the parameters in 96-hour KPLPS rats to the control levels. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2008; 21:860-5. [PMID: 18976719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been reported that telithromycin is primarily metabolized via hepatic CYP3A4 and 3A1/2 in humans and rats, respectively, and that the protein expression of hepatic CYP3A subfamily significantly decreased (59.1% decrease) in 24-h KPLPS rats (lipopolysaccharide derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae; the protein expression was measured 24h after KPLPS administration) compared with that in control rats, but restored to that in control rats in 96-h KPLPS rats. METHODS The pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50mg/kg to control, 24-h KPLPS, and 96-h KPLPS rats. RESULTS After both intravenous and oral administration of telithromycin to 24-h KPLPS rats, the AUC of telithromycin became significantly greater (68.2% and 88.7% increase for intravenous and oral administration, respectively) and this could have been due to the significantly slower CL(NR) (45.7% decrease). Because telithromycin is a low hepatic extraction ratio drug, the slower CL(NR) could have been due to the decreased protein expression of the hepatic CYP3A subfamily compared with that in control rats, and was supported by the significantly slower in vitro CL(int) in hepatic microsomes (13.1% decrease). However, in 96-h KPLPS rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin restored fully to those in control rats due to restoration of the protein expression of the hepatic CYP3A subfamily to that in control rats. The protein expression of the intestinal CYP3A subfamily was comparable among three groups of rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the existence of the time-dependent effects of KPLPS on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in rats.
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