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Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu T, Shi Y, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Xu W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li D. A biodegradable chitosan-based polymer for sustained nutrient release to stimulate groundwater hydrocarbon-degrading microflora. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140346. [PMID: 37832890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater often has a low indigenous microorganism population and lacks the necessary nutrient substrates for biodegradation reaction, resulting in a weak natural remediation ability within the groundwater ecosystem. In this paper, we utilized the principle of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms to identify effective nutrients (NaH2PO4, K2HPO4, NH4NO3, CaCl2, MgSO4·7H2O, FeSO4·7H2O, and VB12) and optimize nutrient substrate allocation through a combination of actual surveys of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites and microcosm experiments. Building on this, combining biostimulation and controlled-release technology, we developed a biodegradable chitosan-based encapsulated targeted biostimulant (i.e., YZ-1) characterized by easy uptake, good stability, controllable slow-release migration, and longevity to stimulate indigenous microflora in groundwater to efficiently degrade petroleum hydrocarbon. Results showed that YZ-1 extended the active duration of nutrient components by 5-6 times, with a sustainable release time exceeding 2 months. Under YZ-1 stimulation, microorganisms grew rapidly, increasing the degradation rate of petroleum hydrocarbon (10 mg L-1) by indigenous microorganisms from 43.03% to 79.80% within 7 d. YZ-1 can easily adapt to varying concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater. Specifically, in the range of 2-20 mg L-1 of petroleum hydrocarbon, the indigenous microflora was able to degrade 71.73-80.54% of the petroleum hydrocarbon within a mere 7 d. YZ-1 injection facilitated the delivery of nutrient components into the underground environment, improved the conversion ability of inorganic electron donors/receptors in the indigenous microbial community system, and strengthened the co-metabolism mechanism among microorganisms, achieving the goal of efficient petroleum hydrocarbon degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jili Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Yujia Shi
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China; Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021,China
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Yin S, Wang X, Liu T, Shi Y. A starch-based controlled-release targeted nutrient agent to stimulate the activity of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-degrading indigenous microflora present in groundwater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114262. [PMID: 36327786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHs) contaminated groundwater has a low indigenous microorganism population, and lack of nutrient substrates involved in degradation reactions, resulting in a weak natural remediation ability of groundwater ecosystems. In this study, based on the principle of degradation of VCHs by indigenous microorganisms in groundwater, and combined with biostimulation and controlled-release technology, we developed a starch-based encapsulated targeted bionutrient (YH-1) with easy uptake, good stability, controllable slow-release migration, and long timeliness for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by VCHs by indigenous microorganisms. The results showed that YH-1 is easily absorbed by microorganisms and can rapidly initiate itself to stimulate the microbial degradation of VCHs, and the degradation rate of various VCH components within 7 days was 82.38-92.38 %. The release rate of nutrient components in YH-1 increases with increasing VCH concentrations in groundwater; this could effectively prolong the action time of nutrient components, while also improving the degradation efficiency of pollutants with a sustained effect of more than 15 days. Simultaneously, owing to the fluidity, water solubility, and biodegradability of YH-1 in lithologic media, YH-1 injection did not cause blockage of the lithologic media in the aquifer. Through YH-1 stimulation, indigenous microorganisms grew rapidly in the underground environment, the diversity of microbial communities and the total number of species increased, and the correlation between genera strengthened. Simultaneously, YH-1 improved the ability of microbial community to convert inorganic electron donors/acceptors, thereby strengthening the co-metabolic mechanism between microorganisms. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the percentage of many microorganisms (e.g., Sphingomonas, Janthinobacterium, Duganella, etc.) that mediated the reductive dechlorination process and were redox inorganic electron donors/acceptors. This was conducive to the reductive dechlorination process of VCHs and achieved the efficient degradation of VCHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jili Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingchun Yang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yin
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Shi
- Key Lab of Groundwater Resources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China; Institute of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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Xu J, Zhang L, Shao X. Applications of bio-predictive dissolution tools for the development of solid oral dosage forms: Current industry experience. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:79-97. [PMID: 35786119 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Development and optimization of orally administered drug products often require bio-predictive tools to help with informing formulation and manufacturing decisions. Reliable bio-predictive dissolution toolkits not only allow rational development of target formulations without having to conduct excessive in vivo studies but also help in detecting critical material attributes (CMAs), critical formulation variables (CFVs), or critical process parameters (CPPs) that could impact a drug's in vivo performance. To provide early insights for scientists on the development of a bio-predictive method for drug product development, this review summarizes current phase-appropriate bio-predictive dissolution approaches applicable to address typical concerns on solubility-limited absorption, food effect, achlorhydria, development of extended-release formulation, clinically relevant specification, and biowaiver. The selection of an in vitro method which can capture the key rate-limiting step(s) of the in vivo dissolution and/or absorption is considered to have a better chance to produce a meaningful in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) or in vitro-in vivo relationship (IVIVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Pharmaceutical Development, Biogen Inc., 115 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02142, United State
| | - Limin Zhang
- Analytical Strategy and Operations, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co., One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, United State
| | - Xi Shao
- Analytical R&D, Development Science, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, United States
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Recent Advances in Dissolution Testing and Their Use to Improve In Vitro–In Vivo Correlations in Oral Drug Formulations. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09565-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Two-step in vitro-in vivo correlations: Deconvolution and convolution methods, which one gives the best predictability? Comparison with one-step approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:185-197. [PMID: 33248267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Finding predictive dissolution tests and valid IVIVCs are essential activities in generic industry, as they can be used as substitutes of human bioequivalence studies. IVIVCs can be developed by two different strategies: a one-step approach or a two-step approach. The objectives of this work were to compare different deconvolution and convolution methods used in the development of two-step level A IVIVCs and to study if the relationship between the in vitro dissolution rate and the in vivo dissolution rate should guide the decision between using a two-step approach or a one-step approach during the development of a new IVIVC. When the in vitro and the in vivo dissolution rates had a linear relationship, valid and biopredictive two-step IVIVCs were obtained, although there was not a combination of deconvolution and convolution methods that could be named as the best one, as long as all the prediction errors for any combination were within the limits. It was not possible to obtain a valid two-step IVIVC when the relationship between dissolution rates was non-linear, but the one-step approach was able to overcome this fact and it gave valid IVIVCs regardless of whether the relationship between dissolution rates was linear or non-linear.
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Bermejo M, Sanchez-Dengra B, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I. Oral controlled release dosage forms: dissolution versus diffusion. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:791-803. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1750593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Barbara Sanchez-Dengra
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
| | - Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain
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You X, Wu W, Xu J, Jiao Z, Ke M, Huang P, Lin C. Development of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Prediction of Pramipexole Pharmacokinetics in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Renal Impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:999-1010. [PMID: 32090332 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wanhong Wu
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Jiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Chest HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Ke
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Pinfang Huang
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Lin
- Department of Pharmacythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Taijiang Fuzhou People's Republic of China
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González-García I, Mangas-Sanjuán V, Merino-Sanjuán M, Bermejo M. In vitro–in vivocorrelations: general concepts, methodologies and regulatory applications. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 41:1935-47. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Gomez-Mantilla JD, Schaefer UF, Casabo VG, Lehr T, Lehr CM. Statistical comparison of dissolution profiles to predict the bioequivalence of extended release formulations. AAPS J 2014; 16:791-801. [PMID: 24854895 PMCID: PMC4070268 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate setting of dissolution specification of extended release (ER) formulations should include precise definition of a multidimensional space of complex definition and interpretation, including limits in dissolution parameters, lag time (t-lag), variability, and goodness of fit. This study aimed to set dissolution specifications of ER by developing drug-specific dissolution profile comparison tests (DPC tests) that are able to detect differences in release profiles between ER formulations that represent a lack of bioequivalence (BE). Dissolution profiles of test formulations were simulated using the Weibull and Hill models. Differential equations based in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC) models were used to simulate plasma concentrations. BE trial simulations were employed to find the formulations likely to be declared bioequivalent and nonbioequivalent (BE space). Customization of DPC tests was made by adjusting the delta of a recently described tolerated difference test (TDT) or the limits of rejection of f2. Drug ka (especially if ka is small), formulation lag time (t-lag), the number of subjects included in the BE studies, and the number of sampled time points in the DPC test were the factors that affected the most these setups of dissolution specifications. Another recently described DPC test, permutation test (PT), showed excellent statistical power. All the formulations declared as similar with PT were also bioequivalent. Similar case-specific studies may support the biowaiving of ER drug formulations based on customized DPC tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Gomez-Mantilla
- />Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Campus A4.1, Saarbruecken, 66123 Germany
- />Department of Pharmacy, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - U. F. Schaefer
- />Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Campus A4.1, Saarbruecken, 66123 Germany
| | - V. G. Casabo
- />Department of Technological Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - T. Lehr
- />Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - C. M. Lehr
- />Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Campus A4.1, Saarbruecken, 66123 Germany
- />Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbruecken, 66123 Germany
- />Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Saarland University, Campus building A.4.1, Saarbruecken, Germany
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Boetker JP, Rantanen J, Rades T, Müllertz A, Ostergaard J, Jensen H. A new approach to dissolution testing by UV imaging and finite element simulations. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1328-37. [PMID: 23307418 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most dissolution testing systems rely on analyzing samples taken remotely from the dissolving sample surface at different time points with poor time resolution and therefore provide relatively unresolved temporally and spatially information on the dissolution process. In this study, a flexible numerical model was combined with a novel UV imaging system, allowing monitoring of the dissolution process with sub second time resolution. METHODS The dissolution process was monitored by both effluent collection and UV imaging of compacts of paracetamol. A finite element model (FEM) was used to characterize the UV imaging system. RESULTS A finite element model of the UV imaging system was successfully built. The dissolution of paracetamol was studied by UV imaging and by analysis of the effluent. The dissolution rates obtained from the collected effluent were in good agreement with the numerical model. The numerical model allowed an assessment of the ability of the UV imager to measure dissolution-time profiles. The simulation was able to extend the experimental results to conditions not easily obtained experimentally. CONCLUSIONS Combining FEM,experimental dissolution data and UV imaging provided experimental validation of the FEM model as well as a detailed description of the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan P Boetker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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A Semi-mechanistic Modeling Strategy to Link In Vitro and In Vivo Drug Release for Modified Release Formulations. Pharm Res 2011; 29:695-706. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Antonini A, Calandrella D. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pramipexole. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1307-14. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.614232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rascol O. Drugs and drug delivery in PD: optimizing control of symptoms with pramipexole prolonged-release. Eur J Neurol 2011; 18 Suppl 1:3-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antonini A, Calandrella D. Once-daily pramipexole for the treatment of early and advanced idiopathic Parkinson's disease: implications for patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2011; 7:297-302. [PMID: 21654875 PMCID: PMC3101890 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediate-release (IR) pramipexole is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), either alone (without levodopa) or in combination with levodopa, that is, during the entire progress of disease up to the advanced stage. It is also currently indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome (RLS). An extended-release (ER) formulation of pramipexole has been developed to allow a once-daily formulation and to provide more stable dopaminergic stimulation. This review summarized the pharmacokinetic profile of pramipexole for both the IR and ER formulations, and discussed the role of pramipexole in the management of early and advanced PD. The introduction of a once-daily formulation of pramipexole poses significant potential advantages for patients and this is reflected by relatively stable plasma levels. The most obvious benefit is convenience of use and better adherence to treatment schedule. Additional advantages may be represented by the opportunity to provide continuous drug delivery in a fashion that could potentially help minimize dyskinesia risk if the drug is used early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonini
- Department for Parkinson's Disease, IRCSS San Camillo, Venice, Italy
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Østergaard J, Meng-Lund E, Larsen SW, Larsen C, Petersson K, Lenke J, Jensen H. Real-Time UV Imaging of Nicotine Release from Transdermal Patch. Pharm Res 2010; 27:2614-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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