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Sampathkumar K, Kerwin BA. Roadmap for Drug Product Development and Manufacturing of Biologics. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:314-331. [PMID: 37944666 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic biology encompasses different modalities, and their manufacturing processes may be vastly different. However, there are many similarities that run across the different modalities during the drug product (DP) development process and manufacturing. Similarities include the need for Quality Target Product Profile (QTTP), analytical development, formulation development, container/closure studies, drug product process development, manufacturing and technical requirements set out by numerous regulatory documents such as the FDA, EMA, and ICH for pharmaceuticals for human use and other country specific requirements. While there is a plethora of knowledge on studies needed for development of a drug product, there is no specific guidance set out in a phase dependent manner delineating what studies should be completed in alignment with the different phases of clinical development from pre-clinical through commercialization. Because of this reason, we assembled a high-level drug product development and manufacturing roadmap. The roadmap is applicable across the different modalities with the intention of providing a unified framework from early phase development to commercialization of biologic drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Sampathkumar
- SSK Biosolutions LLC, 14022 Welland Terrace, North Potomac, MD 20878, USA; Currently at Invetx, Inc., One Boston Place, Suite 3930, 201 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02108, USA
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Kerwin BioPharma Consulting LLC, 14138 Farmview Ln NE, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA; Coriolis Scientific Advisory Board, Coriolis Pharma, Fraunhoferstr. 18 b, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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2
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Martínez-Ortega A, Herrera A, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza J, Perez-Robles R, Navas N. Degradation and in-use stability study of five marketed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by generic weak cation exchange liquid chromatographic method ((WCX)HPLC/DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1203:123295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Ruppen I, Beydon ME, Solís C, Sacristán D, Vandenheede I, Ortiz A, Sandra K, Adhikary L. Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2022; 77:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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4
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Bana A, Mehta P. Similarity assessment of charge variants for bevacizumab biosimilar formulations using imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2072329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Bana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Priti Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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5
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Similarity demonstrated between isolated charge variants of MB02, a biosimilar of bevacizumab, and Avastin® following extended physicochemical and functional characterization. Biologicals 2021; 73:41-56. [PMID: 34593306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of recombinant mAb products contain heterogeneous charge variants, commonly the result of post-translational modifications occurring during cell culture and accumulated during production, formulation and storage. MB02 is a biosimilar mAb to bevacizumab. Similarity data of charge variants for biosimilars against its reference products must be generated to demonstrate consistency in product quality and to ensure efficacy and safety. The goal of this work was to isolate seven charge variants of MB02 and Avastin® by semi-preparative cation exchange chromatography followed by purity test and extended analytical characterization to prove similarity. Although poor purity obtained for minor variants complicated data interpretation, an in-depth insight into the charge variants pattern of MB02 compared to Avastin® was obtained, contributing to a better understanding of modifications associated to microheterogeneity. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative analytical study of individual charge variants of a bevacizumab biosimilar following a head-to head approach and the most comprehensive N-glycosylation assessment of IgG1 charge variants. Although modifications related to N- and C-terminal, N-glycans, size heterogeneity or deamidation were specifically enriched among low abundant charge variants, they did not affect binding affinity to VEGF or FcRn and in vitro potency compared with the main species or unfractionated material.
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6
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Wang S, Lin J, Li D, Huang T, Zhu W, Chen W, Li M, Shen W. Study of the isomeric Maillard degradants, glycosylamine and Amadori rearrangement products, and their differentiation via MS 2 fingerprinting from collision-induced decomposition of protonated ions. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9062. [PMID: 33533047 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The focus of this work was to study glycosylamine and Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs), the two major degradants in the Maillard reactions of pharmaceutical interest, and utilize their MS2 fingerprints by liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS2 ) to quickly distinguish the two isomeric degradants. These two types of degradants are frequently encountered in the compatibility and stability studies of drug products containing primary or secondary amine active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which are formulated with excipients consisting of reducing sugar functionalities. METHODS Vortioxetine was employed as the primary model compound to react with lactose to obtain the glycosylamine and ARP degradants of the Maillard reaction, and their MS2 spectra (MS2 fingerprints) were obtained by LC/MS2 . Subsequently, the two degradants were isolated via preparative HPLC and their structures were confirmed by one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) determination. RESULTS The MS2 fingerprints of the two degradants display significantly different profiles, despite the fact that many common fragments are observed. Specifically, protonated glycosylamine shows a prominent characteristic fragment of [Mvort + C2 H3 O]+ at m/z 341 (Mvort is the vortioxetine core), while protonated ARP shows a prominent characteristic fragment of [Mvort + CH]+ at m/z 311. Further study of the Maillard reactions between several other structurally diverse primary/secondary amines and lactose produced similar patterns. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that the characteristic MS2 fragment peaks and their ratios may be used to differentiate the glycosylamine and ARP degradants, the two isomeric degradants of the Maillard reaction, which are commonly encountered in finished dosage forms of pharmaceutical products containing primary and secondary amine APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinsheng Lin
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
| | - Dan Li
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
| | - Tianpei Huang
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
| | - Min Li
- Center of Excellence for Modern Analytical Technologies (CEMAT), Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Xunqiao, Linhai, Zhejiang, 317204, China
- Huahai US, Inc., 700 Atrium Drive, Somerset, NJ, 08873, USA
| | - Weiyang Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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7
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Sun Q, Wang L, Li N, Shi L. Characterization and monitoring of charge variants of a recombinant monoclonal antibody using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2021; 625:114214. [PMID: 33915116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous characterization of biotherapeutics, and monoclonal antibodies in particular, is a challenging task in terms of ensuring safety, efficacy, and potency of a therapeutic agent because of structural heterogeneity during cell culture, purification and storage. In this work, we used microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry to analyze intact monoclonal antibody and assess the root cause of increases in acidic and basic variants under stress at high temperature. The antibody was analyzed at multiple levels, including its intact state under native conditions, and subunit and peptide levels. The normal and degraded antibodies at different time points were characterized and compared with each other. We concluded that the basic variants in the unstressed sample were produced C-terminal amidation, while the acidic variants were produced by deamidation. In stressed samples, change in the acidic and main peaks were caused by deamidation, and changes in the basic peaks were caused by both deamidation and oxidation. These results demonstrate that microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a powerful direct and generic tool for separation and identification of charge heterogeneity of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- 908 Devices Inc, 645 Summer Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Na Li
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Shi
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Meyer RM, Berger L, Nerkamp J, Scheler S, Nehring S, Friess W. Identification of monoclonal antibody variants involved in aggregate formation – Part 1: Charge variants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 158:123-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Prade E, Zeck A, Stiefel F, Unsoeld A, Mentrup D, Arango Gutierrez E, Gorr IH. Cysteine in cell culture media induces acidic IgG1 species by disrupting the disulfide bond network. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1091-1104. [PMID: 33200817 PMCID: PMC7986432 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A high degree of charge heterogeneity is an unfavorable phenomenon commonly observed for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Removal of these impurities during manufacturing often comes at the cost of impaired step yields. A wide spectrum of posttranslational and chemical modifications is known to modify mAb charge. However, a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms triggering charged species would be beneficial for the control of mAb charge variants during bioprocessing. In this study, a comprehensive analytical investigation was carried out to define the root causes and mechanisms inducing acidic variants of an immunoglobulin G1‐derived mAb. Characterization of differently charged species by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the reduction of disulfide bonds in acidic variants, which is followed by cysteinylation and glutathionylation of cysteines. Importantly, biophysical stability and integrity of the mAb are not affected. By in vitro incubation of the mAb with the reducing agent cysteine, disulfide bond degradation was directly linked to an increase of numerous acidic species. Modifying the concentrations of cysteine during the fermentation of various mAbs illustrated that redox potential is a critical aspect to consider during bioprocess development with respect to charge variant control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Prade
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Anne Zeck
- Pharma and Biotech, NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Stiefel
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Andreas Unsoeld
- Late Stage USP Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Mentrup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ingo H Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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10
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Toronjo-Urquiza L, Acosta-Martin AE, James DC, Nagy T, Falconer RJ. The use of catechins in Chinese hamster ovary cell media for the improvement of monoclonal antibody yields and a reduction of acidic species. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 36:e2980. [PMID: 32067358 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catechin compounds have potential benefits for recombinant monoclonal antibody (Mab) production as chemical additives in cell culture media. In this study, four catechin compounds catechin (Cat), epicatechin (EC), gallocatechin-gallate (GCG), and epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) were added to cell culture media (at 50 μM) and their effects on the recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, specific productivity, and Mab quality were assessed. The results indicate that the improvement of specific productivity was linked to cell growth inhibition. All catechins caused cell phase growth arrest by lowering the number of cells in the G1/G0 phase and increasing the cells in the S and G2/M phases. Late addition of the catechin resulted in a significantly higher final IgG concentration. Cat and EC caused an improvement in the final antibody titer of 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.3 ± 0.1 fold, respectively. Catechins with a galloyl group (GCG and EGCG) arrested cell growth and reduced cell specific productivity at the concentrations tested. The Cat-treated IgG was found to have reduced acidic species with a corresponding increase in the main peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Toronjo-Urquiza
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Bioprocess Strategy and Development, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
| | - Robert J Falconer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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12
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2020; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography - top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S. Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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A generic method for intact and subunit level characterization of mAb charge variants by native mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1133:121814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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14
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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15
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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16
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Füssl F, Trappe A, Cook K, Scheffler K, Fitzgerald O, Bones J. Comprehensive characterisation of the heterogeneity of adalimumab via charge variant analysis hyphenated on-line to native high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. MAbs 2018; 11:116-128. [PMID: 30296204 PMCID: PMC6343805 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1531664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge variant analysis is a widely used tool to monitor changes in product quality during the manufacturing process of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Although it is a powerful technique for revealing mAb heterogeneity, an unexpected outcome, for example the appearance of previously undetected isoforms, requires further, time-consuming analysis. The process of identifying these unknowns can also result in unwanted changes to the molecule that are not attributable to the manufacturing process. To overcome this, we recently reported a method combining highly selective cation exchange chromatography-based charge variant analysis with on-line mass spectrometric (MS) detection. We further explored and adapted the chromatographic buffer system to expand the application range. Moreover, we observed no salt adducts on the native protein, also supported by the optimal choice of MS parameters, resulting in increased data quality and mass accuracy. Here, we demonstrate the utility of this improved method by performing an in-depth analysis of adalimumab before and after forced degradation. By combining molecular mass and retention time information, we were able to identify multiple modifications on adalimumab, including lysine truncation, glycation, deamidation, succinimide formation, isomerisation, N-terminal aspartic acid loss or C-terminal proline amidation and fragmentation along with the N-glycan distribution of each of these identified proteoforms. Host cell protein (HCP) analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry that verified the presence of the protease Cathepsin L. Based on the presence of trace HCPs with catalytic activity, it can be questioned if fragmentation is solely driven by spontaneous hydrolysis or possibly also by enzymatic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Anne Trappe
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland.,b School of Biotechnology , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Ken Cook
- c Thermo Fisher Scientific , Hemel Hempstead , UK
| | | | - Oliver Fitzgerald
- e St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin 4 , Ireland.,f Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research , University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- a Characterisation and Comparability Lab , NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training , Co , Dublin , Ireland.,g School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin , Dublin 4 , Ireland
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17
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Sankaran PK, Kabadi PG, Honnappa CG, Subbarao M, Pai HV, Adhikary L, Palanivelu DV. Identification and quantification of product-related quality attributes in bio-therapeutic monoclonal antibody via a simple, and robust cation-exchange HPLC method compatible with direct online detection of UV and native ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1102-1103:83-95. [PMID: 30380467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical ion-exchange chromatography is one of the conventional tools used for assessment of product-related quality attributes in bio-therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we present an approach to resolve, identify, and quantify product-related substances of therapeutic mAb at its intact molecular level by cation exchange (CIEX) HPLC coupled directly to electrospray ionization - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS). This method utilizes pH gradient elution mode comprised of ammonium formate buffer components, and a weak cation exchange column as stationary phase. Furthermore, ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) provided additional insights on its higher order structure. Also, orthogonal assays such as conventional CIEX-HPLC, high resolution capillary isoelectric focusing, peptide mapping, spectroscopic, and fluorescence methods were used considerably to support the findings. Additionally, an in vitro assay was included to assess the associated impact on Fc mediated function. Overall, the developed method with simultaneous detection of UV peak area percentage at 280 nm and native ESI-MS is found to be a rapid and robust analytical tool for direct assessment of structural and purity attributes, process optimization, product development, and to decipher the relevant role of micro-variants on quality, stability, and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kallamvalliillam Sankaran
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India.
| | - Pradeep G Kabadi
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Chethan Gejjalagere Honnappa
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Malini Subbarao
- Bioassay Development Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Harish V Pai
- Bioassay Development Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Laxmi Adhikary
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Dinesh V Palanivelu
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
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18
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Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody charge variants using WCX chromatography, icIEF and LC-MS/MS. Anal Biochem 2018; 564-565:1-12. [PMID: 30291836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Charge heterogeneity is an important aspect of research into the development of monoclonal antibody drugs. In the present study, charge variants were separated into four fractions using weak cation exchange chromatography and were thoroughly analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry at multiple levels. Molecular weight analysis of intact antibody and subunits confirmed the presence of heavy-chain leader sequences, light-chain leader sequences, dehydration, and cysteinylation. Peptide mapping of the fractions using different enzymes further localized the modified sites. Modified proportions identified at peptide level were compared with the purity detected by imaged capillary isoelectric focusing, the results showed that basic variant 1 consisted of cysteinylation and dehydration of asparagine, and basic variant 2 fully accounted for the N-terminal leader sequence of the heavy chain. About 14.8% of the acidic variant can be explained by N-terminal leader sequences in the light chain, and 18% of the acidic variant was demonstrated to be deamidation of asparagine in the heavy chain. There was approximately 54.2% of the acidic variant still cannot be explained. It was hypothesized that those acidic variants that have not yet been identified are an ensemble of molecules with slight molecular weight differences or the same molecular weight but different structures.
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19
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DiCara DM, Andersen N, Chan R, Ernst JA, Ayalon G, Lazar GA, Agard NJ, Hilderbrand A, Hötzel I. High-throughput screening of antibody variants for chemical stability: identification of deamidation-resistant mutants. MAbs 2018; 10:1073-1083. [PMID: 30130444 PMCID: PMC6204805 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1504726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Developability assessment of therapeutic antibody candidates assists drug discovery by enabling early identification of undesirable instabilities. Rapid chemical stability screening of antibody variants can accelerate the identification of potential solutions. We describe here the development of a high-throughput assay to characterize asparagine deamidation. We applied the assay to identify a mutation that unexpectedly stabilizes a critical asparagine. Ninety antibody variants were incubated under thermal stress in order to induce deamidation and screened for both affinity and total binding capacity. Surprisingly, a mutation five residues downstream from the unstable asparagine greatly reduced deamidation. Detailed assessment by LC-MS analysis confirmed the predicted improvement. This work describes both a high-throughput method for antibody stability screening during the early stages of antibody discovery and highlights the value of broad searches of antibody sequence space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. DiCara
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nisana Andersen
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Chan
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James A. Ernst
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gai Ayalon
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg A. Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Agard
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Hilderbrand
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Niu H, Wang J, Liu M, Chai M, Zhao L, Liu X, Fan L, Tan WS. Uridine modulates monoclonal antibody charge heterogeneity in Chinese hamster ovary cell fed-batch cultures. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-018-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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21
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Háda V, Bagdi A, Bihari Z, Timári SB, Fizil Á, Szántay C. Recent advancements, challenges, and practical considerations in the mass spectrometry-based analytics of protein biotherapeutics: A viewpoint from the biosimilar industry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:214-238. [PMID: 30205300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The extensive analytical characterization of protein biotherapeutics, especially of biosimilars, is a critical part of the product development and registration. High-resolution mass spectrometry became the primary analytical tool used for the structural characterization of biotherapeutics. Its high instrumental sensitivity and methodological versatility made it possible to use this technique to characterize both the primary and higher-order structure of these proteins. However, even by using high-end instrumentation, analysts face several challenges with regard to how to cope with industrial and regulatory requirements, that is, how to obtain accurate and reliable analytical data in a time- and cost-efficient way. New sample preparation approaches, measurement techniques and data evaluation strategies are available to meet those requirements. The practical considerations of these methods are discussed in the present review article focusing on hot topics, such as reliable and efficient sequencing strategies, minimization of artefact formation during sample preparation, quantitative peptide mapping, the potential of multi-attribute methodology, the increasing role of mass spectrometry in higher-order structure characterization and the challenges of MS-based identification of host cell proteins. On the basis of the opportunities in new instrumental techniques, methodological advancements and software-driven data evaluation approaches, for the future one can envision an even wider application area for mass spectrometry in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
| | - Attila Bagdi
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bihari
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | | | - Ádám Fizil
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary
| | - Csaba Szántay
- Spectroscopic Research Department, Gedeon Richter Plc, Hungary.
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22
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A three-point identity criteria tool for establishing product identity using icIEF method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:271-277. [PMID: 29554523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Product identity is one of the release testing requirements that needs to be established to ensure that there is no misidentification of drugs. Here, we demonstrated the challenges that can come across while establishing a product identity method for monoclonal antibody (mAb) and mAb-related products using icIEF method. A unique three-point identity criteria tool (visual comparison, pI of individual peaks and ΔpIs) was applied to distinguish mAb1 from the other in-house mAbs. A reduction approach followed by icIEF showed higher potential for establishing identity for mAb1 product as compared to native and enzymatic digestion approach. In general, icIEF method lacks specificity required to unequivocally establish the identity for mAbs, therefore, risk analysis is recommended before implementing icIEF as a stand-alone identity method for monoclonal antibodies.
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23
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King C, Patel R, Ponniah G, Nowak C, Neill A, Gu Z, Liu H. Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody variants detected by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:96-103. [PMID: 29649755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In-depth characterization of the commonly observed variants is critical to the successful development of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Multiple peaks of a recombinant monoclonal antibody were observed when analyzed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing. The potential modification causing the heterogeneity was localized to F(ab')2 region by analyzing the antibody after IdeS digestion using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. LC-MS analysis identified asparagine deamidation as the root cause of the observed multiple variants. While the isoelectric focusing method is expected to separate deamidated species, the similar profile observed in hydrophobic interaction chromatography indicates that the single site deamidation caused differences in hydrophobicity. Forced degradation demonstrated that the susceptible asparagine residue is highly exposed, which is expected as it is located in the light chain complementarity determining region. Deamidation of this single site decreased the mAb binding affinity to its specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Zhenyu Gu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, 100 College Street, New Haven CT 06510, United States.
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24
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Tang H, Miao S, Zhang X, Fan L, Liu X, Tan WS, Zhao L. Insights into the generation of monoclonal antibody acidic charge variants during Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1203-1214. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Hao P, Adav SS, Gallart-Palau X, Sze SK. Recent advances in mass spectrometric analysis of protein deamidation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:677-692. [PMID: 26763661 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein deamidation has been proposed to represent a "molecular clock" that progressively disrupts protein structure and function in human degenerative diseases and natural aging. Importantly, this spontaneous process can also modify therapeutic proteins by altering their purity, stability, bioactivity, and antigenicity during drug synthesis and storage. Deamidation occurs non-enzymatically in vivo, but can also take place spontaneously in vitro, hence artificial deamidation during proteomic sample preparation can hamper efforts to identify and quantify endogenous deamidation of complex proteomes. To overcome this, mass spectrometry (MS) can be used to conduct rigorous site-specific characterization of protein deamidation due to the high sensitivity, speed, and specificity offered by this technique. This article reviews recent progress in MS analysis of protein deamidation and discusses the strengths and limitations of common "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. Recent advances in sample preparation methods, chromatographic separation, MS technology, and data processing have for the first time enabled the accurate and reliable characterization of protein modifications in complex biological samples, yielding important new data on how deamidation occurs across the entire proteome of human cells and tissues. These technological advances will lead to a better understanding of how deamidation contributes to the pathology of biological aging and major degenerative diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:677-692, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piliang Hao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
- Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Sunil S Adav
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Xavier Gallart-Palau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
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26
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Geuijen KPM, Oppers-Tiemissen C, Egging DF, Simons PJ, Boon L, Schasfoort RBM, Eppink MHM. Rapid screening of IgG quality attributes - effects on Fc receptor binding. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1557-1574. [PMID: 28979843 PMCID: PMC5623700 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of therapeutic antibodies with fragment crystallizable γ (Fcγ) receptors and neonatal Fc receptors (FcRn) are measured in vitro as indicators of antibody functional performance. Antibodies are anchored to immune cells through the Fc tail, and these interactions are important for the efficacy and safety of therapeutic antibodies. High‐throughput binding studies on each of the human Fcγ receptor classes (FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb) as well as FcRn have been developed and performed with human IgG after stress‐induced modifications to identify potential impact in vivo. Interestingly, we found that asparagine deamidation (D‐N) reduced the binding of IgG to the low‐affinity Fcγ receptors (FcγRIIa, FcγRIIb, FcγRIIIa, and FcγRIIIb), while FcγRI and FcRn binding was not impacted. Deglycosylation completely inhibited binding to all Fcγ receptors, but showed no impact on binding to FcRn. On the other hand, afucosylation only impacted binding to FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIIb. Methionine oxidation at levels below 7%, multiple freeze/thaw cycles and short‐term thermal/shake stress did not influence binding to any of the Fc receptors. The presence of high molecular weight species, or aggregates, disturbed measurements in these binding assays; up to 5% of aggregates in IgG samples changed the binding and kinetics to each of the Fc receptors. Overall, the screening assays described in this manuscript prove that rapid and multiplexed binding assays may be a valuable tool for lead optimization, process development, in‐process controls, and biosimilarity assessment of IgGs during development and manufacturing of therapeutic IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin P M Geuijen
- Downstream processing Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV Nijmegen the Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering Wageningen University the Netherlands
| | | | - David F Egging
- Preclinical department Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV Nijmegenthe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Richard B M Schasfoort
- Medical Cell Biophysics group MIRA institute Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede the Netherlands
| | - Michel H M Eppink
- Downstream processing Synthon Biopharmaceuticals BV Nijmegen the Netherlands.,Bioprocess Engineering Wageningen University the Netherlands
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27
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Identification of multiple sources of the acidic charge variants in an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5627-5638. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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28
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Griaud F, Denefeld B, Lang M, Hensinger H, Haberl P, Berg M. Unbiased in-depth characterization of CEX fractions from a stressed monoclonal antibody by mass spectrometry. MAbs 2017; 9:820-830. [PMID: 28379786 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1313367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of charge-based variants by mass spectrometry (MS) is required for the analytical development of a new biologic entity and its marketing approval by health authorities. However, standard peak-based data analysis approaches are time-consuming and biased toward the detection, identification, and quantification of main variants only. The aim of this study was to characterize in-depth acidic and basic species of a stressed IgG1 monoclonal antibody using comprehensive and unbiased MS data evaluation tools. Fractions collected from cation ion exchange (CEX) chromatography were analyzed as intact, after reduction of disulfide bridges, and after proteolytic cleavage using Lys-C. Data of both intact and reduced samples were evaluated consistently using a time-resolved deconvolution algorithm. Peptide mapping data were processed simultaneously, quantified and compared in a systematic manner for all MS signals and fractions. Differences observed between the fractions were then further characterized and assigned. Time-resolved deconvolution enhanced pattern visualization and data interpretation of main and minor modifications in 3-dimensional maps across CEX fractions. Relative quantification of all MS signals across CEX fractions before peptide assignment enabled the detection of fraction-specific chemical modifications at abundances below 1%. Acidic fractions were shown to be heterogeneous, containing antibody fragments, glycated as well as deamidated forms of the heavy and light chains. In contrast, the basic fractions contained mainly modifications of the C-terminus and pyroglutamate formation at the N-terminus of the heavy chain. Systematic data evaluation was performed to investigate multiple data sets and comprehensively extract main and minor differences between each CEX fraction in an unbiased manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Griaud
- a Phys.-Chem. Analytics, Analytical Development and Characterization NBEs, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing , Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Blandine Denefeld
- a Phys.-Chem. Analytics, Analytical Development and Characterization NBEs, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing , Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Manuel Lang
- a Phys.-Chem. Analytics, Analytical Development and Characterization NBEs, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing , Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Héloïse Hensinger
- a Phys.-Chem. Analytics, Analytical Development and Characterization NBEs, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing , Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Matthias Berg
- a Phys.-Chem. Analytics, Analytical Development and Characterization NBEs, Biopharmaceutical Product and Process Development, Biologics Technical Development and Manufacturing , Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach , Basel , Switzerland
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29
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Ponniah G, Nowak C, Neill A, Liu H. Characterization of charge variants of a monoclonal antibody using weak anion exchange chromatography at subunit levels. Anal Biochem 2017; 520:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Charge variants characterization of a monoclonal antibody by ion exchange chromatography coupled on-line to native mass spectrometry: Case study after a long-term storage at +5 °C. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1048:130-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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31
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Kumar S, Plotnikov NV, Rouse JC, Singh SK. Biopharmaceutical Informatics: supporting biologic drug development via molecular modelling and informatics. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 70:595-608. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this article is to introduce an emerging field called ‘Biopharmaceutical Informatics’. It describes how tools from Information technology and Molecular Biophysics can be adapted, developed and gainfully employed in discovery and development of biologic drugs.
Key Findings
The findings described here are based on literature surveys and the authors’ collective experiences in the field of biologic drug product development. A strategic framework to forecast early the hurdles faced during drug product development is weaved together and elucidated using chemical degradation as an example. Efficiency of translating biologic drug discoveries into drug products can be significantly improved by combining learnings from experimental biophysical and analytical data on the drug candidates with molecular properties computed from their sequences and structures via molecular modeling and simulations.
Summary
Biopharmaceutical Informatics seeks to promote applications of computational tools towards discovery and development of biologic drugs. When fully implemented, industry-wide, it will enable rapid materials-free developability assessments of biologic drug candidates at early stages as well as streamline drug product development activities such as commercial scale production, purification, formulation, analytical characterization, safety and in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Nikolay V Plotnikov
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, MA, USA
| | - Satish K Singh
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO, USA
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32
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Singh SK, Narula G, Rathore AS. Should charge variants of monoclonal antibody therapeutics be considered critical quality attributes? Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2338-46. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Gunjan Narula
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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33
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Ponniah G, Kita A, Nowak C, Neill A, Kori Y, Rajendran S, Liu H. Characterization of the Acidic Species of a Monoclonal Antibody Using Weak Cation Exchange Chromatography and LC-MS. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Adriana Kita
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Yekaterina Kori
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Saravanamoorthy Rajendran
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product
Characterization and ‡Biochemical Process Development, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc., 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut, 06410, United States
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34
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Bench to Bedside: Stability Studies of GMP Produced Trastuzumab-TCMC in Support of a Clinical Trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:435-54. [PMID: 26230702 PMCID: PMC4588176 DOI: 10.3390/ph8030435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The first-in-human phase 1 clinical radioimmunotherapy (RIT) trial with 212Pb-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-1,4,7,10-tetra-(2-carbamoylmethyl)-cyclododecane-trastuzumab (212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab) was completed in October 2014 as a joint effort at the University of Alabama (UAB) and the University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center. The preliminary reports indicate that after five dose-levels of intraperitoneally administered 212Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab, patients with carcinomatosis experienced minimal agent-related toxicity. This report presents the data accumulated to date on the stability of the clinical grade, produced according to current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), TCMC-trastuzumab conducted in support of that clinical trial. Of the eleven tests performed with the cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab all but one remained within specifications throughout the 5 year testing period. The protein concentration varied by 0.01 mg/mL at 48 months. Two other assays, ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (IEX-HPLC) and a competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) indicated that the cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab integrity may be changing, although the change thus far is within specifications. Subsequent stability testing will confirm if a trend has truly developed. The cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab was also evaluated for tolerance to higher temperatures and the potential of storage at −80 °C. The immunoconjugate proved stable when subjected to the lower temperatures and to multiple freeze-thaw cycles. The size exclusion (SE) HPLC analysis of the 203Pb-TCMC-trastuzumab was the only indicator that cGMP TCMC-trastuzumab may be sensitive to storage at 37 °C for 3 months.
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Structural Characterisation of Non-Deamidated Acidic Variants of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Ion-Mobility Mass Spectrometry. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3636-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kishishita S, Nishikawa T, Shinoda Y, Nagashima H, Okamoto H, Takuma S, Aoyagi H. Effect of temperature shift on levels of acidic charge variants in IgG monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:700-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Neill A, Nowak C, Patel R, Ponniah G, Gonzalez N, Miano D, Liu H. Characterization of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants Using OFFGEL Fractionation, Weak Anion Exchange Chromatography, and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6204-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Rekha Patel
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Nidia Gonzalez
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Dino Miano
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, 352 Knotter Drive, Cheshire, Connecticut 06410, United States
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Moritz B, Schnaible V, Kiessig S, Heyne A, Wild M, Finkler C, Christians S, Mueller K, Zhang L, Furuya K, Hassel M, Hamm M, Rustandi R, He Y, Solano OS, Whitmore C, Park SA, Hansen D, Santos M, Lies M. Evaluation of capillary zone electrophoresis for charge heterogeneity testing of monoclonal antibodies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 983-984:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wheeler TD, Sun JL, Pleiner S, Geier H, Dobberthien P, Studts J, Singh R, Fathollahi B. Microchip Zone Electrophoresis for High-Throughput Analysis of Monoclonal Antibody Charge Variants. Anal Chem 2014; 86:5416-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500497n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D. Wheeler
- Microfluidics R&D, Caliper, a PerkinElmer Company, 850 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda California 94501, United States
| | - Jing Lucy Sun
- Microfluidics R&D, Caliper, a PerkinElmer Company, 850 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda California 94501, United States
| | - Sina Pleiner
- Department of Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Holger Geier
- Department of Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Philine Dobberthien
- Department of Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Joey Studts
- Department of Process Science, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach, Germany
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Microfluidics R&D, Caliper, a PerkinElmer Company, 850 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda California 94501, United States
| | - Bahram Fathollahi
- Microfluidics R&D, Caliper, a PerkinElmer Company, 850 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda California 94501, United States
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Flores-Ortiz LF, Campos-García VR, Perdomo-Abúndez FC, Pérez NO, Medina-Rivero E. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RITUXIMAB. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Néstor O. Pérez
- a Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo , Tenancingo , Estado de México , México
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dengl S, Wehmer M, Hesse F, Lipsmeier F, Popp O, Lang K. Aggregation and Chemical Modification of Monoclonal Antibodies under Upstream Processing Conditions. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1380-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Quantitation of asparagine deamidation by isotope labeling and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Biochem 2013; 432:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Beck A, Wagner-Rousset E, Ayoub D, Van Dorsselaer A, Sanglier-Cianférani S. Characterization of Therapeutic Antibodies and Related Products. Anal Chem 2012; 85:715-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3032355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Elsa Wagner-Rousset
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Daniel Ayoub
- Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), 5 Av. Napoléon III, BP 60497, 74164 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois,
France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087, Strasbourg, France and CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Sanglier-Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie
de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, 25 rue Becquerel 67087, Strasbourg, France and CNRS, UMR7178, 67037 Strasbourg, France
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Du Y, Walsh A, Ehrick R, Xu W, May K, Liu H. Chromatographic analysis of the acidic and basic species of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2012; 4:578-85. [PMID: 22820257 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of multiple variants with differences in either charge, molecular weight or other properties is a common feature of monoclonal antibodies. These charge variants are generally referred to as acidic or basic compared with the main species. The chemical nature of the main species is usually well-understood, but understanding the chemical nature of acidic and basic species, and the differences between all three species, is critical for process development and formulation design. Complete understanding of acidic and basic species, however, is challenging because both species are known to contain multiple modifications, and it is likely that more modifications may be discovered. This review focuses on the current understanding of the modifications that can result in the generation of acidic and basic species and their affect on antibody structure, stability and biological functions. Chromatography elution profiles and several critical aspects regarding fraction collection and sample preparations necessary for detailed characterization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Du
- Merck Research Laboratories, Union, NJ, USA
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Signature biochemical properties of broadly cross-reactive HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in human plasma. J Virol 2012; 86:5014-25. [PMID: 22379105 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06547-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The common properties of broadly cross-reactive HIV-1 neutralization antibodies found in certain HIV-1-infected individuals holds significant value for understanding natural and vaccine-mediated anti-HIV immunity. Recent efforts have addressed this question by deriving neutralizing monoclonal anti-envelope antibodies from memory B cell pools of selected subjects. However, it has been more difficult to identify whether broadly neutralizing antibodies circulating in plasma possess shared characteristics among individuals. To address this question, we used affinity chromatography and isoelectric focusing to fractionate plasma immunoglobulin from 10 HIV-1-infected subjects (5 subjects with broad HIV-1 neutralizing activity and 5 controls). We find that plasma neutralizing activity typically partitions into at least two subsets of antibodies. Antibodies with restricted neutralization breadth have relatively neutral isoelectric points and preferentially bind to envelope monomers and trimers versus core antigens from which variable loops and other domains have been deleted. In comparison, broadly neutralizing antibodies account for a minor fraction of the total anti-envelope response. They are consistently distinguished by more basic isoelectric points and specificity for epitopes shared by monomeric gp120, gp120 core, or CD4-induced structures. Such biochemical properties might be exploited to reliably predict or produce broad anti-HIV immunity.
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