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Kido Y, Nanchi I, Matsuzaki T, Watari R, Kiyohara H, Seki N, Okuda T. Prediction of drug-drug interaction risk of P-glycoprotein substrate in drug discovery. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 56:101008. [PMID: 38663183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
We aimed at predicting the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates by using P-gp expressing LLC-PK1 cells and its knockout mice (KO). The area under the curve (AUC) of 16 marketed drugs and plasma concentration (Cplasma) of 207 screening compounds, with corrected efflux ratio (CER) ≥ 2, were compared between P-gp KO mice and wild type mice (WT). At permeability (Papp) ≥ 10 × 10-6 cm/s in parent LLC-PK1 cells, AUC ratios (KO/WT) and Cplasma ratios (KO/WT) of these compounds were within 3-fold. AUC ratios (KO/WT) of clinical P-gp substrates, with human AUC ratios with and without P-gp inhibitor administration ≥2, were higher than 8.7. These observations led us to establish a work-flow of P-gp substrate assessment with the threshold AUC ratio (KO/WT) ≥ 9 leading to a DDI risk of AUC ratio (human) ≥ 2. A screening compound showing high CER (=57.6) was found, but its AUC ratio (KO/WT) was 3.7, had been presumed to be a weak risk and its AUC ratio (human) was 1.2 in a later clinical DDI study. Our proposed workflow should be useful for predicting the DDI risk of P-gp substrates in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kido
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Watari
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hayato Kiyohara
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naomi Seki
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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Miyake T, Tsutsui H, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Morimoto K, Takehara S, Ayabe M, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y. Quantitative prediction of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions and intestinal absorption using humanized mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4335-4351. [PMID: 34232502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and affects pharmacokinetics, especially intestinal absorption. However, prediction, in vivo, of P-gp-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) and non-linear absorption at the preclinical stage, is challenging. Here we evaluate the use of human MDR1 mouse artificial chromosome (hMDR1-MAC) mice carrying human P-gp and lacking their own murine P-gp to quantitatively predict human P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The P-gp substrates (aliskiren, betrixaban, celiprolol, digoxin, fexofenadine and talinolol) were administered orally to wild-type, Mdr1a/b-knockout (KO) and hMDR1-MAC mice, and their plasma concentrations were measured. We calculated the ratio of area under the curve (AUCR) in mice (AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUCwild-type or AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUChMDR1-MAC ) estimated as attributable to complete P-gp inhibition and the human AUCR with and without P-gp inhibitor administration. The correlations of AUCRhuman with AUCRwild-type and AUCRhMDR1-MAC were investigated. For aliskiren, betrixaban and celiprolol, the Km and Vmax values for P-gp in hMDR1-MAC mice and humans were optimized from different dosing studies using GastroPlus. The correlations of Km and Vmax for P-gp between human and hMDR1-MAC mice were investigated. KEY RESULTS A better correlation between AUCRhuman and AUCRhMDR1-MAC (R2 = 0.88) was observed. Moreover, good relationships of Km (R2 = 1.00) and Vmax (R2 = 0.98) for P-gp between humans and hMDR1-MAC mice were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption can be predicted using hMDR1-MAC mice. These mice are a useful in vivo tool for quantitatively predicting P-gp-mediated disposition in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kayoko Morimoto
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Ayabe
- Discovery Technology Research Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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Tomaru A, Toshimoto K, Lee W, Ishigame K, Sugiyama Y. A Simple Decision Tree Suited for Identification of Early Oral Drug Candidates With Likely Pharmacokinetic Nonlinearity by Intestinal CYP3A Saturation. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:510-516. [PMID: 33137373 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify oral drugs that likely display nonlinear pharmacokinetics due to saturable metabolism by intestinal CYP3A, our previous report using CYP3A substrate drugs proposed an approach using thresholds for the linear index number (LIN3A = dose/Km; Km, Michaelis-Menten constant for CYP3A) and the intestinal availability (FaFg). Here, we aimed to extend the validity of the previous approach using both CYP3A substrate and non-substrate drugs and to devise a decision tree suited for early drug candidates using in vitro metabolic intrinsic clearance (CLint, vitro) instead of FaFg. Out of 152 oral drugs (including 136 drugs approved in Japan, US or both), type I nonlinearity (in which systemic drug exposure increases in a more than dose-proportional manner) was noted with 82 drugs (54%), among which 58 drugs were identified as CYP3A substrates based on public information. Based on practical feasibility, 41 drugs were selected from CYP3A substrates and subjected to in-house metabolic assessment. The results were used to determine the thresholds for CLint, vitro (0.45 μL/min/pmol CYP3A4) and LIN3A (1.0 L). For four drugs incorrectly predicted, potential mechanisms were looked up. Overall, our proposed decision tree may aid in the identification of early drug candidates with intestinal CYP3A-derived type I nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Tomaru
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiko Ishigame
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Kabeya T, Mima S, Imakura Y, Miyashita T, Ogura I, Yamada T, Yasujima T, Yuasa H, Iwao T, Matsunaga T. Pharmacokinetic functions of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:374-382. [PMID: 32651148 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.04.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To develop a novel intestinal drug absorption system using intestinal epithelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the cells must possess sufficient pharmacokinetic functions. However, the CYP3A4/5 activities of human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells prepared using conventional differentiation methods is low. Further, studies of the CYP3A4/5 activities of human iPS-derived and primary small intestinal cells are not available. To fill this gap in our knowledge, here we used forskolin to develop a new differentiation protocol that activates adenosine monophosphate signaling. mRNA expressions of human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells, such as small intestine markers, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and drug transporters, were comparable to or greater than those of the adult small intestine. The activities of CYP3A4/5 in the differentiated cells were equal to those of human primary small intestinal cells. The differentiated cells had P-glycoprotein and PEPT1 activities equivalent to those of Caco-2 cells. Differentiated cells were superior to Caco-2 cells for predicting the membrane permeability of drugs that were absorbed through a paracellular pathway and via drug transporters. In summary, here we produced human iPS cell-derived small intestinal epithelial cells with CYP3A4/5 activities equivalent to those of human primary small intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kabeya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mima
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Yuki Imakura
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Toshihide Miyashita
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Izumi Ogura
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Tadanori Yamada
- Bioscience & Engineering Laboratory, Research & Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yasujima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yuasa
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Suzuki K, Taniyama K, Aoyama T, Watanabe Y. Evaluation of the Role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-Mediated Efflux in the Intestinal Absorption of Common Substrates with Elacridar, a P-gp Inhibitor, in Rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:385-392. [PMID: 32078103 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-019-00602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been shown previously to contribute to the intestinal absorption of verapamil, diltiazem, tacrolimus, colchicine and indinavir in situ; however, its contribution in vivo is unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vivo involvement of P-gp using elacridar as its inhibitor to distinguish the contribution of P-gp from cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. METHODS Fexofenadine (5 mg/kg) and buspirone (1 mg/kg) were used as probe substrates of P-gp and CYP3A, respectively. Each dual substrate (1 or 2 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats after elacridar pre-treatment (3 mg/kg). Additionally, verapamil, diltiazem or tacrolimus was orally co-administered with fexofenadine. RESULTS Elacridar drastically increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-t) of oral fexofenadine by 8.6-fold; however, it did not affect the AUC0-t of oral buspirone. Therefore, elacridar inhibited P-gp without affecting CYP3A. The absorption of oral verapamil, diltiazem and tacrolimus was not influenced by elacridar pre-treatment, and the increase in the AUC0-t of fexofenadine was approximately 3-fold when co-administered with each substrate; the minimal effect of elacridar was attributable to the limited contribution of P-gp but not to their self-inhibition against the transporter. Conversely, elacridar significantly increased the AUC0-t of colchicine (5.3-fold) and indinavir (2.0-fold), indicating that P-gp contributes to their absorption. CONCLUSIONS Elacridar is useful for distinguishing the contribution of P-gp from CYP3A to the absorption of drugs in rats. The in vivo contribution of P-gp is minimal for high permeable compounds owing to their fraction absorbed of nearly 1.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Exploratory Research Section III, Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research Department, TOA EIYO LTD., 1, Yuno-tanaka, Iizaka-machi, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-0280, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Taniyama
- Exploratory Research Section III, Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research Department, TOA EIYO LTD., 1, Yuno-tanaka, Iizaka-machi, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-0280, Japan.
| | - Takao Aoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Exploratory Research Section III, Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research Department, TOA EIYO LTD., 1, Yuno-tanaka, Iizaka-machi, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, 960-0280, Japan
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Suzuki K, Taniyama K, Aoyama T, Watanabe Y. Usefulness of novobiocin as a selective inhibitor of intestinal breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) in rats. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1121-1127. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1708514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research department, TOA EIYO LTD., Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Taniyama
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research department, TOA EIYO LTD., Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takao Aoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Watanabe
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Drug Research department, TOA EIYO LTD., Fukushima, Japan
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Lee N, Maeda K, Fukizawa S, Ieiri I, Tomaru A, Akao H, Takeda K, Iwadare M, Niwa O, Masauji T, Yamane N, Kajinami K, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Microdosing clinical study to clarify pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic characteristics of atorvastatin in Japanese hypercholesterolemic patients. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:387-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li Z, Gao Y, Yang C, Xiang Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Su R, Lu C, Zhuang X. Assessment and Confirmation of Species Difference in Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Atipamezole with Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 48:41-51. [PMID: 31699808 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atipamezole, an α 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, displayed nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) in rats. The aim of this study was to understand the underlying mechanisms of nonlinear PK in rats and linear PK in humans and develop physiologically based PK models (PBPK) to capture and validate this phenomenon. In vitro and in vivo data were generated to show that metabolism is the main clearance pathway of atipamezole and species differences exist. Where cytochrome P450 (P450) was responsible for the metabolism in rats with a low Michaelis constant, human-specific UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B10- and 1A4-mediated N-glucuronidation was identified as the leading contributor to metabolism in humans with a high V max capacity. Saturation of metabolism was observed in rats at pharmacologically relevant doses, but not in humans at clinically relevant doses. PBPK models were developed using GastroPlus software to predict the PK profile of atipamezole in rats after intravenous or intramuscular administration of 0.1 to 3 mg/kg doses. The model predicted the nonlinear PK of atipamezole in rats and predicted observed exposures within 2-fold across dose levels. Under the same model structure, a human PBPK model was developed using human in vitro metabolism data. The PBPK model well described human concentration-time profiles at 10-100 mg doses showing dose-proportional increases in exposure. This study demonstrated that PBPK is a useful tool to predict human PK when interspecies extrapolation is not applicable. The nonlinear PK in rat and linear PK in human were characterized in vitro and allowed the prospective human PK via intramuscular dosing to be predicted at the preclinical stage. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrated that PBPK is a useful tool for predicting human PK when interspecies extrapolation is not applicable due to species unique metabolism. Atipamezole, for example, is metabolized by P450 in rats and by N-glucuronidation in humans that were hypothesized to be the underlying reasons for a nonlinear PK in rats and linear PK in humans. This was testified by PBPK simulation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - You Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Chunmiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Yanan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Wenpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Ruibin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Chuang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China (Z.L., Y.G., C.Y., Y.X., W.Z., T.Z., R.S., X.Z.); and Department of DMPK, Sanofi Company, Waltham, Massachusetts (C.L.)
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Świerczek A, Wyska E, Pociecha K, Baś S, Mlynarski J. Influence of inflammatory disorders on pharmacokinetics of lisofylline in rats: implications for studies in humans. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1209-1220. [PMID: 30526201 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1542516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Despite the number of favourable properties of lisofylline (LSF), clinical trials on this compound have not yielded the expected results yet. 2. The aims of this study were to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of LSF enantiomers in rats following intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration of (±)-LSF and to assess the influence of experimental inflammatory disorders, such as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and severe sepsis on LSF pharmacokinetics. 3. In addition, based on the results obtained an attempt was made to elucidate the possible reasons for the failure of LSF therapy in clinical trials carried out in patients with severe inflammatory disorders. 4. A subcutaneous route of (±)-LSF administration to rats is more favourable than an oral one due to a high bioavailability and a fast absorption of both LSF enantiomers. Pharmacokinetics of LSF in rats is significantly influenced by inflammatory diseases. Too low LSF serum levels might have been one of the reasons for clinical trial failures. A long-term i.v. infusion of LSF seems to be more effective compared to short-term multiple infusions that were used in clinical trials, as it may provide concentrations above IC50 for inhibition of both TNF-alpha release and cAMP degradation in serum for a longer period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Świerczek
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wyska
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pociecha
- a Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Cracow , Poland
| | - Sebastian Baś
- b Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
| | - Jacek Mlynarski
- b Faculty of Chemistry , Jagiellonian University , Cracow , Poland
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Yamamoto S, Kosugi Y, Hirabayashi H, Moriwaki T. Impact of P-Glycoprotein on Intestinal Absorption of an Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Antagonist in Rats: Mechanisms of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Food Effects. Pharm Res 2018; 35:190. [PMID: 30105478 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the effects of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed in the intestine on the nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) of T-3256336, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibitor, and food effects on its bioavailability in rats. METHODS To investigate the factors that contribute to nonlinear PK of T-3256336 in the intestine and liver, rats double-cannulated in the portal vein and femoral artery (PS rats) were used. FaFg (Fa, absorption ratio; Fg, intestinal availability) and hepatic availability (Fh) were simultaneously evaluated based on the difference between the portal and systemic blood area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Elacridar was used as a P-gp inhibitor to assess the impact of P-gp on the intestinal absorption. RESULTS After oral administration of T-3256336 to PS rats at 3 and 30 mg/kg, FaFg value increased with dose escalation, whereas Fh value was nearly constant. Moreover, co-administration of elacridar resulted in a 5-fold increase in the FaFg value at 3 mg/kg. The AUC value of T-3256336 under fed conditions was 3-fold lower than that under fasted conditions. This food effect on the oral bioavailability (BA) was reduced by concomitant administration of elacridar. CONCLUSION P-gp expressed in the intestine would cause nonlinear PK and a food effect on BA of T-3256336 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yohei Kosugi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiya Moriwaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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Bagal SK, Andrews M, Bechle BM, Bian J, Bilsland J, Blakemore DC, Braganza JF, Bungay PJ, Corbett MS, Cronin CN, Cui JJ, Dias R, Flanagan NJ, Greasley SE, Grimley R, James K, Johnson E, Kitching L, Kraus ML, McAlpine I, Nagata A, Ninkovic S, Omoto K, Scales S, Skerratt SE, Sun J, Tran-Dubé M, Waldron GJ, Wang F, Warmus JS. Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Peripherally Restricted Pan-Trk Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pain. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6779-6800. [PMID: 29944371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hormones of the neurotrophin family, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4), are known to activate the family of Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC). Moreover, inhibition of the TrkA kinase pathway in pain has been clinically validated by the NGF antibody tanezumab, leading to significant interest in the development of small molecule inhibitors of TrkA. Furthermore, Trk inhibitors having an acceptable safety profile will require minimal brain availability. Herein, we discuss the discovery of two potent, selective, peripherally restricted, efficacious, and well-tolerated series of pan-Trk inhibitors which successfully delivered three candidate quality compounds 10b, 13b, and 19. All three compounds are predicted to possess low metabolic clearance in human that does not proceed via aldehyde oxidase-catalyzed reactions, thus addressing the potential clearance prediction liability associated with our current pan-Trk development candidate PF-06273340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Mark Andrews
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , Sandwich , Kent CT13 9NJ , U.K
| | - Bruce M Bechle
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Jianwei Bian
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - James Bilsland
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - David C Blakemore
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - John F Braganza
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Peter J Bungay
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism , Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Matthew S Corbett
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ciaran N Cronin
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Jingrong Jean Cui
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Rebecca Dias
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Neil J Flanagan
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Samantha E Greasley
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Rachel Grimley
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Kim James
- Peakdale Molecular , Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road , Sandwich CT13 9ND , U.K
| | - Eric Johnson
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Linda Kitching
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Michelle L Kraus
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Indrawan McAlpine
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Asako Nagata
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Sacha Ninkovic
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Stephanie Scales
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Sarah E Skerratt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Jianmin Sun
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Michelle Tran-Dubé
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Gareth J Waldron
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Fen Wang
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive , San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Joseph S Warmus
- Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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12
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Bagal SK, Omoto K, Blakemore DC, Bungay PJ, Bilsland JG, Clarke PJ, Corbett MS, Cronin CN, Cui JJ, Dias R, Flanagan NJ, Greasley SE, Grimley R, Johnson E, Fengas D, Kitching L, Kraus ML, McAlpine I, Nagata A, Waldron GJ, Warmus JS. Discovery of Allosteric, Potent, Subtype Selective, and Peripherally Restricted TrkA Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 62:247-265. [PMID: 29672039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC) are activated by hormones of the neurotrophin family: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). Moreover, the NGF antibody tanezumab has provided clinical proof of concept for inhibition of the TrkA kinase pathway in pain leading to significant interest in the development of small molecule inhibitors of TrkA. However, achieving TrkA subtype selectivity over TrkB and TrkC via a Type I and Type II inhibitor binding mode has proven challenging and Type III or Type IV allosteric inhibitors may present a more promising selectivity design approach. Furthermore, TrkA inhibitors with minimal brain availability are required to deliver an appropriate safety profile. Herein, we describe the discovery of a highly potent, subtype selective, peripherally restricted, efficacious, and well-tolerated series of allosteric TrkA inhibitors that culminated in the delivery of candidate quality compound 23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - David C Blakemore
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Peter J Bungay
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism , Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - James G Bilsland
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Philip J Clarke
- Peakdale Molecular , Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road , Sandwich , Kent CT13 9ND , U.K
| | - Matthew S Corbett
- Pfizer Global R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ciaran N Cronin
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - J Jean Cui
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Rebecca Dias
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Neil J Flanagan
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Samantha E Greasley
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Rachel Grimley
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Eric Johnson
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - David Fengas
- Peakdale Molecular , Discovery Park House, Ramsgate Road , Sandwich , Kent CT13 9ND , U.K
| | - Linda Kitching
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Michelle L Kraus
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Indrawan McAlpine
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Asako Nagata
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla Laboratories , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego , California 92121 , United States
| | - Gareth J Waldron
- Pfizer Global R&D U.K. , The Portway Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GS , U.K
| | - Joseph S Warmus
- Pfizer Global R&D, Groton Laboratories , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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13
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Impact of ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms on plasma trough concentrations of apixaban in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2018; 27:329-336. [PMID: 28678049 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During anticoagulant therapy, major bleeding is one of the most severe adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between ABCB1, ABCG2, and CYP3A5 polymorphisms and plasma trough concentrations of apixaban, a direct inhibitor of coagulation factor X. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 70 plasma concentrations of apixaban from 44 Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation were analyzed. In these analyses, the plasma trough concentration/dose (C/D) ratio of apixaban was used as a pharmacokinetic index and all data were stratified according to the presence of ABCB1 (ABCB1 1236C>T, 2677G>T/A, and 3435C>T), ABCG2 (ABCG2 421C>A), and CYP3A5 (CYP3A5*3) polymorphisms. Influences of various clinical laboratory parameters (age, serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, aspartate amino transferase, and alanine amino transferase) on the plasma trough C/D ratio of apixaban were included in analyses. RESULTS Although no ABCB1 polymorphisms affected the plasma trough C/D ratio of apixaban, the plasma trough C/D ratio of apixaban was significantly higher in patients with the ABCG2 421A/A genotype than in patients with the ABCG2 421C/C genotype (P<0.01). The plasma trough C/D ratio of apixaban in patients with CYP3A5*1/*3 or *3/*3 genotypes was also significantly higher than that in patients with the CYP3A5*1/*1 genotype (P<0.05). Furthermore, the plasma trough C/D ratio of apixaban decreased with increased estimated glomerular filtration rate. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ABCG2 421A/A and CYP3A5*3 genotypes and renal function are considered potential factors affecting trough concentrations of apixaban.
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14
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El-Kattan AF, Varma MVS. Navigating Transporter Sciences in Pharmacokinetics Characterization Using the Extended Clearance Classification System. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:729-739. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.080044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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15
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Steffansen B, Pedersen MD, Laghmoch AM, Nielsen CU. SGLT1-Mediated Transport in Caco-2 Cells Is Highly Dependent on Cell Bank Origin. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2664-2670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Fukuchi Y, Toshimoto K, Mori T, Kakimoto K, Tobe Y, Sawada T, Asaumi R, Iwata T, Hashimoto Y, Nunoya KI, Imawaka H, Miyauchi S, Sugiyam Y. Analysis of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of a Highly Albumin-Bound Compound: Contribution of Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Mechanism. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2704-2714. [PMID: 28465151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cause of nonlinear pharmacokinetics (PK) (more than dose-proportional increase in exposure) of a urea derivative under development (compound A: anionic compound [pKa: 4.4]; LogP: 6.5; and plasma protein binding: 99.95%) observed in a clinical trial was investigated. Compound A was metabolized by CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and UGT1A3 with unbound Km of 3.3-17.8 μmol/L. OATP1B3-mediated uptake of compound A determined in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA) showed that unbound Km and Vmax decreased with increased HSA concentration. A greater decrease in unbound Km than in Vmax resulted in increased uptake clearance (Vmax/unbound Km) with increased HSA concentration, the so-called albumin-mediated uptake. At 2% HSA concentration, unbound Km was 0.00657 μmol/L. A physiologically based PK model assuming saturable hepatic uptake nearly replicated clinical PK of compound A. Unbound Km for hepatic uptake estimated from the model was 0.000767 μmol/L, lower than the in vitro unbound Km at 2% HSA concentration, whereas decreased Km with increased concentration of HSA in vitro indicated lower Km at physiological HSA concentration (4%-5%). In addition, unbound Km values for metabolizing enzymes were much higher than unbound Km for OATP1B3, indicating that the nonlinear PK of compound A is primarily attributed to saturated OATP1B3-mediated hepatic uptake of compound A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Fukuchi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takanori Mori
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakimoto
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshifusa Tobe
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sawada
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryuta Asaumi
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Iwata
- Oncology Clinical Development Planning, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Translational Medicine Center, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nunoya
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruo Imawaka
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Seiji Miyauchi
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyam
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Nicolas JM, Bouzom F, Hugues C, Ungell AL. Oral drug absorption in pediatrics: the intestinal wall, its developmental changes and current tools for predictions. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:209-230. [PMID: 27976409 PMCID: PMC5516238 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dissolution, intestinal absorption and presystemic metabolism of a drug depend on its physicochemical characteristics but also on numerous physiological (e.g. gastrointestinal pH, volume, transit time, morphology) and biochemical factors (e.g. luminal enzymes and flora, intestinal wall enzymes and transporters). Over the past decade, evidence has accumulated indicating that these factors may differ in children and adults resulting in age-related changes in drug exposure and drug response. Thus, drug dosage may require adjustment for the pediatric population to ensure the desired therapeutic outcome and to avoid side-effects. Although tremendous progress has been made in understanding the effects of age on intestinal physiology and function, significant knowledge gaps remain. Studying and predicting pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients remains challenging due to ethical concerns associated with clinical trials in this vulnerable population, and because of the paucity of predictive in vitro and in vivo animal assays. This review details the current knowledge related to developmental changes determining intestinal drug absorption and pre-systemic metabolism. Supporting experimental approaches as well as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling are also discussed together with their limitations and challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Nicolas
- Non-Clinical Development Department, UCB Biopharma sprl, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - François Bouzom
- Non-Clinical Development Department, UCB Biopharma sprl, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Chanteux Hugues
- Non-Clinical Development Department, UCB Biopharma sprl, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Non-Clinical Development Department, UCB Biopharma sprl, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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18
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Skerratt SE, Andrews M, Bagal SK, Bilsland J, Brown D, Bungay PJ, Cole S, Gibson KR, Jones R, Morao I, Nedderman A, Omoto K, Robinson C, Ryckmans T, Skinner K, Stupple P, Waldron G. The Discovery of a Potent, Selective, and Peripherally Restricted Pan-Trk Inhibitor (PF-06273340) for the Treatment of Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10084-10099. [PMID: 27766865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin family of growth factors, comprised of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4), is implicated in the physiology of chronic pain. Given the clinical efficacy of anti-NGF monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies, there is significant interest in the development of small molecule modulators of neurotrophin activity. Neurotrophins signal through the tropomyosin related kinase (Trk) family of tyrosine kinase receptors, hence Trk kinase inhibition represents a potentially "druggable" point of intervention. To deliver the safety profile required for chronic, nonlife threatening pain indications, highly kinase-selective Trk inhibitors with minimal brain availability are sought. Herein we describe how the use of SBDD, 2D QSAR models, and matched molecular pair data in compound design enabled the delivery of the highly potent, kinase-selective, and peripherally restricted clinical candidate PF-06273340.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Skerratt
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Mark Andrews
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Sharan K Bagal
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - James Bilsland
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - David Brown
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Peter J Bungay
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Susan Cole
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Karl R Gibson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Russell Jones
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Inaki Morao
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Angus Nedderman
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Colin Robinson
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Thomas Ryckmans
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Kimberly Skinner
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Paul Stupple
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, U.K
| | - Gareth Waldron
- Pfizer Global Research & Development , The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
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19
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Kim DS, Kim DW, Kim KS, Choi JS, Seo YG, Youn YS, Oh KT, Yong CS, Kim JO, Jin SG, Choi HG. Development of a novel l-sulpiride-loaded quaternary microcapsule: Effect of TPGS as an absorption enhancer on physicochemical characterization and oral bioavailability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 147:250-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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El-Kattan AF, Varma MV, Steyn SJ, Scott DO, Maurer TS, Bergman A. Projecting ADME Behavior and Drug-Drug Interactions in Early Discovery and Development: Application of the Extended Clearance Classification System. Pharm Res 2016; 33:3021-3030. [PMID: 27620173 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the utility of Extended Clearance Classification System (ECCS) in understanding absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) attributes and enabling victim drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions. METHODS A database of 368 drugs with relevant ADME parameters, main metabolizing enzymes, uptake transporters, efflux transporters, and highest change in exposure (%AUC) in presence of inhibitors was developed using published literature. Drugs were characterized according to ECCS using ionization, molecular weight and estimated permeability. RESULTS Analyses suggested that ECCS class 1A drugs are well absorbed and systemic clearance is determined by metabolism mediated by CYP2C, esterases, and UGTs. For class 1B drugs, oral absorption is high and the predominant clearance mechanism is hepatic uptake mediated by OATP transporters. High permeability neutral/basic drugs (class 2) showed high oral absorption, with metabolism mediated generally by CYP3A, CYP2D6 and UGTs as the predominant clearance mechanism. Class 3A/4 drugs showed moderate absorption with dominant renal clearance involving OAT/OCT2 transporters. Class 3B drugs showed low to moderate absorption with hepatic uptake (OATPs) and/or renal clearance as primary clearance mechanisms. The highest DDI risk is typically seen with class 2/1B/3B compounds manifested by inhibition of either CYP metabolism or active hepatic uptake. Class 2 showed a wider range in AUC change likely due to a variety of enzymes involved. DDI risk for class 3A/4 is small and associated with inhibition of renal transporters. CONCLUSIONS ECCS provides a framework to project ADME profiles and further enables prediction of victim DDI liabilities in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman F El-Kattan
- Pharmacokinetcis, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetcis, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stefan J Steyn
- Pharmacokinetcis, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis O Scott
- Pharmacokinetcis, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetcis, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Takano J, Maeda K, Bolger MB, Sugiyama Y. The Prediction of the Relative Importance of CYP3A/P-glycoprotein to the Nonlinear Intestinal Absorption of Drugs by Advanced Compartmental Absorption and Transit Model. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1808-1818. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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22
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Miyaji Y, Fujii Y, Takeyama S, Kawai Y, Kataoka M, Takahashi M, Yamashita S. Advantage of the Dissolution/Permeation System for Estimating Oral Absorption of Drug Candidates in the Drug Discovery Stage. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1564-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Miyaji
- Center
for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Yoshimine Fujii
- Center
for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shoko Takeyama
- Center
for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Yukinori Kawai
- Center
for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Center
for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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23
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Explication of Definitional Description and Empirical Use of Fraction of Orally Administered Drugs Absorbed From the Intestine (F a ) and Intestinal Availability (F g ): Effect of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A on F a and F g. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:431-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Lappin G. The expanding utility of microdosing. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2015; 4:401-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lappin
- Visiting Professor of Pharmacology; University of Lincoln, School of Pharmacy, Joseph Banks Laboratories; Lincoln UK
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Yano K, Mita S, Morimoto K, haraguchi T, arakawa H, Yoshida M, Yamashita F, Uchida T, Ogihara T. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Indicates Association of P-Glycoprotein Substrate or Inhibitor Character with Bitterness Intensity Measured with a Sensor. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:2789-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual spray formulation of the antimalarial drug artemether in healthy adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3197-207. [PMID: 25801553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05013-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of sublingual artemether (ArTiMist) was investigated in two open-label studies. In study 1, 16 healthy males were randomized to each of four single-dose treatments administered in random order: (i) 15.0 mg of sublingual artemether (5 × 3.0 actuations), (ii) 30.0 mg of sublingual artemether (10 × 3.0 mg), (iii) 30.0 mg of sublingual artemether (5 × 6.0 mg), and (iv) 30.0 mg of artemether in tablet form. In study 2, 16 healthy males were randomized to eight 30.0-mg doses of sublingual artemether given over 5 days as either 10 3.0-mg or 5 6.0-mg actuations. Frequent blood samples were drawn postdose. Plasma artemether and dihydroartemisinin levels were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Population compartmental pharmacokinetic models were developed. In study 1, sublingual artemether absorption was biphasic, with both rate constants being greater than that of the artemether tablets (1.46 and 1.66 versus 0.43/h, respectively). Relative to the tablets, sublingual artemether had greater bioavailability (≥1.24), with the greatest relative bioavailability occurring in the 30.0-mg dose groups (≥1.58). In study 2, there was evidence that the first absorption phase accounted for between 32% and 69% of the total dose and avoided first-pass (FP) metabolism, with an increase in FP metabolism occurring in later versus earlier doses but with no difference in bioavailability between the dose actuations. Sublingual artemether is more rapidly and completely absorbed than are equivalent doses of artemether tablets in healthy adults. Its disposition appears to be complex, with two absorption phases, the first representing pregastrointestinal absorption, as well as dose-dependent bioavailability and autoinduction of metabolism with multiple dosing.
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Bagal S, Bungay P. Restricting CNS penetration of drugs to minimise adverse events: role of drug transporters. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 12:e79-85. [PMID: 25027378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Some drug discovery approaches can benefit from restricting the access of compounds to the central nervous system (CNS) to minimise the risk of side-effects. Designing compounds that act as substrates for efflux transporters in the blood–brain barrier can achieve CNS restriction without significantly impairing absorption in the intestine. In vitro assays can be deployed to optimise a balance between passive permeability and active efflux via the ABC family transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) whilst in vivo estimates of distribution of unbound concentrations of drug are needed to understand pharmacologically relevant exposure in peripheral and central compartments. This strategy can deliver significant CNS restriction whilst retaining good oral bioavailability, cell penetration and pharmacological activity. The possible risks of targeting P-gp and BCRP in orally delivered drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great, Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Peter Bungay
- Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, UK
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Suzuki M, Komura H, Yoshikawa T, Enya S, Nagao A, Takubo H, Kogayu M. Characterization of gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin involving influx and efflux transporter in rats: application of mdr1a knockout (-/-) rats into absorption study of multiple transporter substrate. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1039-45. [PMID: 24839994 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.920551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was aimed to characterize gastrointestinal absorption of digoxin using wild-type (WT) and multidrug resistance protein 1a [mdr1a; P-glycoprotein (P-gp)] knockout (-/-) rats. 2. In WT rats, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of oral digoxin increased after oral pretreatment with quinidine at 30 mg/kg compared with non-treatment, but the increasing ratio tended to decrease at a high dose of 100 mg/kg. In mdr1a (-/-) rats, however, quinidine pretreatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in the AUC. 3. Quinidine pretreatment did not alter the hepatic availability of digoxin, indicating that the changes in the digoxin AUC were attributable to inhibition of the absorption process by quinidine; i.e. inhibition of influx by quinidine in mdr1a (-/-) rats and inhibition of efflux and influx by quinidine in WT rats. 4. An in situ rat intestinal closed loop study using naringin implied that organic anion transporting peptide (Oatp) 1a5 may be a responsible transporter in the absorption of digoxin. 5. These findings imply that the rat absorption behavior of digoxin is possibly governed by Oatp1a5-mediated influx and P-gp-mediated efflux. The mdr1a (-/-) rat is therefore a useful in vivo tool to investigate drug absorption associated with multiple transporters including P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoya Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute , Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka , Japan
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Nkansah P, Antipas A, Lu Y, Varma M, Rotter C, Rago B, El-Kattan A, Taylor G, Rubio M, Litchfield J. Development and evaluation of novel solid nanodispersion system for oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2013; 169:150-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lappin G, Noveck R, Burt T. Microdosing and drug development: past, present and future. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:817-34. [PMID: 23550938 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.786042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microdosing is an approach to early drug development where exploratory pharmacokinetic data are acquired in humans using inherently safe sub-pharmacologic doses of drug. The first publication of microdose data was 10 years ago and this review comprehensively explores the microdose concept from conception, over the past decade, up until the current date. AREAS COVERED The authors define and distinguish the concept of microdosing from similar approaches. The authors review the ability of microdosing to provide exploratory pharmacokinetics (concentration-time data) but exclude microdosing using positron emission tomography. The article provides a comprehensive review of data within the peer-reviewed literature as well as the latest applications and a look into the future, towards where microdosing may be headed. EXPERT OPINION Evidence so far suggests that microdosing may be a better predictive tool of human pharmacokinetics than alternative methods and combination with physiologically based modelling may lead to much more reliable predictions in the future. The concept has also been applied to drug-drug interactions, polymorphism and assessing drug concentrations over time at its site of action. Microdosing may yet have more to offer in unanticipated directions and provide benefits that have not been fully realised to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lappin
- University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
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31
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Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Transporter biology in drug approval: Regulatory aspects. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:711-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Yoshida K, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Hepatic and Intestinal Drug Transporters: Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Effects Caused by Drug-Drug Interactions and Genetic Polymorphisms. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 53:581-612. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; ,
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; ,
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
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Schiffman SS, Rother KI. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:399-451. [PMID: 24219506 PMCID: PMC3856475 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.842523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sucralose is a synthetic organochlorine sweetener (OC) that is a common ingredient in the world's food supply. Sucralose interacts with chemosensors in the alimentary tract that play a role in sweet taste sensation and hormone secretion. In rats, sucralose ingestion was shown to increase the expression of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and two cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes in the intestine. P-gp and CYP are key components of the presystemic detoxification system involved in first-pass drug metabolism. The effect of sucralose on first-pass drug metabolism in humans, however, has not yet been determined. In rats, sucralose alters the microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), with relatively greater reduction in beneficial bacteria. Although early studies asserted that sucralose passes through the GIT unchanged, subsequent analysis suggested that some of the ingested sweetener is metabolized in the GIT, as indicated by multiple peaks found in thin-layer radiochromatographic profiles of methanolic fecal extracts after oral sucralose administration. The identity and safety profile of these putative sucralose metabolites are not known at this time. Sucralose and one of its hydrolysis products were found to be mutagenic at elevated concentrations in several testing methods. Cooking with sucralose at high temperatures was reported to generate chloropropanols, a potentially toxic class of compounds. Both human and rodent studies demonstrated that sucralose may alter glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. Taken together, these findings indicate that sucralose is not a biologically inert compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Schiffman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to Susan S. Schiffman, PhD, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7911, USA. E-mail:
| | - Kristina I. Rother
- Section on Pediatric Diabetes & Metabolism, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Plowright AT, Nilsson K, Antonsson M, Amin K, Broddefalk J, Jensen J, Lehmann A, Jin S, St-Onge S, Tomaszewski MJ, Tremblay M, Walpole C, Wei Z, Yang H, Ulander J. Discovery of Agonists of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 with Restricted Central Nervous System Penetration Aimed for Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J Med Chem 2012; 56:220-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301511h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alleyn T. Plowright
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Karolina Nilsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Madeleine Antonsson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Kosrat Amin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Johan Broddefalk
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Jörgen Jensen
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Anders Lehmann
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
| | - Shujuan Jin
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Stephane St-Onge
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Mirosław J. Tomaszewski
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Maxime Tremblay
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Christopher Walpole
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Zhongyong Wei
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, 7171 Frederick-Banting, Saint-Laurent,
Quebec, H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Johan Ulander
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43183,
Sweden
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Bagal SK, Bungay PJ. Minimizing Drug Exposure in the CNS while Maintaining Good Oral Absorption. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:948-50. [PMID: 24900411 DOI: 10.1021/ml300378n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In some drug discovery approaches, it is advantageous to restrict the access of compounds to the CNS to minimize the risk of side effects. By choosing appropriate physicochemical properties and building in the ability to act as substrates for active efflux transporters, it is possible to achieve CNS restriction and still retain sufficient absorption through the intestinal epithelium to retain good oral bioavailability. Potential risks in employing this approach are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K. Bagal
- Pfizer Neusentis, Portway
Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, United
Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Bungay
- Pfizer Neusentis, Portway
Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, United
Kingdom
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Kusuhara H, Furuie H, Inano A, Sunagawa A, Yamada S, Wu C, Fukizawa S, Morimoto N, Ieiri I, Morishita M, Sumita K, Mayahara H, Fujita T, Maeda K, Sugiyama Y. Pharmacokinetic interaction study of sulphasalazine in healthy subjects and the impact of curcumin as an in vivo inhibitor of BCRP. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1793-803. [PMID: 22300367 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE An ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/ABCG2, limits oral bioavailability of sulphasalazine. Here we examined the effect of curcumin, the principal curcuminoid of turmeric, on oral bioavailability of microdoses and therapeutic doses of sulphasalazine in humans. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of curcumin were measured on the ATP-dependent sulphasalazine uptake by hBCRP-expressing membrane vesicles and on oral bioavailability of sulphasalazine in wild-type and Bcrp(-/-) mice. Eight healthy Japanese subjects received an oral dose of sulphasalazine suspension (100 µg) or tablets (2 g) alone or after curcumin tablets (2 g). Uptake of sulphasalazine was studied in HEK293 cells transfected with the influx transporter (OATP)2B1. KEY RESULTS Curcumin was a potent hBCRP inhibitor in vitro (K(i) 0.70 ± 0.41 µM). Curcumin increased the area under the curve (AUC)(0-8) of plasma sulphasalazine eightfold in wild-type mice at 300 and 400 mg·kg(-1), but not in Bcrp(-/-) mice. Curcumin increased AUC(0-24) of plasma sulphasalazine 2.0-fold at microdoses and 3.2-fold at therapeutic doses in humans. Non-linearity of the dose-exposure relationship was observed between microdoses and therapeutic doses of sulphasalazine. Sulphasalazine was a substrate for OATP2B1 (K(m) 1.7 ± 0.3 µM). Its linear index (dose/K(m)) at the therapeutic dose was high and may saturate OATP2B1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Curcumin can be used to investigate effects of BCRP on oral bioavailability of drugs in humans. Besides the limited dissolution, OATP2B1 saturation is a possible mechanism underlying non-linearity in the dose-exposure relationship of sulphasalazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rowland M. Microdosing: A Critical Assessment of Human Data. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4067-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Won CS, Oberlies NH, Paine MF. Mechanisms underlying food-drug interactions: inhibition of intestinal metabolism and transport. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:186-201. [PMID: 22884524 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Food-drug interaction studies are critical to evaluate appropriate dosing, timing, and formulation of new drug candidates. These interactions often reflect prandial-associated changes in the extent and/or rate of systemic drug exposure. Physiologic and physicochemical mechanisms underlying food effects on drug disposition are well-characterized. However, biochemical mechanisms involving drug metabolizing enzymes and transport proteins remain underexplored. Several plant-derived beverages have been shown to modulate enzymes and transporters in the intestine, leading to altered pharmacokinetic (PK) and potentially negative pharmacodynamic (PD) outcomes. Commonly consumed fruit juices, teas, and alcoholic drinks contain phytochemicals that inhibit intestinal cytochrome P450 and phase II conjugation enzymes, as well as uptake and efflux transport proteins. Whereas myriad phytochemicals have been shown to inhibit these processes in vitro, translation to the clinic has been deemed insignificant or undetermined. An overlooked prerequisite for elucidating food effects on drug PK is thorough knowledge of causative bioactive ingredients. Substantial variability in bioactive ingredient composition and activity of a given dietary substance poses a challenge in conducting robust food-drug interaction studies. This confounding factor can be addressed by identifying and characterizing specific components, which could be used as marker compounds to improve clinical trial design and quantitatively predict food effects. Interpretation and integration of data from in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies require collaborative expertise from multiple disciplines, from botany to clinical pharmacology (i.e., plant to patient). Development of more systematic methods and guidelines is needed to address the general lack of information on examining drug-dietary substance interactions prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Won
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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