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Boinpally R, Borbridge L, Wangsadipura V. Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Atogepant Co-administered with Quinidine Gluconate in Healthy Participants: A Phase 1, Open-Label, Drug-Drug Interaction Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024. [PMID: 38702918 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Atogepant, an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, is approved for the preventive treatment of migraine. Atogepant is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein, organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters, and cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 and 2D6. Quinidine is a strong P-gp and CYP2D6 inhibitor. A phase 1 open-label study evaluated the effect of P-gp and CYP2D6 inhibition by quinidine on the pharmacokinetics of atogepant, and the safety and tolerability of atogepant and quinidine gluconate (QG) when co-administered and when given alone in 33 healthy adults. There was no significant change in the atogepant maximum plasma concentration with QG co-administration. The overall systemic exposure, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (from time 0 to time t or to infinity), of atogepant increased by 25% when co-administered with QG. However, such an increase was not considered clinically relevant. Atogepant did not alter the mean plasma concentration of quinidine at steady state. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was highest when QG was administered alone (42.4%), which was primarily due to QT prolongation. Most TEAEs reported were mild in severity and resolved within 1-2 days. Co-administration of atogepant with QG did not result in any unexpected tolerability findings in this phase 1 study in healthy participants. The increase in atogepant exposure during QG co-administration could be due to inhibition of CYP2D6 (a minor contributor to atogepant clearance) as well as inhibition of P-gp.
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Rask-Madsen C, Katragadda S, Li M, Ucpinar S, Chinn L, Arora P, Smith P. Effects of Quinidine or Rifampin Co-administration on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Rilzabrutinib (PRN1008) in Healthy Participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024. [PMID: 38623935 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This open-label, phase 1 study was conducted with healthy adult participants to evaluate the potential drug-drug interaction between rilzabrutinib and quinidine (an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein [P-gp] and CYP2D6) or rifampin (an inducer of CYP3A and P-gp). Plasma concentrations of rilzabrutinib were measured after a single oral dose of rilzabrutinib 400 mg administered on day 1 and again, following a wash-out period, after co-administration of rilzabrutinib and quinidine or rifampin. Specifically, quinidine was given at a dose of 300 mg every 8 hours for 5 days from day 7 to day 11 (N = 16) while rifampin was given as 600 mg once daily for 11 days from day 7 to day 17 (N = 16) with rilzabrutinib given in the morning of day 10 (during quinidine dosing) or day 16 (during rifampin dosing). Quinidine had no significant effect on rilzabrutinib pharmacokinetics. Rifampin decreased rilzabrutinib exposure (the geometric mean of Cmax and AUC0-∞ decreased by 80.5% and 79.5%, respectively). Single oral doses of rilzabrutinib, with or without quinidine or rifampin, appeared to be well tolerated. These findings indicate that rilzabrutinib is a substrate for CYP3A but not a substrate for P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Katragadda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Sibel Ucpinar
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Leslie Chinn
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Puneet Arora
- Department of Clinical, Inflammation and Immunology, Sanofi, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Smith
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara, Parsippany, NJ, USA
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Yuan T, Wang Y, Jin Y, Yang H, Xu S, Zhang H, Chen Q, Li N, Ma X, Song H, Peng C, Geng Z, Dong J, Duan G, Sun Q, Yang Y, Yang F, Huang Z. Coupling of Slack and Na V1.6 sensitizes Slack to quinidine blockade and guides anti-seizure strategy development. eLife 2024; 12:RP87559. [PMID: 38289338 PMCID: PMC10942592 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Quinidine has been used as an anticonvulsant to treat patients with KCNT1-related epilepsy by targeting gain-of-function KCNT1 pathogenic mutant variants. However, the detailed mechanism underlying quinidine's blockade against KCNT1 (Slack) remains elusive. Here, we report a functional and physical coupling of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.6 and Slack. NaV1.6 binds to and highly sensitizes Slack to quinidine blockade. Homozygous knockout of NaV1.6 reduces the sensitivity of native sodium-activated potassium currents to quinidine blockade. NaV1.6-mediated sensitization requires the involvement of NaV1.6's N- and C-termini binding to Slack's C-terminus and is enhanced by transient sodium influx through NaV1.6. Moreover, disrupting the Slack-NaV1.6 interaction by viral expression of Slack's C-terminus can protect against SlackG269S-induced seizures in mice. These insights about a Slack-NaV1.6 complex challenge the traditional view of 'Slack as an isolated target' for anti-epileptic drug discovery efforts and can guide the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for KCNT1-related epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yifan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yuchen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Heng Zhang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Xinyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Huifang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Ze Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Jie Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Guifang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Fan Yang
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang UniversityZhejiangChina
- Department of Biophysics, Kidney Disease Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science CenterBeijingChina
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking UniversityBeijingChina
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Kovalenko V, Císařová I. Resolution by diastereomeric salts: Access to both enantiomers of racemic acid using the same enantiomer of resolving base. Chirality 2023; 35:1012-1018. [PMID: 37497758 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Racemic carboxylic acid, a Diels-Alder cycloadduct derived from 5-bromo-3-phenyl-α-pyrone and acrylate dienophile, was resolved into enantiomers by diastereomeric salt crystallization. Quinidine was used as a sole resolving base. The salt of (+)-acid crystallized from aqueous acetonitrile solution. Once this salt was separated by filtration, quinidine salt with (-)-acid crystallized from mother liquor. As a result, both enantiomers of Diels-Alder cycloadduct were isolated in high enantiomeric purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Maxim Tank Belarusian State Educational University, Minsk, Belarus
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Fedotcheva T, Shimanovsky N, Fedotcheva N. Specific Features of Mitochondrial Dysfunction under Conditions of Ferroptosis Induced by t-Butylhydroperoxide and Iron: Protective Role of the Inhibitors of Lipid Peroxidation and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore Opening. Membranes (Basel) 2023; 13:372. [PMID: 37103799 PMCID: PMC10145271 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated the critical importance of mitochondria in the induction and progression of ferroptosis. There is evidence indicating that tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH), a lipid-soluble organic peroxide, is capable of inducing ferroptosis-type cell death. We investigated the effect of TBH on the induction of nonspecific membrane permeability measured by mitochondrial swelling and on oxidative phosphorylation and NADH oxidation assessed by NADH fluo rescence. TBH and iron, as well as their combinations, induced, with a respective decrease in the lag phase, the swelling of mitochondria, inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and stimulated NADH oxidation. The lipid radical scavenger butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), the inhibitor of mitochondrial phospholipase iPLA2γ bromoenol lactone (BEL), and the inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening cyclosporine A (CsA) were equally effective in protecting these mitochondrial functions. The radical-trapping antioxidant ferrostatin-1, a known indicator of ferroptotic alteration, restricted the swelling but was less effective than BHT. ADP and oligomycin significantly decelerated iron- and TBH-induced swelling, confirming the involvement of MPTP opening in mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, our data showed the participation of phospholipase activation, lipid peroxidation, and the MPTP opening in the mitochondria-dependent ferroptosis. Presumably, their involvement took place at different stages of membrane damage initiated by ferroptotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Fedotcheva
- Science Research Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovityanova St. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nikolai Shimanovsky
- Science Research Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovityanova St. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Fedotcheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 3, Pushchino 142290, Russia
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Dextromethorphan/bupropion (Auvelity) for depression. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2022; 64:201-3. [PMID: 36542346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Miziak B, Czuczwar SJ. Approaches for the discovery of drugs that target K Na 1.1 channels in KCNT1-associated epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1313-1328. [PMID: 36408599 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2150164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are approximately 70 million people with epilepsy and about 30% of patients are not satisfactorily treated. A link between gene mutations and epilepsy is well documented. A number of pathological variants of KCNT1 gene (encoding the weakly voltage-dependent sodium-activated potassium channel - KNa 1.1) mutations has been found. For instance, epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures, autosomal sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy or Ohtahara syndrome have been associated with KCNT1 gene mutations. AREAS COVERED Several methods for studies on KNa 1.1 channels have been reviewed - patch clamp analysis, Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy and whole-exome sequencing. The authors also review available drugs for the management of KCNT1 epilepsies. EXPERT OPINION The current methods enable deeper insights into electrophysiology of KNa 1.1 channels or its functioning in different activation states. It is also possible to identify a given KCNT1 mutation. Quinidine and cannabidiol show variable efficacy as add-on to baseline antiepileptic drugs so more effective treatments are required. A combined approach with the methods shown above, in silico methods and the animal model of KCNT1 epilepsies seems likely to create personalized treatment of patients with KCNT1 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Miziak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Fedotcheva T, Shimanovsky N, Fedotcheva N. Involvement of Multidrug Resistance Modulators in the Regulation of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12090890. [PMID: 36135908 PMCID: PMC9502193 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The permeability transition pore in mitochondria (MPTP) and the ATP-binding cassette transporters (АВС transporters) in cell membranes provide the efflux of low-molecular compounds across mitochondrial and cell membranes, respectively. The inhibition of ABC transporters, especially of those related to multi drug resistance (MDR) proteins, is an actively explored approach to enhance intracellular drug accumulation and increase thereby the efficiency of anticancer therapy. Although there is evidence showing the simultaneous effect of some inhibitors on both MDR-related proteins and mitochondrial functions, their influence on MPTP has not been previously studied. We examined the participation of verapamil and quinidine, classified now as the first generation of MDR modulators, and avermectin, which has recently been actively studied as an MDR inhibitor, in the regulation of the MPTP opening. In experiments on rat liver mitochondria, we found that quinidine lowered and verapamil increased the threshold concentrations of calcium ions required for MPTP opening, and that they both decreased the rate of calcium-induced swelling of mitochondria. These effects may be associated with the positive charge of the drugs and their aliphatic properties. Avermectin not only decreased the threshold concentration of calcium ions, but also by itself induced the opening of MPTP and the mitochondrial swelling inhibited by ADP and activated by carboxyatractyloside, the substrate and inhibitor of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), which suggests the involvement of ANT in the process. Thus, these data indicate an additional opportunity to evaluate the effectiveness of MDR modulators in the context of their influence on the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Fedotcheva
- Science Research Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovityanova St. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nikolai Shimanovsky
- Science Research Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Ostrovityanova St. 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Fedotcheva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya St. 3, Pushchino 142290, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Drugs for cognitive loss and dementia. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2022; 64:129-36. [PMID: 35984642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Xu D, Chen S, Yang J, Wang X, Fang Z, Li M. Precision therapy with quinidine of KCNT1-related epileptic disorders: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5096-5112. [PMID: 35940594 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Despite numerous studies on quinidine therapies for epilepsies associated with KCNT1 gene mutations, there is no consensus on its clinical utility. Thus, we reviewed studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of quinidine in KCNT1-related epileptic disorders. METHODS Electronic databases were queried for in vivo and in vitro studies on quinidine therapy in KCNT1-related epilepsies published on or before May 1st, 2022. The evaluation of evidence was done as per the American Academy of Neurology's classification scheme. Identification of significant factors that possibly influenced therapeutic effects of quinidine were performed using χ2 tests. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies containing 82 patient records were reviewed. Records of eighty patients with 33 KCNT1 mutations were analyzed, of which 20 patients had gained ≥50% seizure reduction due to quinidine therapy. However, quinidine therapy often had different effects on patients with the same KCNT1 mutation. Age, genotypes of KCNT1 mutations, seizure types and brain MRI did not significantly influence the therapeutic effect of quinidine. Prolonged QTc was the most common among all adverse events with quinidine. Notably, results of in vitro quinidine tests did not correspond with in vivo tests. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic effects of quinidine on KCNT1-related epilepsies remained indefinite as contradictory results were detected in similar patients. Age, seizure types, genotypes of KCNT1 mutations and brain MRI did not influence the therapeutic effects of quinidine. Insensitivity to quinidine by a certain Kcnt1 genotype in molecular tests predictive of its inefficacy in human populations of the respective mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Xu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of neurology, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Xiangyang, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Belhassen B, Tovia-Brodie O. Short-Coupled Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation: A Literature Review With Extended Follow-Up. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2022; 8:918-936. [PMID: 35597766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of aborted cardiac arrest. Recent studies have shown that short-coupled ventricular premature complexes are present at the onset of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation in 6.6%-17% of patients. The present review provided information on 86 patients with short-coupled malignant ventricular arrhythmias that were reported as case reports or small patient series during the last 70 years. In 75% of the 81 cases published during the last 40 years, extended information and follow-up (from 2.63 ± 4.5 to 10.67 ± 7.8 years; P < 0.001, between the original publication to the latest update) could be obtained from the authors. The review shows that short-coupled malignant ventricular arrhythmias occurred almost equally in males and females, at the mean age of 40 years. A tendency for later occurrence of the arrhythmia by 4 years was observed in females. A prior history of syncope was noted in 45.3% of the patients, whereas arrhythmic storm occurred in 42% at presentation. The most common mode of revelation of short-coupled malignant ventricular arrhythmias was syncope (53.5%), followed by aborted cardiac arrest (26.7%) and recurrent arrhythmic event after prior implantable-cardioverter defibrillator implantation for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (17.4%). For the first time, short-coupled malignant arrhythmias exhibiting "not-so-short" coupling intervals (≥350 ms) were found in a significant proportion of patients (17.4%). During long-term follow-up, quinidine yielded a slightly higher success rate in arrhythmia control than ablation. Larger studies are necessary to assess the best strategy for the management of this potentially lethal arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Belhassen
- Heart Institute, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Oholi Tovia-Brodie
- Jesselson Integrated Heart Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Liu R, Sun L, Wang Y, Jia M, Wang Q, Cai X, Wu J. Double-edged Role of K Na Channels in Brain Tuning: Identifying Epileptogenic Network Micro-Macro Disconnection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:916-928. [PMID: 34911427 PMCID: PMC9881102 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211215104829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is commonly recognized as a disease driven by generalized hyperexcited and hypersynchronous neural activity. Sodium-activated potassium channels (KNa channels), which are encoded by the Slo 2.2 and Slo 2.1 genes, are widely expressed in the central nervous system and considered as "brakes" to adjust neuronal adaptation through regulating action potential threshold or after-hyperpolarization under physiological condition. However, the variants in KNa channels, especially gain-of-function variants, have been found in several childhood epileptic conditions. Most previous studies focused on mapping the epileptic network on the macroscopic scale while ignoring the value of microscopic changes. Notably, paradoxical role of KNa channels working on individual neuron/microcircuit and the macroscopic epileptic expression highlights the importance of understanding epileptogenic network through combining microscopic and macroscopic methods. Here, we first illustrated the molecular and physiological function of KNa channels on preclinical seizure models and patients with epilepsy. Next, we summarized current hypothesis on the potential role of KNa channels during seizures to provide essential insight into what emerged as a micro-macro disconnection at different levels. Additionally, we highlighted the potential utility of KNa channels as therapeutic targets for developing innovative anti-seizure medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | - Meng Jia
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-18062552085; E-mail: Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-13319285082; E-mail:
| | - Jianping Wu
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China;,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China;,Address correspondence to these authors at the Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-18062552085; E-mail: Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tel: +0086-13319285082; E-mail:
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Bhardwaj R, Collins JL, Stringfellow J, Madonia J, Anderson MS, Finley JA, Stock DA, Coric V, Croop R, Bertz R. P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Transporter Inhibition by Cyclosporine and Quinidine on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Rimegepant in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:889-897. [PMID: 35304977 PMCID: PMC9311059 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rimegepant (Nurtec ODT)—an orally administered, small‐molecule calcitonin gene–related peptide receptor antagonist indicated for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine—is a substrate for both the P‐glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein transporters in vitro. We evaluated the effects of concomitant administration of strong inhibitors of these transporters on the pharmacokinetics of rimegepant in healthy subjects. This single‐center, open‐label, randomized study was conducted in 2 parts, both of which were 2‐period, 2‐sequence, crossover studies. Part 1 (n = 15) evaluated the effect of a single oral dose of 200‐mg cyclosporine, a strong inhibitor of the P‐glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein transporters, on the pharmacokinetics of rimegepant 75 mg. Part 2 (n = 12) evaluated the effect of a single oral dose of 600‐mg quinidine, a strong selective P‐glycoprotein transporter, on the pharmacokinetics of rimegepant 75 mg. Coadministration with cyclosporine showed an increase in rimegepant area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity and maximum observed concentration based on geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals [CIs]) of 1.6 (1.49‐1.72) and 1.41 (1.27‐1.57), respectively, versus rimegepant alone. Coadministration with quinidine showed an increase in rimegepant area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to infinity and maximum observed concentration geometric mean ratios (90% CIs) of 1.55 (1.40‐1.72) and 1.67 (1.46‐1.91), respectively, versus rimegepant alone. Strong P‐glycoprotein inhibitors (cyclosporine, quinidine) increased rimegepant exposures (>50%, <2‐fold). In parts 1 and 2, rimegepant coadministration was well tolerated and safe. The similar effect of cyclosporine and quinidine coadministration on rimegepant exposure suggests that inhibition of breast cancer resistance protein inhibition may have less influence on rimegepant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David A Stock
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Robert Croop
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Richard Bertz
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Zhang Y, Jiang H, Li XM. Cardiocerebral channelopathy caused by KCND3 mutation in a child: A case report. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1019122. [PMID: 36518774 PMCID: PMC9742191 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1019122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early repolarization syndrome is rare in children. Mutation of genes encoding ion channels could display mixed electrophysiological phenotype of Kv4.3 including both cardiac phenotype (early repolarization syndrome, atrial fibrillation) and cerebral phenotype (epilepsy, intellectual disability). This situation is rare and was named as cardiocerebral channelopathy. Here, we report a case of an 11-year-old-girl with cardiocerebral channelopathy caused by KCND3 mutation, who was successfully treated with oral quinidine, metoprolol and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Clinicians should be vigilant on the risk of cardiogenic syncope and sudden cardiac death in a patient with epilepsy, intellectual disability and early repolarization pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University (Beijing Huaxin Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - He Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University (Beijing Huaxin Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center, The First Hospital of Tsinghua University (Beijing Huaxin Hospital), Beijing, China
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15
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Zuccato C, Cosenza LC, Zurlo M, Lampronti I, Borgatti M, Scapoli C, Gambari R, Finotti A. Treatment of Erythroid Precursor Cells from β-Thalassemia Patients with Cinchona Alkaloids: Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13433. [PMID: 34948226 PMCID: PMC8706579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
β-thalassemias are among the most common inherited hemoglobinopathies worldwide and are the result of autosomal mutations in the gene encoding β-globin, causing an absence or low-level production of adult hemoglobin (HbA). Induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is considered to be of key importance for the development of therapeutic protocols for β-thalassemia and novel HbF inducers need to be proposed for pre-clinical development. The main purpose on this study was to analyze Cinchona alkaloids (cinchonidine, quinidine and cinchonine) as natural HbF-inducing agents in human erythroid cells. The analytical methods employed were Reverse Transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) (for quantification of γ-globin mRNA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (for analysis of the hemoglobin pattern). After an initial analysis using the K562 cell line as an experimental model system, showing induction of hemoglobin and γ-globin mRNA, we verified whether the two more active compounds, cinchonidine and quinidine, were able to induce HbF in erythroid progenitor cells isolated from β-thalassemia patients. The data obtained demonstrate that cinchonidine and quinidine are potent inducers of γ-globin mRNA and HbF in erythroid progenitor cells isolated from nine β-thalassemia patients. In addition, both compounds were found to synergize with the HbF inducer sirolimus for maximal production of HbF. The data obtained strongly indicate that these compounds deserve consideration in the development of pre-clinical approaches for therapeutic protocols of β-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zuccato
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucia Carmela Cosenza
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Matteo Zurlo
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Ilaria Lampronti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Scapoli
- Section of Biology and Evolution, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessia Finotti
- Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.Z.); (L.C.C.); (M.Z.); (I.L.); (M.B.)
- Research Laboratory “Elio Zago” on the Pharmacologic and Pharmacogenomic Therapy of Thalassemia (Thal-LAB), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), 34148 Trieste, Italy
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16
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Deshmukh A, Larson J, Ghannam M, Saeed M, Cunnane R, Ghanbari H, Latchamsetty R, Crawford T, Jongnarangsin K, Pelosi F, Chugh A, Oral H, Morady F, Bogun F, Liang JJ. Efficacy and tolerability of quinidine as salvage therapy for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2021; 32:3173-3178. [PMID: 34586686 DOI: 10.1111/jce.15260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quinidine is an effective therapy for a subset of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (VF) syndromes; however, the efficacy of quinidine in scar-related monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MMVT) is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 2009 and 2020 a single VT referral center, a total of 23 patients with MMVT and structural heart disease (age 66.7 ± 10.9, 20 males, 15 with ischemic cardiomyopathy, mean LVEF 22.2 ± 12.3%, 9 with left ventricular assist device [LVAD]) were treated with quinidine (14 quinidine gluconate; 996 ± 321 mg, 8 quinidine sulfate; 1062 ± 588 mg). Quinidine was used in combination with other antiarrhythmics (AAD) in 19 (13 also on amiodarone). All patients previously failed >1 AAD (amiodarone 100%, mexiletine 73%, sotalol 32%, other 32%) and eight had prior ablations (median of 1.5). Quinidine was initiated in the setting of VT storm despite AADs (6), inability to tolerate other AADs (4), or recurrent VT(12). Ventricular arrhythmias recurred despite quinidine in 13 (59%) patients at a median of 26 (4-240) days after quinidine initiation. In patients with recurrent MMVT, VT cycle length increased from 359 to 434 ms (p = .02). Six (27.3%) patients remained on quinidine at 1 year with recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in all. The following adverse effects were seen: gastrointestinal side effects (6), QT prolongation (2), rash (1), thrombocytopenia (1), neurologic side effects (1). One patient discontinued due to cost. CONCLUSION Quinidine therapy has limited tolerability and long-term efficacy when used in the management of amiodarone-refractory scar-related MMVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrish Deshmukh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - John Larson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Ghannam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed Saeed
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ryan Cunnane
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hamid Ghanbari
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rakesh Latchamsetty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Crawford
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Krit Jongnarangsin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank Pelosi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Aman Chugh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hakan Oral
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Fred Morady
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank Bogun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jackson J Liang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Premont A, Balthes S, Marr CM, Jeevaratnam K. Fundamentals of arrhythmogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies for equine atrial fibrillation. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:262-282. [PMID: 34564902 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common pathological arrhythmia in horses. Although it is not usually a life-threatening condition on its own, it can cause poor performance and make the horse unsafe to ride. It is a complex multifactorial disease influenced by both genetic and environmental factors including exercise training, comorbidities or ageing. The interactions between all these factors in horses are still not completely understood and the pathophysiology of AF remains poorly defined. Exciting progress has been recently made in equine cardiac electrophysiology in terms of diagnosis and documentation methods such as cardiac mapping, implantable electrocardiogram (ECG) recording devices or computer-based ECG analysis that will hopefully improve our understanding of this disease. The available pharmaceutical and electrophysiological treatments have good efficacy and lead to a good prognosis for AF, but recurrence is a frequent issue that veterinarians have to face. This review aims to summarise our current understanding of equine cardiac electrophysiology and pathophysiology of equine AF while providing an overview of the mechanism of action for currently available treatments for equine AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Premont
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Samantha Balthes
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Celia M Marr
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, UK
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18
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Abstract
Polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias are highly lethal arrhythmias. Several types of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia have similar electrocardiographic characteristics but have different modes of therapy. In fact, medications considered the treatment of choice for one form of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, are contraindicated for the other. Yet confusion about terminology, and thus diagnosis and therapy, continues. We present an in-depth review of the different forms of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and propose a practical step-by-step approach for distinguishing these malignant arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Viskin
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ehud Chorin
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dana Viskin
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aviram Hochstadt
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Arie Lorin Schwartz
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Raphael Rosso
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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19
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Jiang S, Bloomquist JR. Synergistic effects of potassium channel blockers and pyrethroids: mosquitocidal activity and neuronal mode of action †. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:3673-3684. [PMID: 33002290 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this research was to explore the possibility of co-applying pyrethroids (agonists of voltage-sensitive sodium channels) with potassium channel blockers in order to potentiate the neurological effects of pyrethroids on Anopheles gambiae. We hypothesized that the toxicity of pyrethroids caused by persistent sodium currents would be augmented by blockage of outward potassium current flow, which normally repolarizes the membrane potential during a nerve membrane action potential. RESULTS Topical treatments with LD10 s (10% mortality doses) of synergists were given with pyrethroids. 2S-65465 (2S) showed the best synergism of permethrin (8.6-fold) and deltamethrin (7.2-fold), whereas piperonyl butoxide and 4-aminopyridine only showed 2.2- to 3.4-fold synergism with these pyrethroids. In electrophysiological recordings of Periplaneta americana giant axons, 2S (10 μm) and 4-AP (30 μm) caused multiple spikes after a single stimulation. Permethrin at 10 μm showed significant summating depolarization (4.5 ± 1.1 mV) after a train of ten stimuli were applied at 5 Hz, and deltamethrin at 0.03 μm showed significant membrane depolarization of 2.9 ± 0.4 mV without stimuli. 2S at 0.3 μm and 4-AP at 1-3 μm significantly synergized the effects of 3 μm permethrin and 0.01 μm deltamethrin. CONCLUSIONS Co-application of potassium channel blockers 2S and 4-AP with pyrethroids can synergize the mosquitocidal activities on An. gambiae, and these activities are correlated with synergistic effects at the level of the nerve membrane. If deployed in the field, this approach can potentially reduce the amount of chemicals needed for effective control of mosquitoes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Jiang
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Bloomquist
- Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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20
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Zhu Y, Wang L, Cui C, Qin H, Chen H, Chen S, Lin Y, Cheng H, Jiang X, Chen M. Pathogenesis and drug response of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from two Brugada syndrome patients with different Na v1.5-subunit mutations. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:395-407. [PMID: 34628405 PMCID: PMC8502687 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a complex genetic cardiac ion channel disease that causes a high predisposition to sudden cardiac death. Considering that its heterogeneity in clinical manifestations may result from genetic background, the application of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) may help to reveal cell phenotype characteristics underlying different genetic variations. Here, to verify and compare the pathogenicity of mutations (SCN5A c.4213G>A andSCN1B c.590C>T) identified from two BrS patients, we generated two novel BrS iPS cell lines that carried missense mutations inSCN5A or SCN1B, compared their structures and electrophysiology, and evaluated the safety of quinidine in patient-specific iPSC-derived CMs. Compared to the control group, BrS-CMs showed a significant reduction in sodium current, prolonged action potential duration, and varying degrees of decreased Vmax, but no structural difference. After applying different concentrations of quinidine, drug-induced cardiotoxicity was not observed within 3-fold unbound effective therapeutic plasma concentration (ETPC). The data presented proved that iPSC-CMs with variants in SCN5A c.4213G>A orSCN1B c.590C>T are able to recapitulate single-cell phenotype features of BrS and respond appropriately to quinidine without increasing incidence of arrhythmic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Chang Cui
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Huiyuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shaojie Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yongping Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Hongyi Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Minglong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
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21
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Li DL, Cox ZL, Richardson TD, Kanagasundram AN, Saavedra PJ, Shen ST, Montgomery JA, Murray KT, Roden DM, Stevenson WG. Quinidine in the Management of Recurrent Ventricular Arrhythmias: A Reappraisal. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:1254-1263. [PMID: 34217656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the utility of quinidine in patients presenting with recurrent sustained ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and limited antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) options. BACKGROUND Therapeutic options are often limited in patients with structural heart disease and recurrent VAs. Quinidine has an established role in rare arrhythmic syndromes, but its potential use in other difficult VAs has not been assessed in the present era. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 37 patients who had in-hospital quinidine initiation after multiple other therapies failed for VA suppression at our tertiary referral center. Clinical data and outcomes were obtained from the medical record. RESULTS Of 30 patients with in-hospital quantifiable VA episodes, quinidine reduced acute VA from a median of 3 episodes (interquartile range [IQR]: 2 to 7.5) to 0 (IQR: 0 to 0.5) during medians of 3 days before and 4 days after quinidine initiation (p < 0.001). VA events decreased from a median of 10.5 episodes per day (IQR: 5 to 15) to 0.5 episodes (IQR: 0 to 4) after quinidine initiation in the 12 patients presenting with electrical storm (p = 0.004). Among the 24 patients discharged on quinidine, 13 (54.2%) had VA recurrence during a median of 138 days. Adverse effects in 9 of the 37 patients (24.3%) led to drug discontinuation, most commonly gastrointestinal intolerance. CONCLUSIONS In patients with recurrent VAs and structural heart disease who have limited treatment options, quinidine can be useful, particularly as a short-term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Li
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zachary L Cox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Travis D Richardson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arvindh N Kanagasundram
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pablo J Saavedra
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sharon T Shen
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jay A Montgomery
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katherine T Murray
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dan M Roden
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - William G Stevenson
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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22
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Kravetz MC, Viola MS, Prenz J, Curi M, Bramuglia GF, Tenembaum S. Case Report of Novel Genetic Variant in KCNT1 Channel and Pharmacological Treatment With Quinidine. Precision Medicine in Refractory Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:648519. [PMID: 34122071 PMCID: PMC8194824 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.648519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case introduction: In this work we present a female infant patient with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS). Although many pharmacological schemes were attempted, she developed an encephalopathy with poor response to antiepileptic drugs and progressive cerebral dysfunction. Aim: To present the pharmacological response and therapeutic drug monitoring of a paediatric patient with a severe encephalopathy carrying a genetic variant in KCNT1 gene, whose identification led to include quinidine (QND) in the treatment regimen as an antiepileptic drug. Case report: Patient showed slow rhythmic activity (theta range) over left occipital areas with temporal propagation and oculo-clonic focal seizures and without tonic spasms three months after birth. At the age of 18 months showed severe impairments of motor and intellectual function with poor eye contact. When the patient was 4 years old, a genetic variant in the exon 24 of the KCNT1 gene was found. This led to the diagnosis of EIMFS. Due to antiepileptic treatment failed to control seizures, QND a KCNT1 blocker, was introduced as a therapeutic alternative besides topiramate (200 mg/day) and nitrazepam (2 mg/day). Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of QND plasma levels needed to be implemented to establish individual therapeutic range and avoid toxicity. TDM for dose adjustment was performed to establish the individual therapeutic range of the patient. Seizures were under control with QND levels above 1.5 mcg/ml (65–70 mg/kg q. i.d). In addition, QND levels higher than 4.0 mcg/ml, were related to higher risk of suffering arrhythmia due to prolongation of QT segment. Despite initial intention to withdrawal topiramate completely, QND was no longer effective by itself and failed to maintain seizures control. Due to this necessary interaction between quinidine and topiramate, topiramate was stablished in a maintenance dose of 40 mg/day. Conclusion: The implementation of Precision Medicine by using tools such as Next Generation Sequencing and TDM led to diagnose and select a targeted therapy for the treatment of a KCNT1-related epilepsy in a patient presented with EIMFS in early infancy and poor response to antiepileptic drugs. QND an old antiarrhythmic drug, due to its activity as KCNT1 channel blocker, associated to topiramate resulted in seizures control. Due to high variability observed in QND levels, TDM and pharmacokinetic characterization allowed to optimize drug regimen to maintain QND concentration between the individual therapeutic range and diminish toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Kravetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Farmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - M S Viola
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Farmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - J Prenz
- Department of Cardiology, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - M Curi
- Department of Cardiology, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - G F Bramuglia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Farmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires City, Argentina.,Fundacion Investigar, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - S Tenembaum
- Department of Neurology, Garrahan Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
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Rahmawati I, Rahayu G, Ratnadewi D, Achmadi S. Effect of Medium pH and Light on Quinidine Production in Cinchona calisaya Wedd. Endophytic Fungi. Turk J Pharm Sci 2021; 18:124-132. [PMID: 33900523 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.35761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Quinidine has pharmaceutical importance as an antimalarial, antiarrhythmia, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, astringent, and bitter flavoring agent. Quinidine is in high demand, yet its production from the bark of the quina tree (Cinchona calisaya) is limited. Quinidine production from quina tree fungal endophytes, namely Aspergillus sydowii, Diaporthe sp., Diaporthe lithicola, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. solani is lower than the quinidine content of the tree bark. This study attempted to increase quinidine production from these fungi. This research aimed to determine the optimum culture conditions for quinidine production from endophytic fungi. Materials and Methods Quinidine was produced by in vitro culturing of the fungal endophytes in potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium under different culture conditions, i.e., a combination of an initial medium pH of 6.2 or 6.8, with or without light, in a static condition for 21 days of incubation at room temperature. Production under natural daylight in PDB medium without pH modification was used as the control. At the end of the incubation period, the mycelial mass was separated from the filtrate. The dried biomass and chloroform-extracted filtrate were weighed. Quinidine in the extract was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using high-performance liquid chromatograph. Results Quinidine production was affected by both light and the initial pH of the medium, depending on the fungal strain used. A significant increment in quinidine production, approximately 1.1-9.3-fold relative to its respective control was obtained from all fungi under their optimum conditions. Quinidine production in most of the fungi was significantly correlated with their biomass production but not with their extract production. Of those five fungi, F. solani that was cultured in PDB medium with an initial pH of 6.2 and incubated under continuous light produced the highest concentration of quinidine with low biomass. Conclusion The quinidine production of all fungal endophytes studied was affected by the culture conditions. F. solani is the most promising fungus for use as a quinidine production agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indriana Rahmawati
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Gayuh Rahayu
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Diah Ratnadewi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Biology, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Suminar Achmadi
- Bogor Agricultural University Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bogor, Indonesia
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Li Z, Jin X, Wu T, Huang G, Wu K, Lei J, Pan X, Yan N. Structural Basis for Pore Blockade of the Human Cardiac Sodium Channel Na v 1.5 by the Antiarrhythmic Drug Quinidine*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11474-11480. [PMID: 33684260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nav 1.5, the primary voltage-gated Na+ (Nav ) channel in heart, is a major target for class I antiarrhythmic agents. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of full-length human Nav 1.5 bound to quinidine, a class Ia antiarrhythmic drug, at 3.3 Å resolution. Quinidine is positioned right beneath the selectivity filter in the pore domain and coordinated by residues from repeats I, III, and IV. Pore blockade by quinidine is achieved through both direct obstruction of the ion permeation path and induced rotation of an invariant Tyr residue that tightens the intracellular gate. Structural comparison with a truncated rat Nav 1.5 in the presence of flecainide, a class Ic agent, reveals distinct binding poses for the two antiarrhythmics within the pore domain. Our work reported here, along with previous studies, reveals the molecular basis for the mechanism of action of class I antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xueqin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gaoxingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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25
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Rowbottom C, Pietrasiewicz A, Tuczewycz T, Grater R, Qiu D, Kapadnis S, Trapa P. Optimization of dose and route of administration of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, valspodar (PSC-833) and the P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein dual-inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918) as dual infusion in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00740. [PMID: 33660938 PMCID: PMC7931226 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporters can play a key role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Understanding these contributions early in drug discovery allows for more accurate projection of the clinical pharmacokinetics. One method to assess the impact of transporters in vivo involves co‐dosing specific inhibitors. The objective of the present study was to optimize the dose and route of administration of a P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor, valspodar (PSC833), and a dual P‐gp/breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor, elacridar (GF120918), by assessing the transporters’ impact on brain penetration and absorption. A dual‐infusion strategy was implemented to allow for flexibility with dose formulation. The chemical inhibitor was dosed intravenously via the femoral artery, and a cassette of known substrates was infused via the jugular vein. Valspodar or elacridar was administered as 4.5‐hour constant infusions over a range of doses. To assess the degree of inhibition, the resulting ratios of brain and plasma concentrations, Kp's, of the known substrates were compared to the vehicle control. These data demonstrated that doses greater than 0.9 mg/hr/kg valspodar and 8.9 mg/hr/kg elacridar were sufficient to inhibit P‐gp‐ and BCRP‐mediated efflux at the blood‐brain barrier in rats without any tolerability issues. Confirmation of BBB restriction by efflux transporters in preclinical species allows for subsequent prediction in humans based upon the proteomic expression at rodent and human BBB. Overall, the approach can also be applied to inhibition of efflux at other tissues (gut absorption, liver clearance) or can be extended to other transporters of interest using alternate inhibitors.
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26
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Khoury R, Marx C, Mirgati S, Velury D, Chakkamparambil B, Grossberg GT. AVP-786 as a promising treatment option for Alzheimer's Disease including agitation. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:783-795. [PMID: 33615952 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1882995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To date, there is no FDA-approved treatment for agitation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Medications currently used off-label have modest clinical efficacy and serious side effects. AREAS COVERED The authors review the pharmacology, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety and tolerability data of AVP-786, for the treatment of agitation in AD. EXPERT OPINION AVP-786, the deuterated form of dextromethorphan/quinidine (AVP-923) which is an approved treatment for Pseudo-Bulbar Affect, emerges as a promising and safe treatment for agitation in AD. Deuteration is an innovative technology that accelerates drug development by conducting faster and less costly clinical trials. No phase II trial was conducted with AVP-786 for the treatment of agitation in AD; the decision to expedite the development of this drug was based on a successful phase II study with AVP-923. Phase III trials with AVP-786 (TRIAD-1 and TRIAD-2) showed mixed findings probably due to the difference in study design. Future phase III studies should use innovative study designs such as the Sequential Parallel Comparison Design to mitigate high placebo response, and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory for agitation assessment. They should also include positron emission tomography studies to assess occupancy of various receptors in the brain after AVP-786 is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Khoury
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Saint Georges Hospital University Medical Center University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charlotte Marx
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - Sidney Mirgati
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - Divya Velury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - Binu Chakkamparambil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
| | - George T Grossberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri, USA
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27
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Bai J, Zhu Y, Lo A, Gao M, Lu Y, Zhao J, Zhang H. In Silico Assessment of Class I Antiarrhythmic Drug Effects on Pitx2-Induced Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from Populations of Electrophysiological Models of Human Atrial Cells and Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1265. [PMID: 33514068 PMCID: PMC7866025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical remodelling as a result of homeodomain transcription factor 2 (Pitx2)-dependent gene regulation was linked to atrial fibrillation (AF) and AF patients with single nucleotide polymorphisms at chromosome 4q25 responded favorably to class I antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs). The possible reasons behind this remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the AADs disopyramide, quinidine, and propafenone on human atrial arrhythmias mediated by Pitx2-induced remodelling, from a single cell to the tissue level, using drug binding models with multi-channel pharmacology. Experimentally calibrated populations of human atrial action po-tential (AP) models in both sinus rhythm (SR) and Pitx2-induced AF conditions were constructed by using two distinct models to represent morphological subtypes of AP. Multi-channel pharmaco-logical effects of disopyramide, quinidine, and propafenone on ionic currents were considered. Simulated results showed that Pitx2-induced remodelling increased maximum upstroke velocity (dVdtmax), and decreased AP duration (APD), conduction velocity (CV), and wavelength (WL). At the concentrations tested in this study, these AADs decreased dVdtmax and CV and prolonged APD in the setting of Pitx2-induced AF. Our findings of alterations in WL indicated that disopyramide may be more effective against Pitx2-induced AF than propafenone and quinidine by prolonging WL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Bai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Yijie Zhu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Andy Lo
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical Engineering and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yaosheng Lu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;
| | - Jichao Zhao
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (A.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Henggui Zhang
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
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28
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Bajza Á, Kocsis D, Berezvai O, Laki AJ, Lukács B, Imre T, Iván K, Szabó P, Erdő F. Verification of P-Glycoprotein Function at the Dermal Barrier in Diffusion Cells and Dynamic "Skin-On-A-Chip" Microfluidic Device. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E804. [PMID: 32854319 PMCID: PMC7559210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of transdermal absorption of drugs and the irritation or corrosion potential of topically applied formulations are important areas of investigation in pharmaceutical, military and cosmetic research. The aim of the present experiments is to test the role of P-glycoprotein in dermal drug delivery in various ex vivo and in vitro platforms, including a novel microchip technology developed by Pázmány Péter Catholic University. A further question is whether the freezing of excised skin and age have any influence on P-glycoprotein-mediated dermal drug absorption. Two P-glycoprotein substrate model drugs (quinidine and erythromycin) were investigated via topical administration in diffusion cells, a skin-on-a-chip device and transdermal microdialysis in rat skin. The transdermal absorption of both model drugs was reduced by P-glycoprotein inhibition, and both aging and freezing increased the permeability of the tissues. Based on our findings, it is concluded that the process of freezing leads to reduced function of efflux transporters, and increases the porosity of skin. P-glycoprotein has an absorptive orientation in the skin, and topical inhibitors can modify its action. The defensive role of the skin seems to be diminished in aged individuals, partly due to reduced thickness of the dermis. The novel microfluidic microchip seems to be an appropriate tool to investigate dermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Bajza
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
| | - Dorottya Kocsis
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
| | - Orsolya Berezvai
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András József Laki
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Lukács
- MedRes Medical Research Engineering Ltd., Albert Flórián út 3/b, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary; or
| | - Tímea Imre
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Centre, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.I.); (P.S.)
| | - Kristóf Iván
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
| | - Pál Szabó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Instrumentation Centre, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (T.I.); (P.S.)
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter u. 50a, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.B.); (D.K.); (O.B.); (A.J.L.); (K.I.)
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29
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Borlot F, Abushama A, Morrison-Levy N, Jain P, Puthenveettil Vinayan K, Abukhalid M, Aldhalaan HM, Almuzaini HS, Gulati S, Hershkovitz T, Konanki R, Lingappa L, Luat AF, Shafi S, Tabarki B, Thomas M, Yoganathan S, Alfadhel M, Arya R, Donner EJ, Ehaideb SN, Gowda VK, Jain V, Madaan P, Myers KA, Otsubo H, Panda P, Sahu JK, Sampaio LPB, Sharma S, Simard-Tremblay E, Zak M, Whitney R. KCNT1-related epilepsy: An international multicenter cohort of 27 pediatric cases. Epilepsia 2020; 61:679-692. [PMID: 32167590 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Through international collaboration, we evaluated the phenotypic aspects of a multiethnic cohort of KCNT1-related epilepsy and explored genotype-phenotype correlations associated with frequently encountered variants. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of children harboring pathogenic or likely pathogenic KCNT1 variants was completed. Children with one of the two more common recurrent KCNT1 variants were compared with the rest of the cohort for the presence of particular characteristics. RESULTS Twenty-seven children (15 males, mean age = 40.8 months) were included. Seizure onset ranged from 1 day to 6 months, and half (48.1%) exhibited developmental plateauing upon onset. Two-thirds had epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), and focal tonic seizures were common (48.1%). The most frequent recurrent KCNT1 variants were c.2800G>A; p.Ala934Thr (n = 5) and c.862G>A; p.Gly288Ser (n = 4). De novo variants were found in 96% of tested parents (23/24). Sixty percent had abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Delayed myelination, thin corpus callosum, and brain atrophy were the most common. One child had gray-white matter interface indistinctness, suggesting a malformation of cortical development. Several antiepileptic drugs (mean = 7.4/patient) were tried, with no consistent response to any one agent. Eleven tried quinidine; 45% had marked (>50% seizure reduction) or some improvement (25%-50% seizure reduction). Seven used cannabidiol; 71% experienced marked or some improvement. Fourteen tried diet therapies; 57% had marked or some improvement. When comparing the recurrent variants to the rest of the cohort with respect to developmental trajectory, presence of EIMFS, >500 seizures/mo, abnormal MRI, and treatment response, there were no statistically significant differences. Four patients died (15%), none of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. SIGNIFICANCE Our cohort reinforces common aspects of this highly pleiotropic entity. EIMFS manifesting with refractory tonic seizures was the most common. Cannabidiol, diet therapy, and quinidine seem to offer the best chances of seizure reduction, although evidence-based practice is still unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Borlot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abushama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadine Morrison-Levy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Puneet Jain
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Danat Al Emarat Hospital for Women and Children, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Musaad Abukhalid
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham M Aldhalaan
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanin S Almuzaini
- Department of Neurosciences, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheffali Gulati
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence & Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - Aimee F Luat
- Detroit Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shatha Shafi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maya Thomas
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ravindra Arya
- Division of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth J Donner
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salleh N Ehaideb
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vivek Jain
- Santokba Durlabhji Hospital, Jaipur, India
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Otsubo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prateek Panda
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Center of Excellence & Advanced Research on Childhood Neurodevelopmental Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra K Sahu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Letícia P B Sampaio
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suvasini Sharma
- Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Lady Harding Medical College and Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Elisabeth Simard-Tremblay
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria Zak
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robyn Whitney
- Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ashton C, Rhie SK, Carmichael JD, Zada G. Role of KCNAB2 expression in modulating hormone secretion in somatotroph pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg 2020; 134:787-793. [PMID: 32109873 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.jns192435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior profiling of the human pituitary adenoma (PA) DNA methylome showed the potassium channel subunit-encoding gene KCNAB2 to be highly differentially methylated between nonfunctional PAs (NFPAs) and growth hormone (GH)-secreting PAs, with greater KCNAB2 methylation detected in secretory PAs. KCNAB2 encodes an aldo-keto reductase that, among other things, negatively regulates members of the voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv) family. In this study, the authors aimed to determine whether modulation of Kcnab2 expression would alter GH secretion in the GH3 mammosomatotroph rat cell line. In addition, they examined whether dosing GH3 cells with the antiarrhythmic drug quinidine, a known inhibitor of Kv and voltage-gated sodium channels, would affect hormonal secretion. METHODS Previously generated RNA-seq data were reanalyzed to compare KCNAB2 expression levels in human NFPAs and GH-secreting PAs. Kcnab2 was overexpressed in GH3 cells using plasmid transfection and knocked down using shRNA, with confirmation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). GH concentrations in cell culture supernatants collected 24 hours after cell seeding were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Separately, quinidine was administered to GH3 cells at graduated doses. GH and prolactin concentrations in supernatants collected 48 hours after quinidine treatment were measured by fluorometric immunoassay. RESULTS Modulation of expression at the transcript level in GH3 cells resulted in proportionate changes in the expression of GH mRNA and secretion of GH peptide, as confirmed by qPCR and ELISA. Specifically, partial knockdown of Kcnab2 was associated with fewer GH RNA transcripts and less GH secretion compared with controls, while augmentation of Kcnab2 expression was associated with more GH transcripts and secretion than the controls. Administration of quinidine (≥ 50 µM) reduced both GH and prolactin secretion in a dose-dependent fashion (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS GH secretion in a somatotroph cell line is partially dependent on KCNAB2 gene expression and may be mitigated in vitro by quinidine. These results collectively suggest a potential new target and pharmacological candidate to be considered in the development of clinical therapeutics for acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John D Carmichael
- 3Medicine (Division of Endocrinology), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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31
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Abstract
More than three decades since its initial description in 1993, Brugada syndrome remains engulfed in controversy. This review aims to shed light on the main challenges surrounding the diagnostic pathway and criteria, risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, pharmacological and interventional risk modification strategies as well as our current pathophysiological understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afik D Snir
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Australia
| | - Hariharan Raju
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, Australia
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Wang Q, Wang H, Zhong Y, Zhang Q. Drug-Drug Interactions Of Amiodarone And Quinidine On The Pharmacokinetics Of Eliglustat In Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:4207-4213. [PMID: 31849452 PMCID: PMC6913762 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s226948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Eliglustat, a new oral substrate-reduction therapy, was recently approved as a first-line therapy for Gaucher's disease type 1 (GD1) patients. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a simple UPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of plasma-eliglustat concentration and to investigate the effects of amiodarone and quinidine on eliglustat metabolism in rats. Methods Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6): control (0.5% CMC-Na, group A), amiodarone (60 mg/kg, group B), and quinidine (100 mg/kg, group C). Thirty minutes later, 10 mg/kg eliglustat was orally administered to each rat and concentrations of eliglustat in the rats determined by our UPLC-MS/MS method. Results Amiodarone and quinidine increased the main pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and Cmax) of eliglustat significantly and decreased clearance obviously. Conclusion Amiodarone and quinidine can elevate eliglustat exposure and have an inhibitory effect on eliglustat metabolism. Clearly, appropriate pharmacological studies of eliglustat in patients treated with amiodarone or quinidine should be done in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyan Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, Zhejiang 323000, People's Republic of China
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Van de Sande DV, Kopljar I, Teisman A, Gallacher DJ, Snyders DJ, Lu HR, Labro AJ. Pharmacological Profile of the Sodium Current in Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes Compares to Heterologous Nav1.5+β1 Model. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31920633 PMCID: PMC6917651 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac Nav1.5 mediated sodium current (INa) generates the upstroke of the action potential in atrial and ventricular myocytes. Drugs that modulate this current can therefore be antiarrhythmic or proarrhythmic, which requires preclinical evaluation of their potential drug-induced inhibition or modulation of Nav1.5. Since Nav1.5 assembles with, and is modulated by, the auxiliary β1-subunit, this subunit can also affect the channel’s pharmacological response. To investigate this, the effect of known Nav1.5 inhibitors was compared between COS-7 cells expressing Nav1.5 or Nav1.5+β1 using whole-cell voltage clamp experiments. For the open state class Ia blockers ajmaline and quinidine, and class Ic drug flecainide, the affinity did not differ between both models. For class Ib drugs phenytoin and lidocaine, which are inactivated state blockers, the affinity decreased more than a twofold when β1 was present. Thus, β1 did not influence the affinity for the class Ia and Ic compounds but it did so for the class Ib drugs. Human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hSC-CMs) are a promising translational cell source for in vitro models that express a representative repertoire of channels and auxiliary proteins, including β1. Therefore, we subsequently evaluated the same drugs for their response on the INa in hSC-CMs. Consequently, it was expected and confirmed that the drug response of INa in hSC-CMs compares best to INa expressed by Nav1.5+β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter V Van de Sande
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ivan Kopljar
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David J Gallacher
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dirk J Snyders
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hua Rong Lu
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Non-Clinical Safety, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alain J Labro
- Laboratory of Molecular, Cellular, and Network Excitability, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Spartalis M, Livanis E, Spartalis E, Tsoutsinos A. Electrical storm in an acquired short QT syndrome successfully treated with quinidine. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:1617-1618. [PMID: 31428405 PMCID: PMC6692974 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short QT syndrome (SQTS) is a malignant heart disorder defined by the presence of ventricular arrhythmias causing syncope and sudden cardiac arrest. The prevalence in the pediatric population is 0.05%. Quinidine is an established agent for pharmacological prophylaxis in SQTS patients, but can also terminate an electrical storm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eleftherios Spartalis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical SchoolUniversity of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Alexandros Tsoutsinos
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology & Adult Congenital Heart DiseaseOnassis Cardiac Surgery CenterAthensGreece
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Yoshitomi S, Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi T, Oboshi T, Horino A, Ikeda H, Imai K, Okanishi T, Nakashima M, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Yoshimoto J, Fujita T, Ishii A, Hirose S, Inoue Y. Quinidine therapy and therapeutic drug monitoring in four patients with KCNT1 mutations. Epileptic Disord 2019; 21:48-54. [PMID: 30782581 DOI: 10.1684/epd.2019.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have reported potassium sodium-activated channel subfamily T member 1 (KCNT1) mutations in epilepsy patients on quinidine therapy. The efficacy and safety of quinidine for epilepsy treatment, however, remains controversial. We herein report the cases of four patients with KCNT1 mutations treated with quinidine. A reduction in seizures of more than 50% after quinidine treatment was observed in one patient with epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures (EIMFS), whereas two patients with EIMFS and one with focal epilepsy did not achieve apparent seizure reduction. The relationship between quinidine dose and serum quinidine concentration was inconsistent, particularly at high quinidine doses. One patient with EIMFS developed ventricular tachycardia the day after an increase in quinidine dose from 114 to 126 mg/kg/day. The serum trough quinidine concentration and the corrected QT interval (QTc) before arrhythmia onset were 2.4 μg/ml and 420 ms, respectively, and peak serum quinidine concentration after arrhythmia onset was 9.4 μg/ml. Another patient with EIMFS showed aberrant intraventricular conduction with a quinidine dose of 74.5 mg/kg/day and a serum trough concentration of 3.2 μg/ml. Given that serum quinidine levels may elevate sharply after a dose increase, careful monitoring of electrocardiographs and serum concentrations is required. Based on a review of previous reports and our experience with this case, quinidine should be considered as a promising drug for patients with EIMFS harbouring KCNT1 mutations, however, its efficacy remains controversial due to the limited number of cases, and more information on optimal serum concentrations and appropriate titration methods is required.
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Michowitz Y, Milman A, Andorin A, Sarquella-Brugada G, Gonzalez Corcia MC, Gourraud JB, Conte G, Sacher F, Juang JJM, Kim SH, Leshem E, Mabo P, Postema PG, Hochstadt A, Wijeyeratne YD, Denjoy I, Giustetto C, Mizusawa Y, Huang Z, Jespersen CH, Maeda S, Takahashi Y, Kamakura T, Aiba T, Arbelo E, Mazzanti A, Allocca G, Brugada R, Casado-Arroyo R, Champagne J, Priori SG, Veltmann C, Delise P, Corrado D, Brugada J, Kusano KF, Hirao K, Calo L, Takagi M, Tfelt-Hansen J, Yan GX, Gaita F, Leenhardt A, Behr ER, Wilde AAM, Nam GB, Brugada P, Probst V, Belhassen B. Characterization and Management of Arrhythmic Events in Young Patients With Brugada Syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73:1756-1765. [PMID: 30975291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on young patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS) and arrhythmic events (AEs) is limited. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to describe their characteristics and management as well as risk factors for AE recurrence. METHODS A total of 57 patients (age ≤20 years), all with BrS and AEs, were divided into pediatric (age ≤12 years; n = 26) and adolescents (age 13 to 20 years; n = 31). RESULTS Patients' median age at time of first AE was 14 years, with a majority of males (74%), Caucasians (70%), and probands (79%) who presented as aborted cardiac arrest (84%). A significant proportion of patients (28%) exhibited fever-related AE. Family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD), prior syncope, spontaneous type 1 Brugada electrocardiogram (ECG), inducible ventricular fibrillation at electrophysiological study, and SCN5A mutations were present in 26%, 49%, 65%, 28%, and 58% of patients, respectively. The pediatric group differed from the adolescents, with a greater proportion of females, Caucasians, fever-related AEs, and spontaneous type-1 ECG. During follow-up, 68% of pediatric and 64% of adolescents had recurrent AE, with median time of 9.9 and 27.0 months, respectively. Approximately one-third of recurrent AEs occurred on quinidine therapy, and among the pediatric group, 60% of recurrent AEs were fever-related. Risk factors for recurrent AE included sinus node dysfunction, atrial arrhythmias, intraventricular conduction delay, or large S-wave on ECG lead I in the pediatric group and the presence of SCN5A mutation among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS Young BrS patients with AE represent a very arrhythmogenic group. Current management after first arrhythmia episode is associated with high recurrence rate. Alternative therapies, besides defibrillator implantation, should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Michowitz
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Milman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Cardiology, Leviev Heart Institute, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Antoine Andorin
- L'institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Electrophysiology and Sudden Death Unit Cardiology, Department Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Gourraud
- L'institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart
| | - Giulio Conte
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Sacher
- Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque & Université Bordeaux, LIRYC Institute, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jimmy J M Juang
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eran Leshem
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philippe Mabo
- Cardiology and Vascular Disease Division, Rennes University Health Centre, Rennes, France
| | - Pieter G Postema
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Heart Centre AMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aviram Hochstadt
- Department of Internal Medicine J, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yanushi D Wijeyeratne
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Cardiovascular Sciences, St. George's University of London and Cardiology Clinical Academic Group St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Denjoy
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Service de Cardiologie et CNMR Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires Rares, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Carla Giustetto
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Yuka Mizusawa
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Heart Centre AMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Camilla H Jespersen
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; The Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Heart Rhythm Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tsukasa Kamakura
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aiba
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elena Arbelo
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Mazzanti
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Allocca
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of Peschiera del Garda, Veneto, Italy
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, Medical Science Department, University of Girona-IDIBGI (CIBERCV) Cardiology Service, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Ruben Casado-Arroyo
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Champagne
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Silvia G Priori
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian Veltmann
- Rhythmology and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pietro Delise
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of Peschiera del Garda, Veneto, Italy
| | - Domenico Corrado
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Josep Brugada
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Kengo F Kusano
- Division of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hirao
- Heart Rhythm Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonardo Calo
- Division of Cardiology, Policlinico Casilino, Roma, Italy
| | - Masahiko Takagi
- Division of Cardiac Arrhythmia, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Moriguchi, Japan
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; The Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gan-Xin Yan
- Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
| | - Fiorenzo Gaita
- Division of Cardiology, University of Torino, Department of Medical Sciences, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Torino, Italy
| | - Antoine Leenhardt
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Service de Cardiologie et CNMR Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires Rares, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Elijah R Behr
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Cardiovascular Sciences, St. George's University of London and Cardiology Clinical Academic Group St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Heart Centre AMC, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gi-Byoung Nam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pedro Brugada
- European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart; Heart Rhythm Management Centre, UZ-VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Probst
- L'institut du Thorax, Service de Cardiologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; European Reference Network for Rare and Low Prevalence Complex Diseases of the Heart
| | - Bernard Belhassen
- Department of Cardiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Patil AA, Vinayan KP, Roy AG. Two South Indian Children with KCNT1-Related Malignant Migrating Focal Seizures of Infancy - Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Targeted Treatment with Quinidine. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2019; 22:311-315. [PMID: 31359944 PMCID: PMC6613401 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_229_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
KCNT1 gene encodes a sodium-gated potassium channel subunit that plays an important role in regulating excitability in neurons. Quinidine is a partial antagonist of this channel. We report the clinical characteristics of two south Indian children with KCNT1-related epileptic encephalopathy. Both of them had very high seizure burden which were resistant to antiepileptic and dietary therapy. Pharmacological response to quinidine in these children is described. Case 1 had 30% reduction in seizure burden at 20 mg/kg/day and 80% reduction at 36 mg/kg/day; case 2 had 30% reduction at 20 mg/kg/day. Serial electrocardiography was used to monitor the cardiotoxicity. Serum quinidine levels were not measured due to nonavailability. A critical review on the current status of targeted treatment of KCNT1-related epileptic encephalopathies with quinidine is attempted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Anil Patil
- Department of Neurology, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - K P Vinayan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Grace Roy
- Department of Neurology, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala, India
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Abstract
This article describes the discovery and use of the South American cinchona bark and its main therapeutic (and toxic) alkaloids, quinine and quinidine. Since the introduction of cinchona to Europe in the 17th century, it played a role in treating emperors and peasants and was central to colonialism and wars. Over those 400 years, the medical use of cinchona alkaloids has evolved from bark extracts to chemical synthesis and controlled clinical trials. At the present time, the use of quinine and quinidine has declined, to a large extent due to their toxicity. However, quinine is still being prescribed in resource-limited settings, in severe malaria, and in pregnant women, and quinidine made a limited comeback in the treatment of several cardiac and neurological syndromes. In addition, the article presents more recent studies which improved our understanding of cinchona alkaloids’ pharmacology. The knowledge gained through these studies will hopefully lead to a wider use of these drugs in precision medicine and to design of new generation, safer quinine and quinidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Whittaker DG, Colman MA, Ni H, Hancox JC, Zhang H. Human Atrial Arrhythmogenesis and Sinus Bradycardia in KCNQ1-Linked Short QT Syndrome: Insights From Computational Modelling. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1402. [PMID: 30337886 PMCID: PMC6180159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus bradycardia have been reported in patients with short QT syndrome variant 2 (SQT2), which is underlain by gain-of-function mutations in KCNQ1 encoding the α subunit of channels carrying slow delayed rectifier potassium current, IKs. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the increased atrial arrhythmogenesis and impaired cardiac pacemaking activity arising from increased IKs remain unclear. Possible pharmacological interventions of AF in the SQT2 condition also remain to be elucidated. Using computational modelling, we assessed the functional impact of SQT2 mutations on human sinoatrial node (SAN) pacemaking, atrial repolarisation and arrhythmogenesis, and efficacy of the anti-arrhythmic drug quinidine. Markov chain formulations of IKs describing two KCNQ1 mutations – V141M and V307L – were developed from voltage-clamp experimental data and then incorporated into contemporary action potential (AP) models of human atrial and SAN cells, the former of which were integrated into idealised and anatomically detailed tissue models. Both mutations shortened atrial AP duration (APD) through distinct IKs ‘gain-of-function’ mechanisms, whereas SAN pacemaking rate was slowed markedly only by the V141M mutation. Differences in APD restitution steepness influenced re-entry dynamics in tissue – the V141M mutation promoted stationary and stable spiral waves whereas the V307L mutation promoted non-stationary and unstable re-entrant waves. Both mutations shortened tissue excitation wavelength through reduced effective refractory period but not conduction velocity, which served to increase the lifespan of re-entrant excitation in a 3D anatomical human atria model, as well as the dominant frequency (DF), which was higher for the V141M mutation. Quinidine was effective at terminating arrhythmic excitation waves associated with the V307L but not V141M mutation, and reduced the DF in a dose-dependent manner under both mutation conditions. This study provides mechanistic insights into different AF/bradycardia phenotypes in SQT2 and the efficacy of quinidine pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic G Whittaker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Colman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Haibo Ni
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jules C Hancox
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Henggui Zhang
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Space Institute of Southern China, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease/Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Green JR, Allison KM, Cordella C, Richburg BD, Pattee GL, Berry JD, Macklin EA, Pioro EP, Smith RA. Additional evidence for a therapeutic effect of dextromethorphan/ quinidine on bulbar motor function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A quantitative speech analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2849-2856. [PMID: 30152872 PMCID: PMC6256051 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A recent double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover 70‐day trial demonstrated that a fixed combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine (DM/Q) improves speech and swallowing function in most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, a subset of participants, many of whom did not substantially improve while on DM/Q, were re‐evaluated using computer‐based speech analyses and expert clinician ratings of the overall severity of speech impairment. Methods Speech samples were recorded from the subset of 10 patients at four visits made at approximately 30‐day intervals. The recordings were analysed by automated computer‐based analysis of speech pausing patterns. Severity of speech impairment was rated by three experienced speech‐language pathologists using direct magnitude estimation. Scores on patient‐reported and clinician‐administered scales of bulbar motor involvement were obtained at each visit. Results The effects of DM/Q were detected on several of the objective speech measures, including total pause duration (s) (Cohen's d = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) –1.70, 0.24), pause time (%) (d = 0.77, 95% CI –1.75, 0.21), and mean speech event duration (s) (d = 0.52, 95% CI –0.44, 1.47), but not on clinician ratings of speech or the speech components of the self‐report or clinician‐administered scales. Conclusions These findings suggest that even patients with modest improvement while on DM/Q may experience quantifiable improvements in speech when assessed using sensitive and objective measures. This study provides additional evidence of the positive impact of DM/Q on one or more of the neural systems that control bulbar motor function and production of speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Green
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M Allison
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire Cordella
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology Program, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian D Richburg
- Speech and Feeding Disorders Lab, MGH Institute of Health Professions, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Gary L Pattee
- Department of Neurology, University of Nebraska Medical College, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - James D Berry
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric A Macklin
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik P Pioro
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Neuromuscular Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Butler A, Zhang Y, Stuart AG, Dempsey CE, Hancox JC. Action potential clamp characterization of the S631A hERG mutation associated with short QT syndrome. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13845. [PMID: 30175559 PMCID: PMC6119704 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hERG potassium channel is critical to normal repolarization of cardiac action potentials (APs) and loss- and gain-of-function hERG mutations are associated, respectively, with long and short QT syndromes, pathological conditions that can lead to arrhythmias and sudden death. hERG current (IhERG ) exhibits uniquely fast inactivation involving conformational changes to the channel pore. The S631A hERG pore mutation was originally engineered to interrogate hERG channel inactivation, but has very recently been found in a family with short QT syndrome (SQTS). Accordingly, this study characterized the effects of the S631A mutation on IhERG profile during ventricular, atrial, and Purkinje fiber (PF) AP waveforms, using patch clamp recording from hERG expressing HEK 293 cells at 37°C. Under conventional voltage clamp, the current-voltage (I-V) relation for IhERG exhibited a marked right-ward shift in the region of negative slope at positive membrane potentials. Under ventricular AP clamp, the S631A mutation resulted in augmented IhERG , which also peaked much earlier during the AP plateau than did wild-type (WT) IhERG . Instantaneous I-V relations showed a marked positive shift in peak repolarizing current during the ventricular AP in the S631A setting, while the instantaneous conductance-voltage relation showed an earlier and more sustained rise in S631A compared to WT IhERG conductance during ventricular repolarization. Experiments with atrial and PF APs in each case also showed augmented and positively shifted IhERG in the S631A setting, indicating that the S631A mutation is likely to accelerate repolarization in all three cardiac regions. Ventricular AP clamp experiments showed retained effectiveness of the class Ia antiarrhythmic drug quinidine (1 μmol/L) against S631A IhERG . Quinidine is thus likely to be effective in reducing excessively fast repolarization in SQTS resulting from the S631A hERG mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Butler
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceMedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Yihong Zhang
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceMedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkBristolUnited Kingdom
| | - Alan G. Stuart
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Jules C. Hancox
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceMedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkBristolUnited Kingdom
- Bristol Heart InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolUnited Kingdom
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Britton OJ, Abi-Gerges N, Page G, Ghetti A, Miller PE, Rodriguez B. Quantitative Comparison of Effects of Dofetilide, Sotalol, Quinidine, and Verapamil between Human Ex vivo Trabeculae and In silico Ventricular Models Incorporating Inter-Individual Action Potential Variability. Front Physiol 2017; 8:597. [PMID: 28868038 PMCID: PMC5563361 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:In silico modeling could soon become a mainstream method of pro-arrhythmic risk assessment in drug development. However, a lack of human-specific data and appropriate modeling techniques has previously prevented quantitative comparison of drug effects between in silico models and recordings from human cardiac preparations. Here, we directly compare changes in repolarization biomarkers caused by dofetilide, dl-sotalol, quinidine, and verapamil, between in silico populations of human ventricular cell models and ex vivo human ventricular trabeculae. Methods and Results:Ex vivo recordings from human ventricular trabeculae in control conditions were used to develop populations of in silico human ventricular cell models that integrated intra- and inter-individual variability in action potential (AP) biomarker values. Models were based on the O'Hara-Rudy ventricular cardiomyocyte model, but integrated experimental AP variability through variation in underlying ionic conductances. Changes to AP duration, triangulation and early after-depolarization occurrence from application of the four drugs at multiple concentrations and pacing frequencies were compared between simulations and experiments. To assess the impact of variability in IC50 measurements, and the effects of including state-dependent drug binding dynamics, each drug simulation was repeated with two different IC50 datasets, and with both the original O'Hara-Rudy hERG model and a recently published state-dependent model of hERG and hERG block. For the selective hERG blockers dofetilide and sotalol, simulation predictions of AP prolongation and repolarization abnormality occurrence showed overall good agreement with experiments. However, for multichannel blockers quinidine and verapamil, simulations were not in agreement with experiments across all IC50 datasets and IKr block models tested. Quinidine simulations resulted in overprolonged APs and high incidence of repolarization abnormalities, which were not observed in experiments. Verapamil simulations showed substantial AP prolongation while experiments showed mild AP shortening. Conclusions: Results for dofetilide and sotalol show good agreement between experiments and simulations for selective compounds, however lack of agreement from simulations of quinidine and verapamil suggest further work is needed to understand the more complex electrophysiological effects of these multichannel blocking drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Britton
- Department of Computer Science, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guy Page
- AnaBios CorporationSan Diego, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Blanca Rodriguez
- Department of Computer Science, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
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Bilonda MK, Mammino L. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds in Conformers of Quinine and Quinidine: An HF, MP2 and DFT Study. Molecules 2017; 22:E245. [PMID: 28178218 PMCID: PMC6155604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinine is an alkaloid with powerful antimalarial activity, isolated from the bark of Peru's cinchona trees. Quinidine is an erythro diastereoisomer of quinine also exhibiting antimalarial activity. Conformational studies performed so far had never identified conformers with intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHB). The current study shows the possibility of conformers with an IHB between the quinuclidine and quinoline moieties of these molecules. The study was performed at different levels of theory: Hartree Fock (HF) with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set, Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set and Møller-Plesset Perturbation Theory (MP2) with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set, to confirm the results. The results suggest that the stabilising effect of this IHB is weaker or comparable with respect to the stabilising effect of the preferred mutual orientation of the two moieties. Although the IHB-containing conformers may not be the lowest energy ones, their relative energy is sufficiently low for them to be included among the possible ones responsible for the compounds' antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille K Bilonda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - Liliana Mammino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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Wahler RG, Reiman AT, Schrader JV. Use of Compounded Dextromethorphan- Quinidine Suspension for Pseudobulbar Affect in Hospice Patients. J Palliat Med 2016; 20:294-297. [PMID: 27997281 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2016.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) consists of unprovoked and uncontrollable episodes of laughing and/or crying. In end-of-life situations, PBA symptoms can be especially distressing to family and friends during an already heightened emotional time. Although a commercial product combining dextromethorphan and quinidine (DMQ) is FDA approved for use in PBA, many hospice patients are unable to swallow any solids or semisolids. An alternative formulation for these patients is needed. OBJECTIVE We present here two cases in which we used a compounded DMQ suspension successfully to treat PBA symptoms in the weeks before the patients' death. DESIGN A retrospective chart review was completed on the two cases where the DMQ suspension was used. A description of the DMQ suspension formula is described. SETTING/SUBJECTS Both patients were under the care of a hospice program; one in home care and one in a skilled nursing facility. MEASUREMENTS Episodes of PBA symptoms were summarized in a narrative of the patients' symptom relief. RESULTS Both patients tolerated the administration of the DMQ suspension and there were noted improvements in PBA symptoms. CONCLUSIONS DMQ suspension is an effective alternative for PBA symptoms in patients who cannot swallow oral solid medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Wahler
- 1 Niagara Hospice , Lockport, New York.,2 University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Alfred T Reiman
- 2 University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Joshua V Schrader
- 2 University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Agitation is common and distressing in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia, but safe, effective treatments remain elusive. Psychological treatments are first-line options, but they have limited efficacy. Off-label psychotropic medications are frequently used, but they also have limited effectiveness, and their use may have harmful side effects, including death. Areas covered: This review discusses the history leading to the conception of AVP-786 (deuterated (d6)-dextromethorphan/quinidine), its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and safety issues, together with an overview of recent clinical trials. Data were found in the medical literature, in US and EU clinical trial registries and in information provided by the manufacturer. Expert opinion: AVP-786 is one of six investigational compounds in recent phase III clinical development for agitation in Alzheimer disease (AD). Quinidine and deuteration appear to prolong dextromethorphan's plasma half-life and facilitate brain penetration. The FDA granted fast-track designation to AVP-786 and allowed use of data generated on dextromethorphan-quinidine (AVP-923, Nuedexta®) for regulatory filings. AVP-923 reduced agitation in AD and was well tolerated in a phase II RCT that included more than 200 patients. A phase III clinical development program of AVP-786 for AD agitation was recently initiated. This program is expected to start generating results in July 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Garay
- a Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience , Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Craven , Villemoisson-sur-Orge , France
| | - George T Grossberg
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience , St Louis University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
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Doody RS, D'Amico S, Cutler AJ, Davis CS, Shin P, Ledon F, Yonan C, Siffert J. An open-label study to assess safety, tolerability, and effectiveness of dextromethorphan/ quinidine for pseudobulbar affect in dementia: PRISM II results. CNS Spectr 2016; 21:450-459. [PMID: 26471212 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852915000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dextromethorphan (DM)/quinidine (Q) is an approved treatment for pseudobulbar affect (PBA) based on trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis. PRISM II evaluated DM/Q effectiveness and tolerability for PBA secondary to dementia, stroke, or traumatic brain injury; dementia cohort results are reported. METHODS This was an open-label, multicenter, 90 day trial; patients received DM/Q 20/10 mg twice daily. Primary outcome was change in Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS) score. Secondary outcomes included PBA episode count and Clinical and Patient/Caregiver Global Impression of Change scores with respect to PBA (CGI-C/PGI-C). RESULTS 134 patients were treated. CNS-LS improved by a mean (SD) of 7.2 (6.0) points at Day 90/Endpoint (P<.001) vs. baseline. PBA episodes were reduced 67.7% (P<.001) vs. baseline; global measures showed 77.5% CGI-C and 76.5% PGI-C "much"/"very much" improved. Adverse events included headache (7.5%), urinary tract infection (4.5%), and diarrhea (3.7%); few patients dropped out for adverse events (10.4%). CONCLUSIONS DM/Q significantly reduced PBA symptoms in patients with dementia; reported adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of DM/Q. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01799941.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew J Cutler
- Florida Clinical Research Center, LLC, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | | | - Paul Shin
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Fred Ledon
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - Charles Yonan
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
| | - João Siffert
- Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to perform a synthesis and analysis of the most important information on quinine and its derivatives, which are still very important in the treatment of malaria. The analysis of stereoisomers of quinine and its derivatives was conducted using two techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Particularly noteworthy is the technique used for the determination of isotachophoresis, referred to as one of the so-called green chemistry techniques. Particular attention was paid to properties and the use of quinine and its derivatives in the treatment of malaria. The analytical part will supplement knowledge about quinidine, quinine, and cinchonidine, and will contribute to the growth of research on the so-much-needed drugs against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kluska
- a Institute of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities , Siedlce , Poland
| | - Anna Marciniuk-Kluska
- b Faculty of Management, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities , Siedlce , Poland
| | - Dorota Prukała
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
| | - Wiesław Prukała
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznań , Poland
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Yan M, Fan P, Shi Y, Feng L, Wang J, Zhan G, Li B. Stereoselective Blockage of Quinidine and Quinine in the hERG Channel and the Effect of Their Rescue Potency on Drug-Induced hERG Trafficking Defect. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1648. [PMID: 27690007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastereoisomers of quinidine and quinine are used to treat arrhythmia and malaria, respectively. It has been reported that both drugs block the hERG (human ether-a-go-go-related gene) potassium channel which is essential for myocardium repolarization. Abnormality of repolarization increases risk of arrhythmia. The aim of our research is to study and compare the impacts of quinidine and quinine on hERG. Results show that both drugs block the hERG channel, with quinine 14-fold less potent than quinidine. In addition, they presented distinct impacts on channel dynamics. The results imply their stereospecific block effect on the hERG channel. However, F656C-hERG reversed this stereoselectivity. The mutation decreases affinity of the two drugs with hERG, and quinine was more potent than quinidine in F656C-hERG blockage. These data suggest that F656 residue contributes to the stereoselective pocket for quinidine and quinine. Further study demonstrates that both drugs do not change hERG protein levels. In rescue experiments, we found that they exert no reverse effect on pentamidine- or desipramine-induced hERG trafficking defect, although quinidine has been reported to rescue trafficking-deficient pore mutation hERG G601S based on the interaction with F656. Our research demonstrated stereoselective effects of quinidine and quinine on the hERG channel, and this is the first study to explore their reversal potency on drug-induced hERG deficiency.
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Shen T, Yuan B, Geng J, Chen C, Zhou X, Shan Q. Low-Dose Quinidine Effectively Reduced Shocks in Brugada Syndrome Patients with an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator: A Chinese Case Series Report. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2016; 22. [PMID: 27550400 DOI: 10.1111/anec.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) have been proven to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with Brugada syndrome (BrS). However, ICD discharge, whether appropriate or inappropriate, leads to impaired quality of life and even increases rehospitalization. Quinidine might prevent the recurrence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA); however, the effect of low-dose quinidine for preventing spontaneous arrhythmias remains less clear. METHODS In our cardiology center, 10 confirmed patients with BrS (all men, mean age 38.7 ± 6.72 years) who underwent appropriate ICD shocks due to recurrent VAs were treated with quinidine (≤200 mg/day) and followed regularly. RESULTS All the patients underwent ICD shocks due to ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) before taking quinidine. A 24-hour distribution of VT/VF demonstrated that most of the events occurred in the sleeping time from 22:00 to 8:00. Quinidine prevented recurrence of VAs in nine patients. The other one patient took quinidine discontinuously because of anxiety suffered from less episodes of VA, and after psychological guidance, he took quinidine 200 mg/day and experienced no VA episodes from then on. In our series, only one patient suffered leukopenia related to quinidine. No other side effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS Quinidine with a very low dose (≤200 mg/day) well controlled VT/VF recurrence for a long-term period in Chinese patients with BrS. Administration (at 21:00) according to the circadian distribution of VT/VF episodes might increase the efficiency and improve the patient's tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Shen
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Yuan
- Cardiovascular Department, Nanjing Benq Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Geng
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun Chen
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhou
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qijun Shan
- Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Bui K, She F, Zhou D, Butler K, Al-Huniti N, Sostek M. The effect of quinidine, a strong P-glycoprotein inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and central nervous system distribution of naloxegol. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 56:497-505. [PMID: 26248047 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Naloxegol is a PEGylated, oral, peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist approved in the United States for treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. Naloxegol is metabolized by CYP3A, and its properties as a substrate for the P-glycoprotein (PGP) transporter limit its central nervous system (CNS) permeability. This double-blind, randomized, 2-part, crossover study in healthy volunteers evaluated the effect of quinidine (600 mg PO), a CYP3A/PGP transporter inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and CNS distribution of naloxegol (25 mg PO). In addition, the effects of quinidine on morphine (5 mg/70 kg IV)-induced miosis and exposure to naloxegol were assessed. Coadministration of quinidine and naloxegol increased naloxegol's AUC 1.4-fold and Cmax 2.5-fold but did not antagonize morphine-induced miosis, suggesting that PGP inhibition does not increase the CNS penetration of naloxegol. Naloxegol pharmacokinetics was unaltered by coadministration of morphine and either quinidine or placebo; conversely, pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites (in the presence of quinidine) were unaltered by coadministration of naloxegol. Naloxegol was safe and well tolerated, alone or in combination with quinidine, morphine, or both. The observed increase in exposure to naloxegol in the presence of quinidine is primarily attributed to quinidine's properties as a weak CYP3A inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Bui
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Fahua She
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark Sostek
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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