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Walsh DJ, Rees JR, Mehra S, Bourkas MEC, Kaczmarczyk L, Stuart E, Jackson WS, Watts JC, Supattapone S. Anti-prion drugs do not improve survival in novel knock-in models of inherited prion disease. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012087. [PMID: 38557815 PMCID: PMC10984475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases uniquely manifest in three distinct forms: inherited, sporadic, and infectious. Wild-type prions are responsible for the sporadic and infectious versions, while mutant prions cause inherited variants like fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD). Although some drugs can prolong prion incubation times up to four-fold in rodent models of infectious prion diseases, no effective treatments for FFI and fCJD have been found. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of various anti-prion drugs on newly-developed knock-in mouse models for FFI and fCJD. These models express bank vole prion protein (PrP) with the pathogenic D178N and E200K mutations. We applied various drug regimens known to be highly effective against wild-type prions in vivo as well as a brain-penetrant compound that inhibits mutant PrPSc propagation in vitro. None of the regimens tested (Anle138b, IND24, Anle138b + IND24, cellulose ether, and PSCMA) significantly extended disease-free survival or prevented mutant PrPSc accumulation in either knock-in mouse model, despite their ability to induce strain adaptation of mutant prions. Our results show that anti-prion drugs originally developed to treat infectious prion diseases do not necessarily work for inherited prion diseases, and that the recombinant sPMCA is not a reliable platform for identifying compounds that target mutant prions. This work underscores the need to develop therapies and validate screening assays specifically for mutant prions, as well as anti-prion strategies that are not strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Judy R. Rees
- Department of Epidemiology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Community and Family Medicine Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Surabhi Mehra
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew E. C. Bourkas
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Erica Stuart
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walker S. Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joel C. Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Surachai Supattapone
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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2
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Wang J, Takahashi K, Shoup TM, Gong L, Li Y, El Fakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Organomediated Cleavage of Benzoyl Group Enables an Efficient Synthesis of 1- (6-Nitropyridin-2-yl)thiourea and its application for developing 18F-labeled PET Tracers. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Chen C, Dong X. Therapeutic implications of prion diseases. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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4
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Mustazza C, Sbriccoli M, Minosi P, Raggi C. Small Molecules with Anti-Prion Activity. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5446-5479. [PMID: 31560283 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190927121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prion pathologies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding of the physiological Prion Protein (PrPC) into a β-structure-rich isoform called PrPSc. To date, there is no available cure for prion diseases and just a few clinical trials have been carried out. The initial approach in the search of anti-prion agents had PrPSc as a target, but the existence of different prion strains arising from alternative conformations of PrPSc, limited the efficacy of the ligands to a straindependent ability. That has shifted research to PrPC ligands, which either act as chaperones, by stabilizing the native conformation, or inhibit its interaction with PrPSc. The role of transition-metal mediated oxidation processes in prion misfolding has also been investigated. Another promising approach is the indirect action via other cellular targets, like membrane domains or the Protein- Folding Activity of Ribosomes (PFAR). Also, new prion-specific high throughput screening techniques have been developed. However, so far no substance has been found to be able to extend satisfactorily survival time in animal models of prion diseases. This review describes the main features of the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of the various chemical classes of anti-prion agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Mustazza
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sbriccoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Minosi
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Raggi
- National Centre for Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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5
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Krance SH, Luke R, Shenouda M, Israwi AR, Colpitts SJ, Darwish L, Strauss M, Watts JC. Cellular models for discovering prion disease therapeutics: Progress and challenges. J Neurochem 2020; 153:150-172. [PMID: 31943194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prions, which cause fatal neurodegenerative disorders such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are misfolded and infectious protein aggregates. Currently, there are no treatments available to halt or even delay the progression of prion disease in the brain. The infectious nature of prions has resulted in animal paradigms that accurately recapitulate all aspects of prion disease, and these have proven to be instrumental for testing the efficacy of candidate therapeutics. Nonetheless, infection of cultured cells with prions provides a much more powerful system for identifying molecules capable of interfering with prion propagation. Certain lines of cultured cells can be chronically infected with various types of mouse prions, and these models have been used to unearth candidate anti-prion drugs that are at least partially efficacious when administered to prion-infected rodents. However, these studies have also revealed that not all types of prions are equal, and that drugs active against mouse prions are not necessarily effective against prions from other species. Despite some recent progress, the number of cellular models available for studying non-mouse prions remains limited. In particular, human prions have proven to be particularly challenging to propagate in cultured cells, which has severely hindered the discovery of drugs for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In this review, we summarize the cellular models that are presently available for discovering and testing drugs capable of blocking the propagation of prions and highlight challenges that remain on the path towards developing therapies for prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffire H Krance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell Luke
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc Shenouda
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmad R Israwi
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah J Colpitts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maximilian Strauss
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Holec SA, Block AJ, Bartz JC. The role of prion strain diversity in the development of successful therapeutic treatments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:77-119. [PMID: 32958242 PMCID: PMC8939712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prions are a self-propagating misfolded conformation of a cellular protein. Prions are found in several eukaryotic organisms with mammalian prion diseases encompassing a wide range of disorders. The first recognized prion disease, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), affect several species including humans. Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies, and tauopathies share a similar mechanism of self-propagation of the prion form of the disease-specific protein reminiscent of the infection process of TSEs. Strain diversity in prion disease is characterized by differences in the phenotype of disease that is hypothesized to be encoded by strain-specific conformations of the prion form of the disease-specific protein. Prion therapeutics that target the prion form of the disease-specific protein can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of prions, consistent with the hypothesis that prion strains exist as a dynamic mixture of a dominant strain in combination with minor substrains. To overcome this obstacle, therapies that reduce or eliminate the template of conversion are efficacious, may reverse neuropathology, and do not result in the emergence of drug resistance. Recent advancements in preclinical diagnosis of prion infection may allow for a combinational approach that treats the prion form and the precursor protein to effectively treat prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A.M. Holec
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alyssa J. Block
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States,Corresponding author:
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Ma Z, Tao C, Sun L, Qi S, Le Y, Wang J, Li C, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhao J. In Situ Forming Injectable Hydrogel For Encapsulation Of Nanoiguratimod And Sustained Release Of Therapeutics. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8725-8738. [PMID: 31806967 PMCID: PMC6847989 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iguratimod (IGUR) is a novel disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To improve its bioavailability and to alleviate gastrointestinal side effects, we changed the formulation into nanoiguratimod-loaded hydrogel (NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel) composites for sustained release of therapeutics. Methods IGUR was first encapsulated in biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol micelle by liquid antisolvent precipitation (LAP) technology, and then loaded into an in situ injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel, which was cross-linked by PEG (Thiol)2 (HS-PEG-SH) through Michael addition reaction. In vitro, the biological effects (proliferation, migration, and invasion) of NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLS) from RA patients were evaluated. In vivo, the pharmacokinetics of NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel was assessed and the efficacy of NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel in treating collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats was evaluated. Results By the LAP technique, we acquired the amorphous form nanoiguratimod, with an average size of 458 nm, which had higher dissolution rates and higher stability. The release of IGUR from hydrogel composite in PBS was gradual and sustained for up to 72 hrs compared with nanoiguratimod. Different concentrations of NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of RA-FLS. The pharmacokinetic parameters showed better bioavailability and longer half-life time with NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel by subcutaneous administration than oral raw iguratimod. Animal experiments confirmed that subcutaneous injection of NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel (10 mg/kg every 3 days) and oral raw iguratimod (10mg/kg daily) showed similar efficacy in decreasing arthritis index score, pathological score, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion Overall, we demonstrate that NanoIGUR-loaded hydrogel provides a new route of administration and extends the administration interval. It could be a promising drug-delivery approach in the management of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Tao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbei Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Le
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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8
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Staffaroni AM, Kramer AO, Casey M, Kang H, Rojas JC, Orrú CD, Caughey B, Allen IE, Kramer JH, Rosen HJ, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Geschwind MD. Association of Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau Level and Other Biomarkers With Survival Time in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:969-977. [PMID: 31058916 PMCID: PMC6503575 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Fluid biomarkers that can predict survival time in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) will be critical for clinical care and for treatment trials. OBJECTIVE To assess whether plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are associated with survival time in patients with sCJD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this longitudinal cohort study, data from 193 patients with probable or definite sCJD who had codon 129 genotyping referred to a tertiary national referral service in the United States were collected from March 2004 to January 2018. Participants were evaluated until death or censored at the time of statistical analysis (range, 0.03-38.3 months). We fitted Cox proportional hazard models with time to event as the outcome. Fluid biomarkers were log-transformed, and models were run with and without nonfluid biomarkers of survival. Five patients were excluded because life-extending measures were performed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Biomarkers of survival included sex, age, codon 129 genotype, Barthel Index, Medical Research Council Prion Disease Rating Scale, 8 CSF biomarkers (total tau [t-tau] level, phosphorylated tau [p-tau] level, t-tau:p-tau ratio, neurofilament light [NfL] level, β-amyloid 42 level, neuron-specific enolase level, 14-3-3 test result, and real-time quaking-induced conversion test), and 3 plasma biomarkers (t-tau level, NfL level, and glial fibrillary acidic protein level). RESULTS Of the 188 included participants, 103 (54.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 63.8 (9.2) years. Plasma t-tau levels (hazard ratio, 5.8; 95% CI, 2.3-14.8; P < .001) and CSF t-tau levels (hazard ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.1; P < .001) were significantly associated with survival after controlling for codon 129 genotype and Barthel Index, which are also associated with survival time. Plasma and CSF t-tau levels were correlated (r = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.50-0.90; P < .001). Other fluid biomarkers associated with survival included plasma NfL levels, CSF NfL levels, t-tau:p-tau ratio, 14-3-3 test result, and neuron-specific enolase levels. In a restricted subset of 23 patients with data for all significant biomarkers, the hazard ratio for plasma t-tau level was more than 40% larger than any other biomarkers (hazard ratio, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.4). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma tau levels, along with several other fluid biomarkers, were significantly associated with survival time in patients with sCJD. The correlation between CSF and plasma t-tau levels and the association of plasma t-tau level with survival time suggest that plasma t-tau level may be a minimally invasive fluid biomarker in sCJD that could improve clinical trial stratification and guide clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Staffaroni
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Abigail O. Kramer
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Megan Casey
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Huicong Kang
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Julio C. Rojas
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christina D. Orrú
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Byron Caughey
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana
| | - I. Elaine Allen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joel H. Kramer
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Geschwind
- UCSF Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
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9
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding of the molecular biology of prion diseases and improved clinical diagnostic techniques might allow researchers to think about therapeutic trials in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Some attempts have been made in the past and various compounds have been tested in single case reports and patient series. Controlled trials are rare. However, in the past few years, it has been demonstrated that clinical trials are feasible. The clinicians might face several specific problems when evaluating the efficacy of the drug in CJD, such as rareness of the disease, lack of appropriate preclinical tests and heterogeneous clinical presentation in humans. These problems have to be carefully addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Dementia Center and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Giles K, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. Developing Therapeutics for PrP Prion Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a023747. [PMID: 28096242 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prototypical PrP prion diseases are invariably fatal, and the search for agents to treat them spans more than 30 years, with limited success. However, in the last few years, the application of high-throughput screening, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacokinetic optimization has led to important advances. The PrP prion inoculation paradigm provides a robust assay for testing therapeutic efficacy, and a dozen compounds have been reported that lead to meaningful extension in survival of prion-infected mice. Here, we review the history and recent progress in the field, focusing on studies validated in animal models. Based on screens in cells infected with mouse-passaged PrP prions, orally available compounds were generated that double or even triple the survival of mice infected with the same prion strain. Unfortunately, no compounds have yet shown efficacy against human prions. Nevertheless, the speed of the recent advances brings hope that an effective therapeutic can be developed. A successful treatment for any neurodegenerative disease would be a major achievement, and the growing understanding that the more common neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, progress by an analogous prion mechanism serves to highlight the importance of antiprion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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11
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Abstract
Although an effective therapy for prion disease has not yet been established, many advances have been made toward understanding its pathogenesis, which has facilitated research into therapeutics for the disease. Several compounds, including flupirtine, quinacrine, pentosan polysulfate, and doxycycline, have recently been used on a trial basis for patients with prion disease. Concomitantly, several lead antiprion compounds, including compound B (compB), IND series, and anle138b, have been discovered. However, clinical trials are still far from yielding significantly beneficial results, and the findings of lead compound studies in animals have highlighted new challenges. These efforts have highlighted areas that need improvement or further exploration to achieve more effective therapies. In this work, we review recent advances in prion-related therapeutic research and discuss basic scientific issues to be resolved for meaningful medical intervention of prion disease.
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12
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Identification of novel fluorescent probes preventing PrP Sc replication in prion diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:859-873. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Mead S, Burnell M, Lowe J, Thompson A, Lukic A, Porter MC, Carswell C, Kaski D, Kenny J, Mok TH, Bjurstrom N, Franko E, Gorham M, Druyeh R, Wadsworth JDF, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Hyare H, Rudge P, Walker AS, Collinge J. Clinical Trial Simulations Based on Genetic Stratification and the Natural History of a Functional Outcome Measure in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:447-55. [PMID: 26902324 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE A major challenge for drug development in neurodegenerative diseases is that adequately powered efficacy studies with meaningful end points typically require several hundred participants and long durations. Prion diseases represent the archetype of brain diseases caused by protein misfolding, the most common subtype being sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia. There is no well-established trial method in prion disease. OBJECTIVE To establish a more powerful and meaningful clinical trial method in sCJD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A stratified medicine and simulation approach based on a prospective interval-cohort study conducted from October 2008 to June 2014. This study involved 598 participants with probable or definite sCJD followed up over 470 patient-years at a specialist national referral service in the United Kingdom with domiciliary, care home, and hospital patient visits. We fitted linear mixed models to the outcome measurements, and simulated clinical trials involving 10 to 120 patients (no dropouts) with early to moderately advanced prion disease using model parameters to compare the power of various designs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES A total of 2681 assessments were done using a functionally orientated composite end point (Medical Research Council Scale) and associated with clinical investigations (brain magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis) and molecular data (prion protein [PrP] gene sequencing, PrPSc type). RESULTS Of the 598 participants, 273 were men. The PrP gene sequence was significantly associated with decline relative to any other demographic or investigation factors. Patients with sCJD and polymorphic codon 129 genotypes MM, VV, and MV lost 10% of their function in 5.3 (95% CI, 4.2-6.9), 13.2 (95% CI, 10.9-16.6), and 27.8 (95% CI, 21.9-37.8) days, respectively (P < .001). Simulations indicate that an adequately powered (80%; 2-sided α = .05) open-label randomized trial using 50% reduction in Medical Research Council Scale decline as the primary outcome could be conducted with only 120 participants assessed every 10 days and only 90 participants assessed daily, providing considerably more power than using survival as the primary outcome. Restricting to VV or MV codon 129 genotypes increased power even further. Alternatively, single-arm intervention studies (half the total sample size) could provide similar power in comparison to the natural history cohort. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Functional end points in neurodegeneration need not require long and very large clinical studies to be adequately powered for efficacy. Patients with sCJD may be an efficient and cost-effective group for testing disease-modifying therapeutics. Stratified medicine and natural history cohort approaches may transform the feasibility of clinical trials in orphan diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegnerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England2National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NH
| | - Matthew Burnell
- Department of Statistical Science, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University College London, London, England
| | - Jessica Lowe
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Andrew Thompson
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Ana Lukic
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Marie-Claire Porter
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Christopher Carswell
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Diego Kaski
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Janna Kenny
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Tze How Mok
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Nina Bjurstrom
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Edit Franko
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Michele Gorham
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Ronald Druyeh
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegnerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Jonathan D F Wadsworth
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegnerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England5Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England
| | - Harpreet Hyare
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NHS Trust, London, England
| | - Peter Rudge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegnerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England2National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NH
| | - A Sarah Walker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, England
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegnerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, England2National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals, NH
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14
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Giles K, Berry DB, Condello C, Dugger BN, Li Z, Oehler A, Bhardwaj S, Elepano M, Guan S, Silber BM, Olson SH, Prusiner SB. Optimization of Aryl Amides that Extend Survival in Prion-Infected Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:537-47. [PMID: 27317802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) prevalent in the aging population remains a daunting challenge. With the growing understanding that many NDs progress by conformational self-templating of specific proteins, the prototypical prion diseases offer a platform for ND drug discovery. We evaluated high-throughput screening hits with the aryl amide scaffold and explored the structure-activity relationships around three series differing in their N-aryl core: benzoxazole, benzothiazole, and cyano. Potent anti-prion compounds were advanced to pharmacokinetic studies, and the resulting brain-penetrant leads from each series, together with a related N-aryl piperazine lead, were escalated to long-term dosing and efficacy studies. Compounds from each of the four series doubled the survival of mice infected with a mouse-passaged prion strain. Treatment with aryl amides altered prion strain properties, as evidenced by the distinct patterns of neuropathological deposition of prion protein and associated astrocytic gliosis in the brain; however, none of the aryl amide compounds resulted in drug-resistant prion strains, in contrast to previous studies on compounds with the 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) scaffold. As seen with 2-AMTs and other effective anti-prion compounds reported to date, the novel aryl amides reported here were ineffective in prolonging the survival of transgenic mice infected with human prions. Most encouraging is our discovery that aryl amides show that the development of drug resistance is not an inevitable consequence of efficacious anti-prion therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Brittany N Dugger
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Zhe Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Abby Oehler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sumita Bhardwaj
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Manuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - B Michael Silber
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven H Olson
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., A.O., S.B., M.E., S.G., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.) and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., B.N.D., Z.L., B.M.S., S.H.O., S.B.P.), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (S.G.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco, California
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15
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Berry D, Giles K, Oehler A, Bhardwaj S, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB. Use of a 2-aminothiazole to Treat Chronic Wasting Disease in Transgenic Mice. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 1:S17-25. [PMID: 26116725 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the 2-aminothiazole IND24 extended the survival of mice infected with mouse-adapted scrapie but also resulted in the emergence of a drug-resistant prion strain. Here, we determined whether IND24 extended the survival of transgenic mice infected with prions that caused scrapie in sheep or prions that caused chronic wasting disease (CWD; hereafter "CWD prions") in deer, using 2 isolates for each disease. IND24 doubled the incubation times for mice infected with CWD prions but had no effect on the survival of those infected with scrapie prions. Biochemical, neuropathologic, and cell culture analyses were used to characterize prion strain properties following treatment, and results indicated that the CWD prions were not altered by IND24, regardless of survival extension. These results suggest that IND24 may be a viable candidate for treating CWD in infected captive cervid populations and raise questions about why some prion strains develop drug resistance whereas others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco
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16
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Hamanaka T, Nishizawa K, Sakasegawa Y, Teruya K, Doh-ura K. Structure-activity analysis and antiprion mechanism of isoprenoid compounds. Virology 2015; 486:63-70. [PMID: 26402376 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prion strain-specific mechanism by which normal prion protein is converted to abnormal prion protein remains largely unknown. This study found that insect juvenile hormone III reduced abnormal prion protein levels only in cells infected with the RML prion. We conducted a structure-activity analysis using juvenile hormone III biosynthetic intermediates in the isoprenoid pathway. Both farnesol and geranylgeraniol, the most potent inhibitors of abnormal prion protein formation, behaved in an RML prion-dependent fashion. Neither of them modified cellular and cell surface prion protein levels. Events downstream of this pathway include cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation. However, neither of these isoprenoid compounds modified lipid raft microdomains and cellular cholesterol levels and neither affected the representative prenylated protein expression levels of prenylation pathways. Therefore, these isoprenoid compounds are a new class of prion strain-dependent antiprion compounds. They are useful for exploring strain-specific prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Hamanaka
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nishizawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Sakasegawa
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenta Teruya
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsumi Doh-ura
- Department of Neurochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryocho, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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17
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Figueiredo CP, Ferreira NC, Passos GF, Costa RD, Neves FS, Machado CSC, Mascarello A, Chiaradia-Delatorre LD, Neuenfeldt PD, Nunes RJ, Cordeiro Y. Toxicological Evaluation of Anti-Scrapie Trimethoxychalcones and Oxadiazoles. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1421-34. [PMID: 26247149 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An altered form of the cellular prion protein, the PrPScor PrPRes, is implicated in the occurrence of the still untreatable transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. We have previously synthesized and characterized aromatic compounds that inhibit protease-resistant prion protein (PrPRes) accumulation in scrapie-infected cells. These compounds belong to different chemical classes, including acylhydrazones, chalcones and oxadiazoles. Some of the active compounds were non-toxic to neuroblastoma cells in culture and seem to possess drugable properties, since they are in agreement with the Lipinski´s rule of 5 and present desirable pharmacokinetic profiles as predicted in silico. Before the evaluation of the in vivo efficacy of the aromatic compounds in scrapie-infected mice, safety assessment in healthy mice is needed. Here we used Swiss mice to evaluate the acute toxicity profile of the six most promising anti-prionic compounds, the 2,4,5-trimethoxychalcones (J1, J8, J20 and J35) and the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (Y13 and Y17). One single oral administration (300 mg/kg) of J1, J8, J20, J35, Y13 and Y17 or repeated intraperitoneal administration (10 mg/kg, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks) of J1, J8 and J35, did not elicit toxicity in mice. We strongly believe that the investigated trimethoxychalcones and oxadiazoles are interesting compounds to be further analyzed in vivo against prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Natalia C Ferreira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Giselle F Passos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Robson da Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Fernanda S Neves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Clarice S C Machado
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Alessandra Mascarello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, BR
| | | | - Patrícia D Neuenfeldt
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, BR
| | - Ricardo J Nunes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, BR
| | - Yraima Cordeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
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18
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Giles K, Berry DB, Condello C, Hawley RC, Gallardo-Godoy A, Bryant C, Oehler A, Elepano M, Bhardwaj S, Patel S, Silber BM, Guan S, DeArmond SJ, Renslo AR, Prusiner SB. Different 2-Aminothiazole Therapeutics Produce Distinct Patterns of Scrapie Prion Neuropathology in Mouse Brains. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015. [PMID: 26224882 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because no drug exists that halts or even slows any neurodegenerative disease, developing effective therapeutics for any prion disorder is urgent. We recently reported two compounds (IND24 and IND81) with the 2-aminothiazole (2-AMT) chemical scaffold that almost doubled the incubation times in scrapie prion-infected, wild-type (wt) FVB mice when given in a liquid diet. Remarkably, oral prophylactic treatment with IND24 beginning 14 days prior to intracerebral prion inoculation extended survival from ∼120 days to over 450 days. In addition to IND24, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of five additional 2-AMTs; one was not followed further because its brain penetration was poor. Of the remaining four new 2-AMTs, IND114338 doubled and IND125 tripled the incubation times of RML-inoculated wt and Tg4053 mice overexpressing wt mouse prion protein (PrP), respectively. Neuropathological examination of the brains from untreated controls showed a widespread deposition of self-propagating, β-sheet-rich "scrapie" isoform (PrP(Sc)) prions accompanied by a profound astrocytic gliosis. In contrast, mice treated with 2-AMTs had lower levels of PrP(Sc) and associated astrocytic gliosis, with each compound resulting in a distinct pattern of deposition. Notably, IND125 prevented both PrP(Sc) accumulation and astrocytic gliosis in the cerebrum. Progressive central nervous system dysfunction in the IND125-treated mice was presumably due to the PrP(Sc) that accumulated in their brainstems. Disappointingly, none of the four new 2-AMTs prolonged the lives of mice expressing a chimeric human/mouse PrP transgene inoculated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ronald C Hawley
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Abby Oehler
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Manuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sumita Bhardwaj
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Smita Patel
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - B Michael Silber
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Shenheng Guan
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephen J DeArmond
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (K.G., D.B.B., C.C., R.C.H., M.E., S.B., S.P., B.M.S., S.G., S.J.D., S.B.P); Small Molecule Discovery Center (A.G.-G., C.B., A.R.R.); and Departments of Neurology (K.G., C.C., R.C.H., B.M.S., S.B.P), Pharmaceutical Chemistry (A.G.-G., C.B., S.G., A.R.R.), Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Biochemistry and Biophysics (S.B.P.), University of California, San Francisco
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19
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Beno BR, Yeung KS, Bartberger MD, Pennington LD, Meanwell NA. A Survey of the Role of Noncovalent Sulfur Interactions in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4383-438. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501853m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Lewis D. Pennington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
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20
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Makam P, Kannan T. 2-Aminothiazole derivatives as antimycobacterial agents: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in silico studies. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:643-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Vogt D, Weber J, Ihlefeld K, Brüggerhoff A, Proschak E, Stark H. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2-aminothiazole derivatives as sphingosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5354-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Ghaemmaghami S, Russo M, Renslo AR. Successes and challenges in phenotype-based lead discovery for prion diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6919-29. [PMID: 24762293 PMCID: PMC4148153 DOI: 10.1021/jm5001425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
(CJD) is a rare but invariably
fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by misfolding of an endogenous
protein into an alternative pathogenic conformation. The details of
protein misfolding and aggregation are not well understood nor are
the mechanism(s) by which the aggregated protein confers cellular
toxicity. While there is as yet no clear consensus about how best
to intervene therapeutically in CJD, prion infections can be propagated
in cell culture and in experimental animals, affording both in vitro
and in vivo models of disease. Here we review recent lead discovery
efforts for CJD, with a focus on our own efforts to optimize 2-aminothiazole
analogues for anti-prion potency in cells and for brain exposure in
mice. The compounds that emerged from this effort were found to be
efficacious in multiple animal models of prion disease even as they
revealed new challenges for the field, including the emergence of
resistant prion strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester , 326 Hutchison Hall, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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23
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Abstract
There is not a single pharmaceutical that halts or even slows any neurodegenerative disease. Mounting evidence shows that prions cause many neurodegenerative diseases, and arguably, scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions represent the best therapeutic targets. We report here that the previously identified 2-aminothiazoles IND24 and IND81 doubled the survival times of scrapie-infected, wild-type mice. However, mice infected with Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) prions, a scrapie-derived strain, and treated with IND24 eventually exhibited neurological dysfunction and died. We serially passaged their brain homogenates in mice and cultured cells. We found that the prion strain isolated from IND24-treated mice, designated RML[IND24], emerged during a single passage in treated mice. Although RML prions infect both the N2a and CAD5 cell lines, RML[IND24] prions could only infect CAD5 cells. When passaged in CAD5 cells, the prions remained resistant to high concentrations of IND24. However, one passage of RML[IND24] prions in untreated mice restored susceptibility to IND24 in CAD5 cells. Although IND24 treatment extended the lives of mice propagating different prion strains, including RML, another scrapie-derived prion strain ME7, and chronic wasting disease, it was ineffective in slowing propagation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions in transgenic mice. Our studies demonstrate that prion strains can acquire resistance upon exposure to IND24 that is lost upon passage in mice in the absence of IND24. These data suggest that monotherapy can select for resistance, thus intermittent therapy with mixtures of antiprion compounds may be required to slow or stop neurodegeneration.
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24
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Antiprion compounds that reduce PrP(Sc) levels in dividing and stationary-phase cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7999-8012. [PMID: 24183589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During prion diseases, a normally benign, host protein, denoted PrP(C), undergoes alternative folding into the aberrant isoform, PrP(Sc). We used ELISA to identify and confirm hits in order to develop leads that reduce PrP(Sc) in prion-infected dividing and stationary-phase mouse neuroblastoma (ScN2a-cl3) cells. We tested 52,830 diverse small molecules in dividing cells and 49,430 in stationary-phase cells. This led to 3100 HTS and 970 single point confirmed (SPC) hits in dividing cells, 331 HTS and 55 confirmed SPC hits in stationary-phase cells as well as 36 confirmed SPC hits active in both. Fourteen chemical leads were identified from confirmed SPC hits in dividing cells and three in stationary-phase cells. From more than 682 compounds tested in concentration-effect relationships in dividing cells to determine potency (EC50), 102 had EC50 values between 1 and 10 μM and 50 had EC50 values of <1 μM; none affected cell viability. We observed an excellent correlation between EC50 values determined by ELISA and Western immunoblotting for 28 representative compounds in dividing cells (R(2)=0.75; p <0.0001). Of the 55 confirmed SPC hits in stationary-phase cells, 23 were piperazine, indole, or urea leads. The EC50 values of one indole in stationary-phase and dividing ScN2a-cl3 cells were 7.5 and 1.6 μM, respectively. Unexpectedly, the number of hits in stationary-phase cells was ~10% of that in dividing cells. The explanation for this difference remains to be determined.
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25
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Lu D, Giles K, Li Z, Rao S, Dolghih E, Gever JR, Geva M, Elepano ML, Oehler A, Bryant C, Renslo AR, Jacobson MP, Dearmond SJ, Silber BM, Prusiner SB. Biaryl amides and hydrazones as therapeutics for prion disease in transgenic mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:325-38. [PMID: 23965382 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.205799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The only small-molecule compound demonstrated to substantially extend survival in prion-infected mice is a biaryl hydrazone termed "Compd B" (4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde,2-[4-(5-oxazolyl)phenyl]hydrazone). However, the hydrazone moiety of Compd B results in toxic metabolites, making it a poor candidate for further drug development. We developed a pharmacophore model based on diverse antiprion compounds identified by high-throughput screening; based on this model, we generated biaryl amide analogs of Compd B. Medicinal chemistry optimization led to multiple compounds with increased potency, increased brain concentrations, and greater metabolic stability, indicating that they could be promising candidates for antiprion therapy. Replacing the pyridyl ring of Compd B with a phenyl group containing an electron-donating substituent increased potency, while adding an aryl group to the oxazole moiety increased metabolic stability. To test the efficacy of Compd B, we applied bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which was previously shown to detect prion disease onset in live mice earlier than clinical signs. In our studies, Compd B showed good efficacy in two lines of transgenic mice infected with the mouse-adapted Rocky Mountain Laboratory (RML) strain of prions, but not in transgenic mice infected with human prions. The BLI system successfully predicted the efficacies in all cases long before extension in survival could be observed. Our studies suggest that this BLI system has good potential to be applied in future antiprion drug efficacy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (D.L., K.G., Z.L., S.R., J.R.G., M.G., M.L.E., S.J.D., B.M.S., S.B.P.), Department of Neurology (K.G., Z.L., S.R., J.R.G., B.M.S., S.B.P.), Department of Pathology (A.O., S.J.D.), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (E.D., C.B., A.R.R., M.P.J.), Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences (B.M.S.), and Small Molecule Discovery Center (C.B., A.R.R.), University of California, San Francisco, California
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26
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Li Z, Rao S, Gever JR, Widjaja K, Prusiner SB, Michael Silber B. Optimization of Arylamides as Novel, Potent and Brain-penetrant Antiprion Lead Compounds. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:647-650. [PMID: 23977416 DOI: 10.1021/ml300454k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion diseases caused by PrPSc, an alternatively folded form of the cellular prion protein (PrPC), are rapidly progressive, fatal, and untreatable neurodegenerative syndromes. We employed HTS ELISA assays to identify compounds that lower the level of PrPSc in prion-infected mouse neuroblastoma (ScN2a-cl3) cells and identified a series of arylamides. SAR studies indicated that small amides with one aromatic, or heteroaromatic ring, on each side of the amide bond are of modest potency. Of note, benzamide (7), with an EC50 of 2200 nM, was one of only a few arylamide hits with a piperazine group on its aniline moiety. The basic piperazine nitrogen can be protonated at physiologic pH, improving solubility, and therefore we wanted to exploit this feature in our search for a drug candidate. An SAR campaign resulted in several key analogs, including a set with biaryl groups introduced on the carbonyl side for improved potency. Several of these biaryl analogs have submicromolar potency, with the most potent analog 17 having an EC50 = 22 nM. More importantly, 17 and several biarylamides (20, 24, 26, 27) were able to traverse the BBB and displayed excellent drug levels in the brains of mice following oral dosing. These biarylamides may represent good starting points for further lead optimization for the identification of potential drug candidates for the treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Satish Rao
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Joel R. Gever
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kartika Widjaja
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Stanley B. Prusiner
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - B. Michael Silber
- Institute
for Neurodegenerative Diseases, ‡Department of Neurology, §Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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27
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28
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Li Z, Silber BM, Rao S, Gever JR, Bryant C, Gallardo-Godoy A, Dolghih E, Widjaja K, Elepano M, Jacobson MP, Prusiner SB, Renslo AR. 2-Aminothiazoles with improved pharmacotherapeutic properties for treatment of prion disease. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:847-57. [PMID: 23509039 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we described the aminothiazole lead (4-biphenyl-4-ylthiazol-2-yl)-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-amine (1), which exhibits many desirable properties, including excellent stability in liver microsomes, oral bioavailability of ∼40 %, and high exposure in the brains of mice. Despite its good pharmacokinetic properties, compound 1 exhibited only modest potency in mouse neuroblastoma cells overexpressing the disease-causing prion protein PrP(Sc) . Accordingly, we sought to identify analogues of 1 with improved antiprion potency in ScN2a-cl3 cells while retaining similar or superior properties. Herein we report the discovery of improved lead compounds such as (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-[4-(4-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)thiazol-2-yl]amine and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (4-biphenylthiazol-2-yl)amide, which exhibit brain exposure/EC50 ratios at least tenfold greater than that of compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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