4
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Eketjäll S, Janson J, Kaspersson K, Bogstedt A, Jeppsson F, Fälting J, Haeberlein SB, Kugler AR, Alexander RC, Cebers G. AZD3293: A Novel, Orally Active BACE1 Inhibitor with High Potency and Permeability and Markedly Slow Off-Rate Kinetics. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:1109-23. [PMID: 26890753 PMCID: PMC4927864 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of pathological, biomarker, genetic, and mechanistic data suggests that amyloid accumulation, as a result of changes in production, processing, and/or clearance of brain amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) concentrations, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Beta-secretase 1 (BACE1) mediates the first step in the processing of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) to Aβ peptides, with the soluble N terminal fragment of AβPP (sAβPPβ) as a direct product, and BACE1 inhibition is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention to reduce the production of Aβ. Here, we report the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of AZD3293, a potent, highly permeable, orally active, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrating, BACE1 inhibitor with unique slow off-rate kinetics. The in vitro potency of AZD3293 was demonstrated in several cellular models, including primary cortical neurons. In vivo in mice, guinea pigs, and dogs, AZD3293 displayed significant dose- and time-dependent reductions in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain concentrations of Aβ40, Aβ42, and sAβPPβ. The in vitro potency of AZD3293 in mouse and guinea pig primary cortical neuronal cells was correlated to the in vivo potency expressed as free AZD3293 concentrations in mouse and guinea pig brains. In mice and dogs, the slow off-rate from BACE1 may have translated into a prolongation of the observed effect beyond the turnover rate of Aβ. The preclinical data strongly support the clinical development of AZD3293, and patients with AD are currently being recruited into a combined Phase 2/3 study to test the disease-modifying properties of AZD3293.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Eketjäll
- AstraZeneca Translational Sciences Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Personal Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Juliette Janson
- AstraZeneca Translational Sciences Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Personal Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Bogstedt
- AstraZeneca Translational Sciences Centre, Science for Life Laboratory, Personal Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Jeppsson
- CNS and Pain iMed, AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Sweden.,Operations Global Quality, AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alan R Kugler
- Neuroscience iMed, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Gvido Cebers
- Neuroscience iMed, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Pistollato F, Ohayon EL, Lam A, Langley GR, Novak TJ, Pamies D, Perry G, Trushina E, Williams RS, Roher AE, Hartung T, Harnad S, Barnard N, Morris MC, Lai MC, Merkley R, Chandrasekera PC. Alzheimer disease research in the 21st century: past and current failures, new perspectives and funding priorities. Oncotarget 2016; 7:38999-39016. [PMID: 27229915 PMCID: PMC5129909 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of Alzheimer disease (AD) research has been traditionally based on the use of animals, which have been extensively applied in an effort to both improve our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and to test novel therapeutic approaches. However, decades of such research have not effectively translated into substantial therapeutic success for human patients. Here we critically discuss these issues in order to determine how existing human-based methods can be applied to study AD pathology and develop novel therapeutics. These methods, which include patient-derived cells, computational analysis and models, together with large-scale epidemiological studies represent novel and exciting tools to enhance and forward AD research. In particular, these methods are helping advance AD research by contributing multifactorial and multidimensional perspectives, especially considering the crucial role played by lifestyle risk factors in the determination of AD risk. In addition to research techniques, we also consider related pitfalls and flaws in the current research funding system. Conversely, we identify encouraging new trends in research and government policy. In light of these new research directions, we provide recommendations regarding prioritization of research funding. The goal of this document is to stimulate scientific and public discussion on the need to explore new avenues in AD research, considering outcome and ethics as core principles to reliably judge traditional research efforts and eventually undertake new research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elan L. Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ann Lam
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gillian R. Langley
- Research and Toxicology Department, Humane Society International, London, UK
| | | | - David Pamies
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Robin S.B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Alex E. Roher
- Division of Clinical Education, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thomas Hartung
- CAAT, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stevan Harnad
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec/Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neal Barnard
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Martha Clare Morris
- Section of Nutrition and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mei-Chun Lai
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Merkley
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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6
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Mandal M, Wu Y, Misiaszek J, Li G, Buevich A, Caldwell JP, Liu X, Mazzola RD, Orth P, Strickland C, Voigt J, Wang H, Zhu Z, Chen X, Grzelak M, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Leach PT, Terracina G, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Michener MS, Smith B, Cox K, Grotz D, Favreau L, Mitra K, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Cumming JN, Stamford AW. Structure-Based Design of an Iminoheterocyclic β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme (BACE) Inhibitor that Lowers Central Aβ in Nonhuman Primates. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3231-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey Misiaszek
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoqing Li
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn A. Hyde
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott T. Leach
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria S. Michener
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brad Smith
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Diane Grotz
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department of Global Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Department of Safety Assessment and
Laboratory Animal Research, ∥Department of Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, and ⊥Department of
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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