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Patri S, Thanh NTK, Kamaly N. Magnetic iron oxide nanogels for combined hyperthermia and drug delivery for cancer treatment. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15446-15464. [PMID: 39113663 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia and chemotherapy represent potential modalities for cancer treatments. However, hyperthermia can be invasive, while chemotherapy drugs often have severe side effects. Recent clinical investigations have underscored the potential synergistic efficacy of combining hyperthermia with chemotherapy, leading to enhanced cancer cell killing. In this context, magnetic iron oxide nanogels have emerged as promising candidates as they can integrate superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), providing the requisite magnetism for magnetic hyperthermia, with the nanogel scaffold facilitating smart drug delivery. This review provides an overview of the synthetic methodologies employed in fabricating magnetic nanogels. Key properties and designs of these nanogels are discussed and challenges for their translation to the clinic and the market are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Patri
- Department of Materials, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Ln, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK.
- Biophysic Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nazila Kamaly
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Ln, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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2
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Ansari S, Suárez-López YDC, Thersleff T, Häggström L, Ericsson T, Katsaros I, Åhlén M, Karlgren M, Svedlindh P, Rinaldi-Ramos CM, Teleki A. Pharmaceutical Quality by Design Approach to Develop High-Performance Nanoparticles for Magnetic Hyperthermia. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15284-15302. [PMID: 38814737 PMCID: PMC11171760 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia holds significant therapeutic potential, yet its clinical adoption faces challenges. One obstacle is the large-scale synthesis of high-quality superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) required for inducing hyperthermia. Robust and scalable manufacturing would ensure control over the key quality attributes of SPIONs, and facilitate clinical translation and regulatory approval. Therefore, we implemented a risk-based pharmaceutical quality by design (QbD) approach for SPION production using flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), a scalable technique with excellent batch-to-batch consistency. A design of experiments method enabled precise size control during manufacturing. Subsequent modeling linked the SPION size (6-30 nm) and composition to intrinsic loss power (ILP), a measure of hyperthermia performance. FSP successfully fine-tuned the SPION composition with dopants (Zn, Mn, Mg), at various concentrations. Hyperthermia performance showed a strong nonlinear relationship with SPION size and composition. Moreover, the ILP demonstrated a stronger correlation to coercivity and remanence than to the saturation magnetization of SPIONs. The optimal operating space identified the midsized (15-18 nm) Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 as the most promising nanoparticle for hyperthermia. The production of these nanoparticles on a pilot scale showed the feasibility of large-scale manufacturing, and cytotoxicity investigations in multiple cell lines confirmed their biocompatibility. In vitro hyperthermia studies with Caco-2 cells revealed that Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 nanoparticles induced 80% greater cell death than undoped SPIONs. The systematic QbD approach developed here incorporates process robustness, scalability, and predictability, thus, supporting the clinical translation of high-performance SPIONs for magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquib
Rahman Ansari
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Thomas Thersleff
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Häggström
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tore Ericsson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Katsaros
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michelle Åhlén
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala
University, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos M. Rinaldi-Ramos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of
Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-6005, United
States
| | - Alexandra Teleki
- Department
of Pharmacy, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Hazarika KP, Borah JP. Study of biopolymer encapsulated Eu doped Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia application. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9768. [PMID: 38684710 PMCID: PMC11059266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
An exciting prospect in the field of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) has been the integration of noble rare earth elements (Eu) with biopolymers (chitosan/dextran) that have optimum structures to tune specific effects on magnetic nanoparticles (NPs). However, the heating efficiency of MNPs is primarily influenced by their magnetization, size distribution, magnetic anisotropy, dipolar interaction, amplitude, and frequency of the applied field, the MNPs with high heating efficiency are still challenging. In this study, a comprehensive experimental analysis has been conducted on single-domain magnetic nanoparticles (SDMNPs) for evaluating effective anisotropy, assessing the impact of particle-intrinsic factors and experimental conditions on self-heating efficiency in both noninteracting and interacting systems, with a particular focus on the dipolar interaction effect. The study successfully reconciles conflicting findings on the interaction effects in the agglomeration and less agglomerated arrangements for MFH applications. The results suggest that effective control of dipolar interactions can be achieved by encapsulating Chitosan/Dextran in the synthesized MNPs. The lower dipolar interactions successfully tune the self-heating efficiency and hold promise as potential candidates for MFH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Priya Hazarika
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland, 797103, India
| | - J P Borah
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland, 797103, India.
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4
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Hazarika K, Borgohain C, Borah JP. Influence of Controlled Dipolar Interaction for Polymer-Coated Gd-Doped Magnetite Nanoparticles toward Magnetic Hyperthermia Application. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6696-6708. [PMID: 38371823 PMCID: PMC10870280 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
To maximize heat release from immobilized nanoparticles (NPs), a detailed understanding of the controlled dipolar interaction is essential for challenging magnetic hyperthermia (MH) therapies. To design optimal MH experiments, it is necessary to precisely determine magnetic states impacted by the inevitable concurrence of magnetic interactions under a common experimental form. In this work, we describe how the presence of dipolar interaction significantly alters the heating mechanism of host materials when NPs are embedded in them for MH applications. The concentration of the NPs and the intensity of their interaction can profoundly impact the amplitude and shape of the heating curves of the host material. The heating capability of interacting NPs might be enhanced or diminished, depending on their concentration within the host material. We propose chitosan- and dextran-coated Gd-doped Fe3O4 NPs directing dipole interactions effective for the linear regime to enlighten the pragmatic trends. The outcomes of our study may have substantial implications for cancer therapy and could inspire novel approaches for maximizing the effectiveness of MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna
Priya Hazarika
- Nanomagnetism
Group, Department of Physics, National Institute
of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland 797103, India
| | - C. Borgohain
- Central
Instrumentation Facility (CIF), Indian Institute
of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - J. P. Borah
- Nanomagnetism
Group, Department of Physics, National Institute
of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland 797103, India
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5
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Zhang L, Li Q, Liu J, Deng Z, Zhang X, Alifu N, Zhang X, Yu Z, Liu Y, Lan Z, Wen T, Sun K. Recent advances in functionalized ferrite nanoparticles: From fundamentals to magnetic hyperthermia cancer therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113754. [PMID: 38241891 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancers are fatal diseases that lead to most death of human beings, which urgently require effective treatments methods. Hyperthermia therapy employs magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as heating medium under external alternating magnetic field. Among various MNPs, ferrite nanoparticles (FNPs) have gained significant attention for hyperthermia therapy due to their exceptional magnetic properties, high stability, favorable biological compatibility, and low toxicity. The utilization of FNPs holds immense potential for enhancing the effectiveness of hyperthermia therapy. The main hurdle for hyperthermia treatment includes optimizing the heat generation capacity of FNPs and controlling the local temperature of tumor region. This review aims to comprehensively evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia treatment (MHT) of FNPs, which is accomplished by elucidating the underlying mechanism of heat generation and identifying influential factors. Based upon fundamental understanding of hyperthermia of FNPs, valuable insights will be provided for developing efficient nanoplatforms with enhanced accuracy and magnetothermal properties. Additionally, we will also survey current research focuses on modulating FNPs' properties, external conditions for MHT, novel technical methods, and recent clinical findings. Finally, current challenges in MHT with FNPs will be discussed while prospecting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxue Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Qifan Li
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Junxiao Liu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Zunyi Deng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xueliang Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China; School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China; School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Zhong Yu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Zhongwen Lan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Tianlong Wen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China.
| | - Ke Sun
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
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Hazarika KP, Borah JP. A comprehensive scrutiny to controlled dipolar interactions to intensify the self-heating efficiency of biopolymer encapsulated Tb doped magnetite nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:427. [PMID: 38172613 PMCID: PMC10764953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An exciting prospect in the field of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) has been the integration of noble rare earth elements with biopolymers (chitosan/dextran) that have optimum structures to tune specific effects on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Remarkably, it has been demonstrated that dipole-dipole interactions have a significant influence on nanoparticle dynamics. In this article, we present an exhaustive scrutiny of dipolar interactions and how this affects the efficiency of MFH applications. In particular, we prepare chitosan and dextran-coated Tb-doped MNPs and study whether it is possible to increase the heat released by controlling the dipole-dipole interactions. It has been indicated that even moderate control of agglomeration may substantially impact the structure and magnetization dynamics of the system. Besides estimating the specific loss power value, our findings provide a deep insight into the relaxation mechanisms and bring to light how to tune the self-heating efficacy towards magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Priya Hazarika
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland, 797103, India
| | - J P Borah
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Dimapur, Nagaland, 797103, India.
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Niraula G, Wu C, Yu X, Malik S, Verma DS, Yang R, Zhao B, Ding S, Zhang W, Sharma SK. The Curie temperature: a key playmaker in self-regulated temperature hyperthermia. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:286-331. [PMID: 37955235 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The Curie temperature is an important thermo-characteristic of magnetic materials, which causes a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic by changing the spontaneous re-arrangement of their spins (intrinsic magnetic mechanism) due to an increase in temperature. The self-control-temperature (SCT) leads to the conversion of ferro/ferrimagnetic materials to paramagnetic materials, which can extend the temperature-based applications of these materials from industrial nanotechnology to the biomedical field. In this case, magnetic induction hyperthermia (MIH) with self-control-temperature has been proposed as a physical thermo-therapeutic method for killing cancer tumors in a biologically safe environment. Specifically, the thermal source of MIH is magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and thus their biocompatibility and Curie temperature are two important properties, where the former is required for their clinical application, while the latter acts as a switch to automatically control the temperature of MIH. In this review, we focus on the Curie temperature of magnetic materials and provide a complete overview beginning with basic magnetism and its inevitable relation with Curie's law, theoretical prediction and experimental measurement of the Curie temperature. Furthermore, we discuss the significance, evolution from different types of alloys to ferrites and impact of the shape, size, and concentration of particles on the Curie temperature considering the proposed SCT-based MIH together with their biocompatibility. Also, we highlight the thermal efficiency of MNPs in destroying tumor cells and the significance of a low Curie temperature. Finally, the challenges, concluding remarks, and future perspectives in promoting self-control-temperature based MIH to clinical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Niraula
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil.
| | - Chengwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaogang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Sonia Malik
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, 1 Rue de Chartres-BP 6759, 45067 Orleans, France
| | - Dalip Singh Verma
- Department of Physics & Astronomical Science, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, 176215, India
| | - Rengpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Boxiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Shuaiwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Surender Kumar Sharma
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, 65080-805, Brazil.
- Department of Physics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
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8
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Nain S, Kumar N, Avti PK. Tumor size dependent MNP dose evaluation in realistic breast tumor models for effective magnetic hyperthermia. Med Eng Phys 2023; 121:104065. [PMID: 37985024 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2023.104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current investigation is to determine the breast tumor size-dependent MNP (Magnetic nano-particle) dose (mg/cm3) that can induce the required therapeutic effects during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNH). The investigation is done through the MNH simulations on the tumor models generated from DCE_MRI DICOM images of breast cancer from TCIA ('The Cancer Imaging Archive'). Five tumor models are created from MRI data using 3D slicer software having size range of 3 cm3 to 15 cm3. The FEM-based solver (COMSOL multi-physics) is used to simulate bioheat transfer physics in all five extracted models. Single and multi-point injection strategies have been adopted to induce MNP in tumor tissues. The required MNP dose that may induce necessary therapeutic effects is evaluated by comparing the therapeutic effects produced by constant dose (CD) (5 mg/cm3) and variable reduced dose (RD) (5.5-2.8 mg/cm3) methodologies. Results show that for the requisite therapeutic effects, injected MNP doses (mg/cm3) should not remain constant as the size of the tumor increases. In fact, MNP dose (mg/cm3) should be reduced as the size of the tumor increases. Results also show that RD works better with a multi-injection strategy than a single injection of MNP. It has been found that the effective MNP dose (mg/cm3) is reduced by 50 % for the biggest tumor size (15 cm3) using multi-injection MNP delivery with respect to the smallest tumor (3 cm3) selected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; TIET-Virginia Tech Center of Excellence in Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India; TIET-Virginia Tech Center of Excellence in Emerging Materials, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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Adam A, Mertz D. Iron Oxide@Mesoporous Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles as Multimodal Platforms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Hyperthermia, Near-Infrared Light Photothermia, and Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1342. [PMID: 37110927 PMCID: PMC10145772 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The design of core-shell nanocomposites composed of an iron oxide core and a silica shell offers promising applications in the nanomedicine field, especially for developing efficient theranostic systems which may be useful for cancer treatments. This review article addresses the different ways to build iron oxide@silica core-shell nanoparticles and it reviews their properties and developments for hyperthermia therapies (magnetically or light-induced), combined with drug delivery and MRI imaging. It also highlights the various challenges encountered, such as the issues associated with in vivo injection in terms of NP-cell interactions or the control of the heat dissipation from the core of the NP to the external environment at the macro or nanoscale.
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Design and Assessment of a Novel Biconical Human-Sized Alternating Magnetic Field Coil for MNP Hyperthermia Treatment of Deep-Seated Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061672. [PMID: 36980560 PMCID: PMC10046348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) hyperthermia therapy is a treatment technique that can be used alone or as an adjunct to radiation and/or chemotherapies for killing cancer cells. During treatment, MNPs absorb a part of electromagnetic field (EMF) energy and generate localized heat when subjected to an alternating magnetic field (AMF). The MNP-absorbed EMF energy, which is characterized by a specific absorption rate (SAR), is directly proportional to AMF frequency and the magnitude of transmitting currents in the coil. Furthermore, the AMF penetrates inside tissue and induces eddy currents in electrically conducting tissues, which are proportional to the electric field (J = σE). The eddy currents produce Joule heating (<J·E> = 0.5·σ·E2) in the normal tissue, the rate of energy transfer to the charge carriers from the applied electric fields. This Joule heating contains only the electric field because the magnetic field is always perpendicular to the velocity of the conduction charges, i.e., it does not produce work on moving charge. Like the SAR due to MNP, the electric field produced by the AMF coil is directly proportional to AMF frequency and the magnitude of transmitting currents in the coil. As a result, the Joule heating is directly proportional to the square of the frequency and transmitter current magnitude. Due to the fast decay of magnetic fields from an AMF coil over distance, MNP hyperthermia treatment of deep-seated tumors requires high-magnitude transmitting currents in the coil for clinically achievable MNP distributions in the tumor. This inevitably produces significant Joule heating in the normal tissue and becomes more complicated for a standard MNP hyperthermia approach for deep-seated tumors, such as pancreatic, prostate, liver, lung, ovarian, kidney, and colorectal cancers. This paper presents a novel human-sized AMF coil and MNP hyperthermia system design for safely and effectively treating deep-seated cancers. The proposed design utilizes the spatial distribution of electric and magnetic fields of circular coils. Namely, it first minimizes the SAR due to eddy currents in the normal tissue by moving the conductors away from the tissue (i.e., increasing coils’ radii), and second, it increases the magnetic field at the targeted area (z = 0) due to elevated coils (|z| > 0) by increasing the radius of the elevated coils (|z| > 0). This approach is a promising alternative aimed at overcoming the limitation of standard MNP hyperthermia for deep-seated cancers by taking advantage of the transmitter coil’s electric and magnetic field distributions in the human body for maximizing AMF in tumor regions and avoiding damage to normal tissue. The human-sized coil’s AMF, MNP activation, and eddy current distribution characteristics are investigated for safe and effective treatment of deep-seated tumors using numerical models. Namely, computational results such as AMF, Joule heating SAR, and temperature distributions are presented for a full-body, 3D human model. The SAR and temperature distributions clearly show that the proposed human-sized AMF coil can provide clinically relevant AMF to the region occupied by deep-seated cancers for the application of MNP hyperthermia therapy while causing less Joule heating in the normal tissues than commonly used AMF techniques.
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11
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Hazarika KP, Borah JP. Role of site selective substitution, magnetic parameter tuning, and self heating in magnetic hyperthermia application: Eu-doped magnetite nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5045-5057. [PMID: 36762080 PMCID: PMC9906981 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07924k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Various researchers have provided considerable insight into the fundamental mechanisms behind the power absorption of single-domain magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in magnetic hyperthermia applications. However, the role of all parameters pertinent to magnetic relaxation continues to be debated. Herein, to explore the role of magnetic anisotropy with the site selective substitution related to magnetic relaxation has generally been missing, which is critically essential in respective of hyperthermia treatment. Our study unravels contradictory results of rare earth (RE) interaction effects in ferrite to that of recently reported literature. Despite this, rare earth atoms have unique f-block properties, which significantly impact the magnetic anisotropy as well as the relaxation mechanism. Here, we use appropriate Eu doping concentration in magnetite and analyze its effect on the matrix. Furthermore, a positive SAR can effectively reduce the relative dose assigned to a patient to a minimal level. This study indicates that the introduction of Eu ion positively influenced the heating efficiency of the examined magnetite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Priya Hazarika
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur 797103 Nagaland India
| | - J P Borah
- Nanomagnetism Group, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur 797103 Nagaland India
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12
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Hedayatnasab Z, Ramazani Saadatabadi A, Shirgahi H, Mozafari M. Heat induction of iron oxide nanoparticles with rational artificial neural network design-based particle swarm optimization for magnetic cancer hyperthermia. MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN 2023; 157:112035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2022.112035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
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13
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Acar M, Solak K, Yildiz S, Unver Y, Mavi A. Comparative heating efficiency and cytotoxicity of magnetic silica nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia treatment on human breast cancer cells. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:313. [PMID: 36276464 PMCID: PMC9547765 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) is a promising treatment for a variety of cancers due to its ability to increase the sensitivity of cells to other treatments, such as chemotherapy. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were used for MHT treatment due to their heat generation ability under an AC magnetic field (AMF). In this study, iron oxide and zinc-doped iron oxide MNPs were produced and modified with silica to obtain eleven different types (MSNP-I to -XI) of magnetic silica nanoparticles (MSNPs). The MSNPs which show the highest heating capacity were selected to investigate their MHT ability on non-tumourigenic MCF-10A and tumourigenic MCF-7 cell lines. The cytotoxicity results indicated that the size, the content of the magnetic core and silica coating thickness were important in the heating capacity of MSNPs under AMF. After MHT treatment, selected MSNPs showed limited cytotoxicity on MCF-10A, but significant cell death on MCF-7. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03377-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Acar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kubra Solak
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seyda Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yagmur Unver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Mavi
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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14
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Rahpeima R, Lin CA. Numerical study of magnetic hyperthermia ablation of breast tumor on an anatomically realistic breast phantom. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274801. [PMID: 36129953 PMCID: PMC9491569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) is a novel reliable technique with excellent potential for thermal therapies and treating breast tumours. This method involves injecting a magnetic nanofluid into the tumour and applying an external AC magnetic field to induce heat in the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and raise the tumour temperature to ablation temperature ranges. Because of the complexity of considering and coupling all different physics involves in this phenomenon and also due to the intricacy of a thorough FEM numerical study, few FEM-based studies address the entire MFH process as similar to reality as possible. The current study investigates a FEM-based three-dimensional numerical simulation of MFH of breast tumours as a multi-physics problem. An anatomically realistic breast phantom (ARBP) is considered, some magnetic nanofluid is injected inside the tumour, and the diffusion phenomenon is simulated. Then, the amount of heat generated in the MNP-saturated tumour area due to an external AC magnetic field is simulated. In the end, the fraction of tumour tissue necrotized by this temperature rise is evaluated. The study's results demonstrate that by injecting nanofluid and utilizing seven circular copper windings with each coil carrying 400 A current with a frequency of 400 kHz for generating the external AC magnetic field, the temperature in tumour tissue can be raised to a maximum of about 51.4°C, which leads to necrosis of entire tumour tissue after 30 minutes of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This numerical platform can depict all four various physics involved in the MFH of breast tumours by numerically solving all different equation sets coupled together with high precision. Thus, the proposed model can be utilized by clinicians as a reliable tool for predicting and identifying the approximate amount of temperature rise and the necrotic fraction of breast tumour, which can be very useful to opt for the best MFH therapeutic procedure and conditions based on various patients. In future works, this numerical platform's results should be compared with experimental in-vivo results to improve and modify this platform in order to be ready for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahpeima
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-An Lin
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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15
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Thong PQ, Thu Huong LT, Tu ND, My Nhung HT, Khanh L, Manh DH, Nam PH, Phuc NX, Alonso J, Qiao J, Sridhar S, Thu HP, Phan MH, Kim Thanh NT. Multifunctional nanocarriers of Fe 3O 4@PLA-PEG/curcumin for MRI, magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1677-1693. [PMID: 36621896 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite medicinal advances, cancer is still a big problem requiring better diagnostic and treatment tools. Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based nanosystems for multiple-purpose applications were developed for these unmet needs. Methods: This study fabricated novel trifunctional MNPs of Fe3O4@PLA-PEG for drug release, MRI and magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Result: The MNPs provided a significant loading of curcumin (∼11%) with controllable release ability, a high specific absorption rate of 82.2 W/g and significantly increased transverse relaxivity (r2 = 364.75 mM-1 s-1). The in vivo study confirmed that the MNPs enhanced MRI contrast in tumor observation and low-field magnetic fluid hyperthermia could effectively reduce the tumor size in mice bearing sarcoma 180. Conclusion: The nanocarrier has potential for drug release, cancer treatment monitoring and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Quoc Thong
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam.,University of Khanh Hoa, 1 Nguyen Chanh, Nha Trang, 57100, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Thu Huong
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam.,Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, 12400, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Dac Tu
- Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thi My Nhung
- Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
| | - Lam Khanh
- 108 Military Central Hospital, 1 Tran Hung Dao, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Do Hung Manh
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hong Nam
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam.,Graduate University of Science & Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 12400, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Phuc
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam.,Duy Tan University, 3 Quang Trung, Danang, 50300, Vietnam
| | - Javier Alonso
- Department of CITIMAC, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain.,Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Ju Qiao
- Department of Physics, Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Srinivas Sridhar
- Department of Physics, Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ha Phuong Thu
- Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, 11355, Vietnam
| | - Manh Huong Phan
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London.,UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics & Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
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16
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Fine Control of In Vivo Magnetic Hyperthermia Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Different Coatings and Degree of Aggregation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081526. [PMID: 35893782 PMCID: PMC9331462 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical implementation of magnetic hyperthermia has experienced little progress since the first clinical trial was completed in 2005. Some of the hurdles to overcome are the reliable production of magnetic nanoparticles with controlled properties and the control of the temperature at the target tissue in vivo. Here, forty samples of iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles were prepared by similar methods and thoroughly characterized in terms of size, aggregation degree, and heating response. Selected samples were intratumorally administered in animals with subcutaneous xenografts of human pancreatic cancer. In vivo experiments showed that it is possible to control the rise in temperature by modulating the field intensity during in vivo magnetic hyperthermia protocols. The procedure does not require sophisticated materials and it can be easily implemented by researchers or practitioners working in magnetic hyperthermia therapies.
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17
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Herrero de la Parte B, Rodrigo I, Gutiérrez-Basoa J, Iturrizaga Correcher S, Mar Medina C, Echevarría-Uraga JJ, Garcia JA, Plazaola F, García-Alonso I. Proposal of New Safety Limits for In Vivo Experiments of Magnetic Hyperthermia Antitumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133084. [PMID: 35804855 PMCID: PMC9265033 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Magnetic hyperthermia is a promising therapy for the treatment of certain types of tumors. However, it is not clear what the maximum limit of the magnetic field to which the organism can be subjected without severe and/or irreversible pathophysiological consequences is. This study aims to study the alterations at the physiological level that may occur after exposure to different combinations of frequency and intensity of the applied alternating magnetic field. Understanding the response to alternating magnetic field exposure will allow us to apply this type of antitumor treatment in a safer way for the patient, while achieving an optimal therapeutic result. Abstract Background: Lately, major advances in crucial aspects of magnetic hyperthermia (MH) therapy have been made (nanoparticle synthesis, biosafety, etc.). However, there is one key point still lacking improvement: the magnetic field-frequency product (H × f = 4.85 × 108 Am−1s−1) proposed by Atkinson–Brezovich as a limit for MH therapies. Herein, we analyze both local and systemic physiological effects of overpassing this limit. Methods: Different combinations of field frequency and intensity exceeding the Atkinson–Brezovich limit (591–920 kHz, and 10.3–18 kA/m) have been applied for 21 min to WAG/RijHsd male rats, randomly distributed to groups of 12 animals; half of them were sacrificed after 12 h, and the others 10 days later. Biochemical serum analyses were performed to assess the general, hepatic, renal and/or pancreatic function. Results: MH raised liver temperature to 42.8 ± 0.4 °C. Although in five of the groups the exposure was relatively well tolerated, in the two of highest frequency (928 kHz) and intensity (18 kA/m), more than 50% of the animals died. A striking elevation in liver and systemic markers was observed after 12 h in the surviving animals, independently of the frequency and intensity used. Ten days later, liver markers were almost recovered in all of the animals. However, in those groups exposed to 591 kHz and 16 kA/m, and 700 kHz and 13.7 kA/m systemic markers remained altered. Conclusions: Exceeding the Atkinson–Brezovich limit up to 9.59 × 109 Am−1s−1 seems to be safe, though further research is needed to understand the impact of intensity and/or frequency on physiological conditions following MH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Herrero de la Parte
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, ES48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Interventional Radiology Research Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.J.E.-U.); (J.A.G.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.d.l.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Irati Rodrigo
- Department of Bioengineering, 340 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, ES48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence: (B.H.d.l.P.); (I.R.)
| | - Jon Gutiérrez-Basoa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia, ES46014 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sira Iturrizaga Correcher
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, ES48960 Galdakao, Spain; (S.I.C.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Carmen Mar Medina
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, ES48960 Galdakao, Spain; (S.I.C.); (C.M.M.)
| | - Jose Javier Echevarría-Uraga
- Interventional Radiology Research Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.J.E.-U.); (J.A.G.); (F.P.)
- Department of Radiology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, ES48960 Galdakao, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Garcia
- Interventional Radiology Research Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.J.E.-U.); (J.A.G.); (F.P.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of The Basque Country UPV/EHU, ES48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Fernando Plazaola
- Interventional Radiology Research Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.J.E.-U.); (J.A.G.); (F.P.)
- Department of Electricity and Electronics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, ES48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Alonso
- Department of Surgery and Radiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, ES48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Interventional Radiology Research Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, ES48903 Barakaldo, Spain; (J.J.E.-U.); (J.A.G.); (F.P.)
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18
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Włodarczyk A, Gorgoń S, Radoń A, Bajdak-Rusinek K. Magnetite Nanoparticles in Magnetic Hyperthermia and Cancer Therapies: Challenges and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12111807. [PMID: 35683663 PMCID: PMC9182445 DOI: 10.3390/nano12111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until now, strategies used to treat cancer are imperfect, and this generates the need to search for better and safer solutions. The biggest issue is the lack of selective interaction with neoplastic cells, which is associated with occurrence of side effects and significantly reduces the effectiveness of therapies. The use of nanoparticles in cancer can counteract these problems. One of the most promising nanoparticles is magnetite. Implementation of this nanoparticle can improve various treatment methods such as hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, cancer genotherapy, and protein therapy. In the first case, its feature makes magnetite useful in magnetic hyperthermia. Interaction of magnetite with the altered magnetic field generates heat. This process results in raised temperature only in a desired part of a patient body. In other therapies, magnetite-based nanoparticles could serve as a carrier for various types of therapeutic load. The magnetic field would direct the drug-related magnetite nanoparticles to the pathological site. Therefore, this material can be used in protein and gene therapy or drug delivery. Since the magnetite nanoparticle can be used in various types of cancer treatment, they are extensively studied. Herein, we summarize the latest finding on the applicability of the magnetite nanoparticles, also addressing the most critical problems faced by smart nanomedicine in oncological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Włodarczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Szymon Gorgoń
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Adrian Radoń
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego 5 St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Karolina Bajdak-Rusinek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-208-8382
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19
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Veres T, Voniatis C, Molnár K, Nesztor D, Fehér D, Ferencz A, Gresits I, Thuróczy G, Márkus BG, Simon F, Nemes NM, García-Hernández M, Reiniger L, Horváth I, Máthé D, Szigeti K, Tombácz E, Jedlovszky-Hajdu A. An Implantable Magneto-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Based Electrospun Scaffold for Hyperthermia Treatment. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091476. [PMID: 35564185 PMCID: PMC9101327 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When exposed to an alternating magnetic field, superparamagnetic nanoparticles can elicit the required hyperthermic effect while also being excellent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Their main drawback is that they diffuse out of the area of interest in one or two days, thus preventing a continuous application during the typical several-cycle multi-week treatment. To solve this issue, our aim was to synthesise an implantable, biodegradable membrane infused with magnetite that enabled long-term treatment while having adequate MRI contrast and hyperthermic capabilities. To immobilise the nanoparticles inside the scaffold, they were synthesised inside hydrogel fibres. First, polysuccinimide (PSI) fibres were produced by electrospinning and crosslinked, and then, magnetitc iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) were synthesised inside and in-between the fibres of the hydrogel membranes with the well-known co-precipitation method. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) investigation proved the success of the chemical synthesis and the presence of iron oxide, and the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) study revealed their superparamagnetic property. The magnetic hyperthermia efficiency of the samples was significant. The given alternating current (AC) magnetic field could induce a temperature rise of 5 °C (from 37 °C to 42 °C) in less than 2 min even for five quick heat-cool cycles or for five consecutive days without considerable heat generation loss in the samples. Short-term (1 day and 7 day) biocompatibility, biodegradability and MRI contrast capability were investigated in vivo on Wistar rats. The results showed excellent MRI contrast and minimal acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Veres
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (T.V.); (C.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Constantinos Voniatis
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (T.V.); (C.V.); (K.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Transplantation and Gastroenterology, Semmelweis University, 1082 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Molnár
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (T.V.); (C.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Dániel Nesztor
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.N.); (E.T.)
| | - Daniella Fehér
- Heart and Vascular Centre, Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Ferencz
- Heart and Vascular Centre, Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (A.F.)
| | - Iván Gresits
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.G.); (I.H.); (D.M.); (K.S.)
| | - György Thuróczy
- NRIRR “Frédéric Joliot-Curie” National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, 1221 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Bence Gábor Márkus
- Stavropoulos Center for Complex Quantum Matter, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
- Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary;
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics Economics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Simon
- Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary;
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics Economics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Marcell Nemes
- Grupo de Física de Materiales Complejos (GFMC), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.N.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Mar García-Hernández
- Grupo de Física de Materiales Complejos (GFMC), Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (N.M.N.); (M.G.-H.)
| | - Lilla Reiniger
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Horváth
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.G.); (I.H.); (D.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.G.); (I.H.); (D.M.); (K.S.)
- Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Semmelweis University Site, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (I.G.); (I.H.); (D.M.); (K.S.)
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- Department of Food Engineering, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary; (D.N.); (E.T.)
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, 8800 Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry, Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (T.V.); (C.V.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Mekseriwattana W, Guardia P, Herrero BT, de la Fuente JM, Kuhakarn C, Roig A, Katewongsa KP. Riboflavin-citrate conjugate multicore SPIONs with enhanced magnetic responses and cellular uptake in breast cancer cells. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1988-1998. [PMID: 36133415 PMCID: PMC9419765 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer accounts for up to 10% of the newly diagnosed cancer cases worldwide, making it the most common cancer found in women. The use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) has been beneficial in the advancement of contrast agents and magnetic hyperthermia (MH) for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. To achieve delivery of SPIONs to cancer cells, surface functionalization with specific ligands are required. Riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) has been identified as an alternative target for breast cancer cells. Here, we report a novel riboflavin (Rf)-based ligand that provides SPIONs with enhanced colloidal stability and high uptake potential in breast cancer cells. This is achieved by synthesizing an Rf-citrate ligand. The ligand was tested in a multicore SPION system, and affinity to RCP was assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry which showed a specific, entropy-driven binding. MRI and MH responses of the coated Rf-SPIONs were tested to evaluate the suitability of this system as a theranostic platform. Finally, interaction of the Rf-SPIONs with breast cancer cells was evaluated by in vitro cellular uptake in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The overall characterization of the Rf-SPIONs highlighted the excellent performance of this platform for theranostic applications in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wid Mekseriwattana
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Pablo Guardia
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Beatriz Torres Herrero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN) 50018 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Exellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
| | - Anna Roig
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus UAB Bellaterra 08193 Spain
| | - Kanlaya Prapainop Katewongsa
- School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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21
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Clinical Evidence for Thermometric Parameters to Guide Hyperthermia Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030625. [PMID: 35158893 PMCID: PMC8833668 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia (HT) is a cancer treatment modality which targets malignant tissues by heating to 40-43 °C. In addition to its direct antitumor effects, HT potently sensitizes the tumor to radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), thereby enabling complete eradication of some tumor entities as shown in randomized clinical trials. Despite the proven efficacy of HT in combination with classic cancer treatments, there are limited international standards for the delivery of HT in the clinical setting. Consequently, there is a large variability in reported data on thermometric parameters, including the temperature obtained from multiple reference points, heating duration, thermal dose, time interval, and sequence between HT and other treatment modalities. Evidence from some clinical trials indicates that thermal dose, which correlates with heating time and temperature achieved, could be used as a predictive marker for treatment efficacy in future studies. Similarly, other thermometric parameters when chosen optimally are associated with increased antitumor efficacy. This review summarizes the existing clinical evidence for the prognostic and predictive role of the most important thermometric parameters to guide the combined treatment of RT and CT with HT. In conclusion, we call for the standardization of thermometric parameters and stress the importance for their validation in future prospective clinical studies.
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22
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Du H, Akakuru OU, Yao C, Yang F, Wu A. Transition metal ion-doped ferrites nanoparticles for bioimaging and cancer therapy. Transl Oncol 2022; 15:101264. [PMID: 34781185 PMCID: PMC8593663 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been extensively researched and implemented in biomedicine for more than half a century due to their non-invasive nature, ease of temporal and spatial manipulation, and considerable biocompatibility. However, the complex magnetic behaviour of MNPs is influenced by several parameters (e.g., particle size, shape, composition, core-shell structure, etc.), among which the amount of transition metal doping plays an important factor. For this reason, the doping of ferrite with transition metals has been used as an effective strategy to precisely tailor MNPs to achieve satisfactory performance in biomedical applications. In this review, we first introduced the main properties of coordinated MNPs (including magnetic moment and saturated magnetisation) and provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic studies related to the doping of transition metal ions into ferrite to precisely modulate its magnetic properties. We also highlighted the potential mechanisms and recent advances in transition metal ion-doped MNPs (TMNPs) for bioimaging (magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic particle imaging) and tumour therapy (e.g., magneto-mechanical killing, magnetothermal therapy, and drug delivery). Finally, we summarised the current challenges and future trends of TMNPs in the biomedical field based on the latest advances by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo 315201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo 315201, PR China
| | - Chenyang Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo 315201, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, PR China.
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Ningbo 315201, PR China; Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516000, PR China.
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23
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Lozano Chamizo L, Luengo Morato Y, Ovejero Paredes K, Contreras Caceres R, Filice M, Marciello M. Ionotropic Gelation-Based Synthesis of Chitosan-Metal Hybrid Nanoparticles Showing Combined Antimicrobial and Tissue Regenerative Activities. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3910. [PMID: 34833209 PMCID: PMC8618652 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of skin wounds poses significant clinical challenges, including the risk of bacterial infection. In particular due to its antimicrobial and tissue regeneration abilities chitosan (a polymeric biomaterial obtained by the deacetylation of chitin) has received extensive attention for its effectiveness in promoting skin wound repair. On the other hand, due to their intrinsic characteristics, metal nanoparticles (e.g., silver (Ag), gold (Au) or iron oxide (Fe3O4)) have demonstrated therapeutic properties potentially useful in the field of skin care. Therefore, the combination of these two promising materials (chitosan plus metal oxide NPs) could permit the achievement of a promising nanohybrid with enhanced properties that could be applied in advanced skin treatment. In this work, we have optimized the synthesis protocol of chitosan/metal hybrid nanoparticles by means of a straightforward synthetic method, ionotropic gelation, which presents a wide set of advantages. The synthesized hybrid NPs have undergone to a full physicochemical characterization. After that, the in vitro antibacterial and tissue regenerative activities of the achieved hybrids have been assessed in comparison to their individual constituent. As result, we have demonstrated the synergistic antibacterial plus the tissue regeneration enhancement of these nanohybrids as a consequence of the fusion between chitosan and metallic nanoparticles, especially in the case of chitosan/Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lozano Chamizo
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.C.); (Y.L.M.); (K.O.P.)
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Atrys Health, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yurena Luengo Morato
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.C.); (Y.L.M.); (K.O.P.)
| | - Karina Ovejero Paredes
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.C.); (Y.L.M.); (K.O.P.)
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Contreras Caceres
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marco Filice
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.C.); (Y.L.M.); (K.O.P.)
- Microscopy and Dynamic Imaging Unit, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Calle Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.L.C.); (Y.L.M.); (K.O.P.)
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24
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Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Based Hyperthermia as a Treatment Option in Various Gastrointestinal Malignancies. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113013. [PMID: 34835777 PMCID: PMC8622891 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticle-based hyperthermia is an emerging field in cancer treatment. The hyperthermia is primarily achieved by two differing methods: magnetic fluid hyperthermia and photothermal therapy. In magnetic fluid hyperthermia, the iron oxide nanoparticles are heated by an alternating magnetic field through Brownian and Néel relaxation. In photothermal therapy, the hyperthermia is mainly generated by absorption of light, thereby converting electromagnetic waves into thermal energy. By use of iron oxide nanoparticles, this effect can be enhanced. Both methods are promising tools in cancer treatment and are, therefore, also explored for gastrointestinal malignancies. Here, we provide an extensive literature research on both therapy options for the most common gastrointestinal malignancies (esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer, colorectal liver metastases, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer). As many of these rank in the top ten of cancer-related deaths, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. This review describes the efforts undertaken in vitro and in vivo.
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25
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Bogdanska A, Gobbo OL, Volkov Y, Prina-Mello A. 3D volume segmentation and reconstruction. Supervised image classification and automated quantification of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in histology slides for safety assessment. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:1151-1167. [PMID: 34752713 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1991502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an automated image-processing workflow for quantitative assessment of SPION accumulation in tissue sections stained with Prussian blue for iron detection. We utilized supervised machine learning with manually labeled features used for training the classifier. Performance of the classifier was validated by 10-fold cross-validation of obtained data and by measuring Dice and Jaccard Similarity Coefficients between manually segmented image and automated segmentation. The proposed approach provides time and cost-effective solution for quantitative imaging analysis of SPION in tissue with a precision similar to that obtained via thresholding method for stain quantification. Furthermore, we exploited the classifiers to generate segmented 3D volumes from histological slides. This enabled visualization of particles which were obscured in original 3D histology stacks. Our approach offers a powerful tool for preclinical assessment of the precise tissue-specific SPION biodistribution, which could affect both their toxicity and their efficacy as nanocarriers for medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bogdanska
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliviero L Gobbo
- Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Nanomedicine and Molecular Imaging Group, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity St James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, the University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Storozhuk L, Besenhard MO, Mourdikoudis S, LaGrow AP, Lees MR, Tung LD, Gavriilidis A, Thanh NTK. Stable Iron Oxide Nanoflowers with Exceptional Magnetic Heating Efficiency: Simple and Fast Polyol Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45870-45880. [PMID: 34541850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically induced hyperthermia has reached a milestone in medical nanoscience and in phase III clinical trials for cancer treatment. As it relies on the heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) when exposed to an external alternating magnetic field, the heating ability of these NPs is of paramount importance, so is their synthesis. We present a simple and fast method to produce iron oxide nanostructures with excellent heating ability that are colloidally stable in water. A polyol process yielded biocompatible single core nanoparticles and nanoflowers. The effect of parameters such as the precursor concentration, polyol molecular weight as well as reaction time was studied, aiming to produce NPs with the highest possible heating rates. Polyacrylic acid facilitated the formation of excellent nanoheating agents iron oxide nanoflowers (IONFs) within 30 min. The progressive increase of the size of the NFs through applying a seeded growth approach resulted in outstanding enhancement of their heating efficiency with intrinsic loss parameter up to 8.49 nH m2 kgFe-1. The colloidal stability of the NFs was maintained when transferring to an aqueous solution via a simple ligand exchange protocol, replacing polyol ligands with biocompatible sodium tripolyphosphate to secure the IONPs long-term colloidal stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla Storozhuk
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian O Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - Alec P LaGrow
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Martin R Lees
- Superconductivity and Magnetism Group, Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Le Duc Tung
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, United Kingdom
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27
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Understanding MNPs Behaviour in Response to AMF in Biological Milieus and the Effects at the Cellular Level: Implications for a Rational Design That Drives Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy toward Clinical Implementation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184583. [PMID: 34572810 PMCID: PMC8465027 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Magnetic hyperthermia therapy is an alternative treatment for cancer that complements traditional therapies and that has shown great promise in recent years. In this review, we assess the current applications of this therapy in order to understand why its translation from the laboratory to the clinic has been less smooth than was anticipated, identifying the possible bottlenecks and proposing solutions to the problems encountered. Abstract Hyperthermia has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies and in fact, traditional hyperthermia is now commonly used in combination with chemotherapy or surgery during cancer treatment. Nevertheless, non-specific application of hyperthermia generates various undesirable side-effects, such that nano-magnetic hyperthermia has arisen a possible solution to this problem. This technique to induce hyperthermia is based on the intrinsic capacity of magnetic nanoparticles to accumulate in a given target area and to respond to alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) by releasing heat, based on different principles of physics. Unfortunately, the clinical implementation of nano-magnetic hyperthermia has not been fluid and few clinical trials have been carried out. In this review, we want to demonstrate the need for more systematic and basic research in this area, as many of the sub-cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with this approach remain unclear. As such, we shall consider here the biological effects that occur and why this theoretically well-designed nano-system fails in physiological conditions. Moreover, we will offer some guidelines that may help establish successful strategies through the rational design of magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia.
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28
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Çitoğlu S, Coşkun ÖD, Tung LD, Onur MA, Thanh NTK. DMSA-coated cubic iron oxide nanoparticles as potential therapeutic agents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:925-941. [PMID: 34015971 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Superparamagnetic cubic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized and functionalized with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) as a potential agent for cancer treatment. Methods: Monodisperse cubic IONPs with a high value of saturation magnetization were synthesized by thermal decomposition method and functionalized with DMSA via ligand exchange reaction, and their cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells were investigated. Results: DMSA functionalized cubic IONPs with an edge length of 24.5 ± 1.9 nm had a specific absorption rate value of 197.4 W/gFe (15.95 kA/m and 488 kHz) and showed slight cytotoxicity on HeLa cells when incubated with 3.3 × 1010, 6.6 × 1010 and 9.9 × 1010 NP/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate both the cytotoxic effects of DMSA-coated cubic IONPs on HeLa cells and hyperthermia performance of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Çitoğlu
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanomedicine, Institute of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Özlem Duyar Coşkun
- Thin Film Preparation and Characterization Laboratory, Department of Physics Engineering, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Le Duc Tung
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic & Nanomaterials Laboratories, The Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mehmet Ali Onur
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetic & Nanomaterials Laboratories, The Royal Institution of Great Britain, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, UK.,Biophysics Group, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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29
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Tansi FL, Maduabuchi WO, Hirsch M, Southern P, Hattersley S, Quaas R, Teichgräber U, Pankhurst QA, Hilger I. Deep-tissue localization of magnetic field hyperthermia using pulse sequencing. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:743-754. [PMID: 33941016 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1912412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deep-tissue localization of thermal doses is a long-standing challenge in magnetic field hyperthermia (MFH), and remains a limitation of the clinical application of MFH to date. Here, we show that pulse sequencing of MFH leads to a more persistent inhibition of tumor growth and less systemic impact than continuous MFH, even when delivering the same thermal dose. METHODS We used an in vivo orthotopic murine model of pancreatic PANC-1 cancer, which was designed with a view to the forthcoming 'NoCanTher' clinical study, and featured MFH alongside systemic chemotherapy (SyC: gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel). In parallel, in silico thermal modelling was implemented. RESULTS Tumor volumes 27 days after the start of MFH/SyC treatment were 53% (of the initial volume) in the pulse MFH group, compared to 136% in the continuous MFH group, and 337% in the non-treated controls. Systemically, pulse MFH led to ca. 50% less core-temperature increase in the mice for a given injected dose of magnetic heating agent, and inflicted lower levels of the stress marker, as seen in the blood-borne neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (1.7, compared to 3.2 for continuous MFH + SyC, and 1.2 for controls). CONCLUSION Our data provided insights into the influence of pulse sequencing on the observed biological outcomes, and validated the nature of the improved thermal dose localization, alongside significant lowering of the overall energy expenditure entailed in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista L Tansi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wisdom O Maduabuchi
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Hirsch
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Southern
- Resonant Circuits Limited, London, UK.,Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ulf Teichgräber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Quentin A Pankhurst
- Resonant Circuits Limited, London, UK.,Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Experimental Radiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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30
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Attaluri A, Kandala SK, Zhou H, Wabler M, DeWeese TL, Ivkov R. Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for treating locally advanced unresectable and borderline resectable pancreatic cancers: the role of tumor size and eddy-current heating. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:108-119. [PMID: 33426990 PMCID: PMC8363047 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1798514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Tumor volume largely determines the success of local control of borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer with current therapy. We hypothesized that a tumor-mass normalized dose of magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (MNPH) with alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) reduces the effect of tumor volume for treatment. Methods: 18 female athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous MiaPaCa02 human xenograft tumors were treated with MNPH following intratumor injections of 5.5 mg Fe/g tumor of an aqueous suspension of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles. Mice were randomly divided into control (n = 5) and treated groups having small (0.15 ± 0.03 cm3, n = 4) or large (0.30 ± 0.06 cm3, n = 5) tumors. We assessed the clinical feasibility of this approach and of pulsed AMF to minimize eddy current heating using a finite-element method to solve a bioheat equation for a human-scale multilayer model. Results: Compared to the control group, both small and large MiaPaCa02 subcutaneous tumors showed statistically significant growth inhibition. Conversely, there was no significant difference in tumor growth between large and small tumors. Both computational and xenograft models demonstrated higher maximum tumor temperatures for large tumors compared to small tumors. Computational modeling demonstrates that pulsed AMF can minimize nonspecific eddy current heating. Conclusions: MNPH provides an advantage to treat large tumors because the MION dose can be adjusted to increase power. Pulsed AMF, with adjusted treatment time, can enhance MNPH in challenging cases such as low MION dose in the target tissue and/or large patients by minimizing nonspecific eddy current heating without sacrificing thermal dose to the target. Nanoparticle heterogeneity in tumors remains a challenge for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anilchandra Attaluri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Science, Engineering, and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, Middletown, PA, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sri Kamal Kandala
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michele Wabler
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Theodore L DeWeese
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Ivkov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Castellanos-Rubio I, Arriortua O, Marcano L, Rodrigo I, Iglesias-Rojas D, Barón A, Olazagoitia-Garmendia A, Olivi L, Plazaola F, Fdez-Gubieda ML, Castellanos-Rubio A, Garitaonandia JS, Orue I, Insausti M. Shaping Up Zn-Doped Magnetite Nanoparticles from Mono- and Bimetallic Oleates: The Impact of Zn Content, Fe Vacancies, and Morphology on Magnetic Hyperthermia Performance. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:3139-3154. [PMID: 34556898 PMCID: PMC8451613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The currently existing magnetic hyperthermia treatments usually need to employ very large doses of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and/or excessively high excitation conditions (H × f > 1010 A/m s) to reach the therapeutic temperature range that triggers cancer cell death. To make this anticancer therapy truly minimally invasive, it is crucial the development of improved chemical routes that give rise to monodisperse MNPs with high saturation magnetization and negligible dipolar interactions. Herein, we present an innovative chemical route to synthesize Zn-doped magnetite NPs based on the thermolysis of two kinds of organometallic precursors: (i) a mixture of two monometallic oleates (FeOl + ZnOl), and (ii) a bimetallic iron-zinc oleate (Fe3-y Zn y Ol). These approaches have allowed tailoring the size (10-50 nm), morphology (spherical, cubic, and cuboctahedral), and zinc content (Zn x Fe3-x O4, 0.05 < x < 0.25) of MNPs with high saturation magnetization (≥90 Am2/kg at RT). The oxidation state and the local symmetry of Zn2+ and Fe2+/3+ cations have been investigated by means of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, while the Fe center distribution and vacancies within the ferrite lattice have been examined in detail through Mössbauer spectroscopy, which has led to an accurate determination of the stoichiometry in each sample. To achieve good biocompatibility and colloidal stability in physiological conditions, the Zn x Fe3-x O4 NPs have been coated with high-molecular-weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The magnetothermal efficiency of Zn x Fe3-x O4@PEG samples has been systematically analyzed in terms of composition, size, and morphology, making use of the latest-generation AC magnetometer that is able to reach 90 mT. The heating capacity of Zn0.06Fe2.9 4O4 cuboctahedrons of 25 nm reaches a maximum value of 3652 W/g (at 40 kA/m and 605 kHz), but most importantly, they reach a highly satisfactory value (600 W/g) under strict safety excitation conditions (at 36 kA/m and 125 kHz). Additionally, the excellent heating power of the system is kept identical both immobilized in agar and in the cellular environment, proving the great potential and reliability of this platform for magnetic hyperthermia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Castellanos-Rubio
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Oihane Arriortua
- Dpto.
Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Lourdes Marcano
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str.15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Irati Rodrigo
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BC
Materials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Daniela Iglesias-Rojas
- Dpto.
Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ander Barón
- Dpto.
Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ane Olazagoitia-Garmendia
- Dpto.
Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología
Animal, Facultad de Medicina, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces
Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces Plaza, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luca Olivi
- Elettra
Synchrotron Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Fernando Plazaola
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - M. Luisa Fdez-Gubieda
- Dpto.
Electricidad y Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BC
Materials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ainara Castellanos-Rubio
- Dpto.
Genética, Antropología Física y Fisiología
Animal, Facultad de Medicina, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Biocruces
Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces Plaza, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
- Biomedical
Research Center in Diabetes Network and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José S. Garitaonandia
- Dpto.
Física Aplicada II, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iñaki Orue
- SGIker,
Servicios Generales de Investigación, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena
s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Insausti
- Dpto.
Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- BC
Materials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Moacă EA, Watz CG, Socoliuc V, Racoviceanu R, Păcurariu C, Ianoş R, Cîntă-Pînzaru S, Tudoran LB, Nekvapil F, Iurciuc S, Șoica C, Dehelean CA. Biocompatible Magnetic Colloidal Suspension Used as a Tool for Localized Hyperthermia in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells: Physicochemical Analysis and Complex In Vitro Biological Profile. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1189. [PMID: 33946316 PMCID: PMC8145112 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are the most desired nanomaterials for biomedical applications due to their unique physiochemical properties. A facile single-step process for the preparation of a highly stable and biocompatible magnetic colloidal suspension based on citric-acid-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles used as an effective heating source for the hyperthermia treatment of cancer cells is presented. The physicochemical analysis revealed that the magnetic colloidal suspension had a z-average diameter of 72.7 nm at 25 °C with a polydispersity index of 0.179 and a zeta potential of -45.0 mV, superparamagnetic features, and a heating capacity that was quantified by an intrinsic loss power analysis. Raman spectroscopy showed the presence of magnetite and confirmed the presence of citric acid on the surfaces of the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The biological results showed that breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) were significantly affected after exposure to the magnetic colloidal suspension with a concentration of 30 µg/mL 24 h post-treatment under hyperthermic conditions, while the nontumorigenic (MCF-10A) cells exhibited a viability above 90% under the same thermal setup. Thus, the biological data obtained in the present study clearly endorse the need for further investigations to establish the clinical biological potential of synthesized magnetic colloidal suspension for magnetically triggered hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Alina Moacă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.-G.W.); (C.Ș.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Claudia-Geanina Watz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.-G.W.); (C.Ș.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Vlad Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy—Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, 24 M. Viteazu Ave., RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 1 M. Viteazu Ave., RO-300222 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.-G.W.); (C.Ș.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cornelia Păcurariu
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 2nd Victoriei Square, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.); (R.I.)
| | - Robert Ianoş
- Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, 2nd Victoriei Square, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania; (C.P.); (R.I.)
| | - Simona Cîntă-Pînzaru
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 Kogalniceanu Street, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.-P.); (F.N.)
- RDI Laboratory of Applied Raman Spectroscopy, RDI Institute of Applied Natural Sciences (IRDI-ANS), Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Fântânele Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucian Barbu Tudoran
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory “Prof. C. Craciun”, Faculty of Biology & Geology, “Babes-Bolyai” University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, RO-400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for R & D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Fran Nekvapil
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Babes-Bolyai University, 1 Kogalniceanu Street, RO-400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (S.C.-P.); (F.N.)
- RDI Laboratory of Applied Raman Spectroscopy, RDI Institute of Applied Natural Sciences (IRDI-ANS), Babeş-Bolyai University, 42 Fântânele Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Electron Microscopy Integrated Laboratory, National Institute for R & D of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat Street, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Stela Iurciuc
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Codruța Șoica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.-G.W.); (C.Ș.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Cristina-Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timisoara, Romania; (E.-A.M.); (C.-G.W.); (C.Ș.); (C.-A.D.)
- Research Centre for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluation, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2nd Eftimie Murgu Square, RO-300041 Timișoara, Romania
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Palzer J, Mues B, Goerg R, Aberle M, Rensen SS, Olde Damink SWM, Vaes RDW, Cramer T, Schmitz-Rode T, Neumann UP, Slabu I, Roeth AA. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia as Treatment Option for Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Pancreatic Cancer Organoids. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2965-2981. [PMID: 33935496 PMCID: PMC8079353 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s288379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer with a meager prognosis due to its chemotherapy resistance. A new treatment method may be magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). Magnetoliposomes (ML), consisting of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) stabilized with a phospholipid-bilayer, are exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to generate heat. To optimize this therapy, we investigated the effects of MFH on human PDAC cell lines and 3D organoid cultures. MATERIAL AND METHODS ML cytotoxicity was tested on Mia PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells and on PDAC 3D organoid cultures, generated from resected tissue of patients. The MFH was achieved by AMF application with an amplitude of 40-47 kA/m and a frequency of 270 kHz. The MFH effect on the cell viability of the cell lines and the organoid cultures was investigated at two different time points. Clonogenic assays evaluated the impairment of colony formation. Altering ML set-ups addressed differences arising from intra- vs extracellular ML locations. RESULTS Mia PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells showed no cytotoxic effects at ML concentrations up to 300 µg(Fe)/mL and 225 µg(Fe)/mL, respectively. ML at a concentration of 225 µg(Fe)/mL were also non-toxic for PDAC organoid cultures. MFH treatment using exclusively extracellular ML presented the highest impact on cell viability. Clonogenic assays demonstrated remarkable impairment as long-term outcome in MFH-treated PDAC cell lines. Additionally, we successfully treated PDAC organoids with extracellular ML-derived MFH, resulting in notably reduced cell viabilities 2h and 24 h post treatment. Still, PDAC organoids seem to partly recover from MFH after 24 h as opposed to conventional 2D-cultures. CONCLUSION Treatment with MFH strongly diminished pancreatic cancer cell viability in vitro, making it a promising treatment strategy. As organoids resemble the more advanced in vivo conditions better than conventional 2D cell lines, our organoid model holds great potential for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Palzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Mues
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Goerg
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Merel Aberle
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne D W Vaes
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Cramer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ioana Slabu
- Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anjali A Roeth
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Manzin A, Ferrero R, Vicentini M. From Micromagnetic to In Silico Modeling of Magnetic Nanodisks for Hyperthermia Applications. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Manzin
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrero
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
| | - Marta Vicentini
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) Strada delle Cacce 91 Torino 10135 Italy
- Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 Torino 10129 Italy
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Beola L, Grazú V, Fernández-Afonso Y, Fratila RM, de las Heras M, de la Fuente JM, Gutiérrez L, Asín L. Critical Parameters to Improve Pancreatic Cancer Treatment Using Magnetic Hyperthermia: Field Conditions, Immune Response, and Particle Biodistribution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12982-12996. [PMID: 33709682 PMCID: PMC8892434 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) was used to treat a murine model of pancreatic cancer. This type of cancer is generally characterized by the presence of dense stroma that acts as a barrier for chemotherapeutic treatments. Several alternating magnetic field (AMF) conditions were evaluated using three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models loaded with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to determine which conditions were producing a strong effect on the cell viability. Once the optimal AMF conditions were selected, in vivo experiments were carried out using similar frequency and field amplitude parameters. A marker of the immune response activation, calreticulin (CALR), was evaluated in cells from a xenograft tumor model after the MH treatment. Moreover, the distribution of nanoparticles within the tumor tissue was assessed by histological analysis of tumor sections, observing that the exposure to the alternating magnetic field resulted in the migration of particles toward the inner parts of the tumor. Finally, a relationship between an inadequate body biodistribution of the particles after their intratumoral injection and a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the MH treatment was found. Animals in which most of the particles remained in the tumor area after injection showed higher reductions in the tumor volume growth in comparison with those animals in which part of the particles were found also in the liver and spleen. Therefore, our results point out several factors that should be considered to improve the treatment effectiveness of pancreatic cancer by magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Beola
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Valeria Grazú
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yilian Fernández-Afonso
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raluca M. Fratila
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Jesús M. de la Fuente
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de
Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Asín
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro
de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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Nanomagnetic Actuation of Hybrid Stents for Hyperthermia Treatment of Hollow Organ Tumors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030618. [PMID: 33801426 PMCID: PMC7999083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a magnetic nanotechnology that locally enables hyperthermia treatment of hollow organ tumors by using polymer hybrid stents with incorporated magnetic nanoparticles (MNP). The hybrid stents are implanted and activated in an alternating magnetic field to generate therapeutically effective heat, thereby destroying the tumor. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of nanomagnetic actuation of three prototype hybrid stents for hyperthermia treatment of hollow organ tumors. The results show that the heating efficiency of stent filaments increases with frequency from approximately 60 W/gFe (95 kHz) to approximately 250 W/gFe (270 kHz). The same trend is observed for the variation of magnetic field amplitude; however, heating efficiency saturates at approximately 30 kA/m. MNP immobilization strongly influences heating efficiency showing a relative difference in heating output of up to 60% compared to that of freely dispersed MNP. The stents showed uniformly distributed heat on their surface reaching therapeutically effective temperatures of 43 °C and were tested in an explanted pig bile duct for their biological safety. Nanomagnetic actuation of hybrid stents opens new possibilities in cancer treatment of hollow organ tumors.
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Tansi FL, Fröbel F, Maduabuchi WO, Steiniger F, Westermann M, Quaas R, Teichgräber UK, Hilger I. Effect of Matrix-Modulating Enzymes on The Cellular Uptake of Magnetic Nanoparticles and on Magnetic Hyperthermia Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Models In Vivo. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020438. [PMID: 33572222 PMCID: PMC7915425 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia can cause localized thermal eradication of several solid cancers. However, a localized and homogenous deposition of high concentrations of magnetic nanomaterials into the tumor stroma and tumor cells is mostly required. Poorly responsive cancers such as the pancreatic adenocarcinomas are hallmarked by a rigid stroma and poor perfusion to therapeutics and nanomaterials. Hence, approaches that enhance the infiltration of magnetic nanofluids into the tumor stroma convey potentials to improve thermal tumor therapy. We studied the influence of the matrix-modulating enzymes hyaluronidase and collagenase on the uptake of magnetic nanoparticles by pancreatic cancer cells and 3D spheroids thereof, and the overall impact on magnetic heating and cell death. Furthermore, we validated the effect of hyaluronidase on magnetic hyperthermia treatment of heterotopic pancreatic cancer models in mice. Treatment of cultured cells with the enzymes caused higher uptake of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) as compared to nontreated cells. For example, hyaluronidase caused a 28% increase in iron deposits per cell. Consequently, the thermal doses (cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C, CEM43) increased by 15–23% as compared to heat dose achieved for cells treated with magnetic hyperthermia without using enzymes. Likewise, heat-induced cell death increased. In in vivo studies, hyaluronidase-enhanced infiltration and distribution of the nanoparticles in the tumors resulted in moderate heating levels (CEM43 of 128 min as compared to 479 min) and a slower, but persistent decrease in tumor volumes over time after treatment, as compared to comparable treatment without hyaluronidase. The results indicate that hyaluronidase, in particular, improves the infiltration of magnetic nanoparticles into pancreatic cancer models, impacts their thermal treatment and cell depletion, and hence, will contribute immensely in the fight against pancreatic and many other adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felista L. Tansi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.F.); (W.O.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.T.); (I.H.); Tel.: +49-3641-9324993 (F.L.T.); +49-3641-9325921 (I.H.)
| | - Filipp Fröbel
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.F.); (W.O.M.)
| | - Wisdom O. Maduabuchi
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.F.); (W.O.M.)
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmuehlenweg 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.S.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Ulf K. Teichgräber
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Department of Experimental Radiology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.F.); (W.O.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.L.T.); (I.H.); Tel.: +49-3641-9324993 (F.L.T.); +49-3641-9325921 (I.H.)
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Optimization Study on Specific Loss Power in Superparamagnetic Hyperthermia with Magnetite Nanoparticles for High Efficiency in Alternative Cancer Therapy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010040. [PMID: 33375292 PMCID: PMC7823308 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cancer therapy with the lowest possible toxicity is today an issue that raises major difficulties in treating malignant tumors because chemo- and radiotherapy currently used in this field have a high degree of toxicity and in many cases are ineffective. Therefore, alternative solutions are rapidly being sought in cancer therapy, in order to increase efficacy and a reduce or even eliminate toxicity to the body. One of the alternative methods that researchers believe may be the method of the future in cancer therapy is superparamagnetic hyperthermia (SPMHT), because it can be effective in completely destroying tumors while maintaining low toxicity or even without toxicity on the healthy tissues. Superparamagnetic hyperthermia uses the natural thermal effect in the destruction of cancer cells, obtained as a result of the phenomenon of superparamagnetic relaxation of the magnetic nanoparticles (SPMNPs) introduced into the tumor; SPMNPs can heat the cancer cells to 42-43 °C under the action of an external alternating magnetic field with frequency in the range of hundreds of kHz. However, the effectiveness of this alternative method depends very much on finding the optimal conditions in which this method must be applied during the treatment of cancer. In addition to the type of magnetic nanoparticles and the biocompatibility with the biological tissue or nanoparticles biofunctionalization that must be appropriate for the intended purpose a key parameter is the size of the nanoparticles. Also, establishing the appropriate parameters for the external alternating magnetic field (AMF), respectively the amplitude and frequency of the magnetic field are very important in the efficiency and effectiveness of the magnetic hyperthermia method. This paper presents a 3D computational study on specific loss power (Ps) and heating temperature (ΔT) which allows establishing the optimal conditions that lead to efficient heating of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which were found to be the most suitable for use in superparamagnetic hyperthermia (SPMHT), as a non-invasive and alternative technique to chemo- and radiotherapy. The size (diameter) of the nanoparticles (D), the amplitude of the magnetic field (H) and the frequency (f) of AMF were established in order to obtain maximum efficiency in SPMHT and rapid heating of magnetic nanoparticles at the required temperature of 42-43 °C for irreversible destruction of tumors, without affecting healthy tissues. Also, an analysis on the amplitude of the AMF is presented, and how its amplitude influences the power loss and, implicitly, the heating temperature, observables necessary in SPMHT for the efficient destruction of tumor cells. Following our 3D study, we found for Fe3O4 nanoparticles the optimal diameter of ~16 nm, the optimal range for the amplitude of the magnetic field of 10-25 kA/m and the optimal frequency within the biologically permissible limit in the range of 200-500 kHz. Under the optimal conditions determined for the nanoparticle diameter of 16.3 nm, the magnetic field of 15 kA/m and the frequency of 334 kHz, the magnetite nanoparticles can be quickly heated to obtain the maximum hyperthermic effect on the tumor cells: in only 4.1-4.3 s the temperature reaches 42-43 °C, required in magnetic hyperthermia, with major benefits in practical application in vitro and in vivo, and later in clinical trials.
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Kermanizadeh A, Jacobsen NR, Murphy F, Powell L, Parry L, Zhang H, Møller P. A Review of the Current State of Nanomedicines for Targeting and Treatment of Cancers: Achievements and Future Challenges. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fiona Murphy
- Heriot Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Leagh Powell
- Heriot Watt University School of Engineering and Physical Sciences Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Lee Parry
- Cardiff University European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences Cardiff CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Laboratory of Chemical Biology Changchun 130022 China
| | - Peter Møller
- University of Copenhagen Department of Public Health Copenhagen DK1014 Denmark
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40
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Nikazar S, Barani M, Rahdar A, Zoghi M, Kyzas GZ. Photo‐ and Magnetothermally Responsive Nanomaterials for Therapy, Controlled Drug Delivery and Imaging Applications. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Nikazar
- Chemical Engineering Faculty Engineering College, University of Tehran Tehran P.O. Box:14155-6455 Iran
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman Kerman Iran
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of science University of Zabol 538-98615 Zabol Iran
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Chemical Engineering Faculty Engineering College, University of Tehran Tehran P.O. Box:14155-6455 Iran
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Department of Chemistry International Hellenic University Kavala 65404 Greece
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Farcas CG, Dehelean C, Pinzaru IA, Mioc M, Socoliuc V, Moaca EA, Avram S, Ghiulai R, Coricovac D, Pavel I, Alla PK, Cretu OM, Soica C, Loghin F. Thermosensitive Betulinic Acid-Loaded Magnetoliposomes: A Promising Antitumor Potential for Highly Aggressive Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells Under Hyperthermic Conditions. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8175-8200. [PMID: 33122905 PMCID: PMC7591238 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s269630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer presents one of the highest rates of prevalence around the world. Despite this, the current breast cancer therapy is characterized by significant side effects and high risk of recurrence. The present work aimed to develop a new therapeutic strategy that may improve the current breast cancer therapy by developing a heat-sensitive liposomal nano-platform suitable to incorporate both anti-tumor betulinic acid (BA) compound and magnetic iron nanoparticles (MIONPs), in order to address both remote drug release and hyperthermia-inducing features. To address the above-mentioned biomedical purposes, the nanocarrier must possess specific features such as specific phase transition temperature, diameter below 200 nm, superparamagnetic properties and heating capacity. Moreover, the anti-tumor activity of the developed nanocarrier should significantly affect human breast adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS BA-loaded magnetoliposomes and corresponding controls (BA-free liposomes and liposomes containing no magnetic payload) were obtained through the thin-layer hydration method. The quality and stability of the multifunctional platforms were physico-chemically analysed by the means of RAMAN, scanning electron microscopy-EDAX, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential and DSC analysis. Besides this, the magnetic characterization of magnetoliposomes was performed in terms of superparamagnetic behaviour and heating capacity. The biological profile of the platforms and controls was screened through multiple in vitro methods, such as MTT, LDH and scratch assays, together with immunofluorescence staining. In addition, CAM assay was performed in order to assess a possible anti-angiogenic activity induced by the test samples. RESULTS The physico-chemical analysis revealed that BA-loaded magnetoliposomes present suitable characteristics for the purpose of this study, showing biocompatible phase transition temperature, a diameter of 198 nm, superparamagnetic features and heating capacity. In vitro results showed that hyperthermia induces enhanced anti-tumor activity when breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to BA-loaded magnetoliposomes, while a low cytotoxic rate was exhibited by the non-tumorigenic breast epithelial MCF 10A cells. Moreover, the in ovo angiogenesis assay endorsed the efficacy of this multifunctional platform as a good strategy for breast cancer therapy, under hyperthermal conditions. Regarding the possible mechanism of action of this multifunctional nano-platform, the immunocytochemistry of the MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells revealed a microtubule assembly modulatory activity, under hyperthermal conditions. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings indicate that BA-loaded magnetoliposomes, under hyperthermal conditions, might serve as a promising strategy for breast adenocarcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geanina Farcas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Andreea Pinzaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vlad Socoliuc
- Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Romanian Academy – Timisoara Branch, Timisoara, Romania
- Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Elena-Alina Moaca
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Ghiulai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Pavel
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Octavian Marius Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Codruta Soica
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania
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García-Soriano D, Amaro R, Lafuente-Gómez N, Milán-Rois P, Somoza Á, Navío C, Herranz F, Gutiérrez L, Salas G. The influence of cation incorporation and leaching in the properties of Mn-doped nanoparticles for biomedical applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:510-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Treatment of Heterotopic Human Colon Xenograft Tumors in Mice with 5-Fluorouracil Attached to Magnetic Nanoparticles in Combination with Magnetic Hyperthermia Is More Efficient than Either Therapy Alone. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092562. [PMID: 32916798 PMCID: PMC7566013 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have shown promising features to be utilized in combinatorial magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy. Here, we assessed if a thermo-chemotherapeutic approach consisting of the intratumoral application of functionalized chitosan-coated MNPs (CS-MNPs) with 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and magnetic hyperthermia prospectively improves the treatment of colorectal cancer. With utilization of a human colorectal cancer (HT29) heterotopic tumor model in mice, we showed that the thermo-chemotherapeutic treatment is more efficient in inactivating colon cancer than either tumor treatments alone (i.e., magnetic hyperthermia vs. the presence of 5FU attached to MNPs). In particular, the thermo-chemotherapeutic treatment significantly (p < 0.01) impacts tumor volume and tumor cell proliferation (Ki67 expression, p < 0.001) compared to the single therapy modalities. The thermo-chemotherapeutic treatment: (a) affects DNA replication and repair as measured by H2AX and phosphorylated H2AX expression (p < 0.05 to 0.001), (b) it does not distinctly induce apoptosis nor necroptosis in target cells, since expression of p53, PARP cleaved-PARP, caspases and phosphorylated-RIP3 was non-conspicuous, (c) it renders tumor cells surviving therapy more sensitive to further therapy sessions as indicated by an increased expression of p53, reduced expression of NF-κB and HSPs, albeit by tendency with p > 0.05), and (d) that it impacts tumor vascularity (reduced expression of CD31 and αvβ3 integrin (p < 0.01 to 0.001) and consequently nutrient supply to tumors. We further hypothesize that tumor cells die, at least in parts, via a ROS dependent mechanism called oxeiptosis. Taken together, a very effective elimination of colon cancers seems to be feasible by utilization of repeated thermo-chemotherapeutic therapy sessions in the long-term.
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Etemadi H, Plieger PG. Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles: Physical Characteristics, Historical Perspective, Clinical Trials, Technological Challenges, and Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Etemadi
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Palmerston North 4474 New Zealand
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Optimization of the Preparation of Magnetic Liposomes for the Combined Use of Magnetic Hyperthermia and Photothermia in Dual Magneto-Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155187. [PMID: 32707876 PMCID: PMC7432522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to develop liposomal nanocomposites containing citric-acid-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (CMNPs) for dual magneto-photothermal cancer therapy induced by alternating magnetic field (AMF) and near-infrared (NIR) lasers. Toward this end, CMNPs were encapsulated in cationic liposomes to form nano-sized magnetic liposomes (MLs) for simultaneous magnetic hyperthermia (MH) in the presence of AMF and photothermia (PT) induced by NIR laser exposure, which amplified the heating efficiency for dual-mode cancer cell killing and tumor therapy. Since the heating capability is directly related to the amount of entrapped CMNPs in MLs, while the liposome size is important to allow internalization by cancer cells, response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the preparation of MLs by simultaneously maximizing the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of CMNPs in MLs and minimizing the size of MLs. The experimental design was performed based on the central composite rotatable design. The accuracy of the model was verified from the validation experiments, providing a simple and effective method for fabricating the best MLs, with an EE of 87% and liposome size of 121 nm. The CMNPs and the optimized MLs were fully characterized from chemical and physical perspectives. In the presence of dual AMF and NIR laser treatment, a suspension of MLs demonstrated amplified heat generation from dual hyperthermia (MH)–photothermia (PT) in comparison with single MH or PT. In vitro cell culture experiments confirmed the efficient cellular uptake of the MLs from confocal laser scanning microscopy due to passive accumulation in human glioblastoma U87 cells originated from the cationic nature of MLs. The inducible thermal effects mediated by MLs after endocytosis also led to enhanced cytotoxicity and cumulative cell death of cancer cells in the presence of AMF–NIR lasers. This functional nanocomposite will be a potential candidate for bimodal MH–PT dual magneto-photothermal cancer therapy.
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Piehler S, Dähring H, Grandke J, Göring J, Couleaud P, Aires A, Cortajarena AL, Courty J, Latorre A, Somoza Á, Teichgräber U, Hilger I. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Carriers for DOX and Magnetic Hyperthermia after Intratumoral Application into Breast Cancer in Mice: Impact and Future Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061016. [PMID: 32466552 PMCID: PMC7352767 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is still a need for improving the treatment of breast cancer with doxorubicin (DOX). In this paper, we functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with DOX and studied the DOX-induced antitumor effects in breast cancer cells (BT474) in the presence of magnetic hyperthermia (43 °C, 1 h). We show that i) intratumoral application of DOX-functionalized MNPs (at least at a concentration of 9.6 nmol DOX/100 mm3 tumor volume) combined with magnetic hyperthermia favors tumor regression in vivo, and there is evidence for an increased effect compared to magnetic hyperthermia alone or to the intratumoral application of free DOX and ii) the presence of the pseudopeptide NucAnt (N6L) on the MNP surface might well be beneficial in its function as carrier for MNP internalization into breast cancer cells in vitro, which could further augment the possibility of the induction of intracellular heating spots and cell death in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Piehler
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
| | - Heidi Dähring
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
| | - Julia Grandke
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
| | - Julia Göring
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
| | - Pierre Couleaud
- IMDEA Nanociencia & Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.)
| | - Antonio Aires
- IMDEA Nanociencia & Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.)
| | - Aitziber L. Cortajarena
- IMDEA Nanociencia & Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.)
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Courty
- Laboratoire Croissance, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaire (CRRET), Université Paris EST Créteil, 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Alfonso Latorre
- IMDEA Nanociencia & Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.)
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- IMDEA Nanociencia & Nanobiotechnology Associated Unit (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (A.A.); (A.L.C.); (A.L.); (Á.S.)
| | - Ulf Teichgräber
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
| | - Ingrid Hilger
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital—Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.P.); (H.D.); (J.G.); (J.G.); (U.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9325921
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Payne M, Bossmann SH, Basel MT. Direct treatment versus indirect: Thermo-ablative and mild hyperthermia effects. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1638. [PMID: 32352660 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a rapidly growing field in cancer therapy and many advances have been made in understanding and applying the mechanisms of hyperthermia. Secondary effects of hyperthermia have been increasingly recognized as important in therapeutic effects and multiple studies have started to elucidate their implications for treatment. Immune effects have especially been recognized as important in the efficacy of hyperthermia treatment of cancer. Both thermo-ablative and mild hyperthermia activate the immune system, but mild hyperthermia seems to be more effective at doing so. This may suggest that mild hyperthermia has some advantages over thermo-ablative hyperthermia and research into immune effects of mild hyperthermia should continue. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy Payne
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stefan H Bossmann
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Matthew T Basel
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Barrera G, Allia P, Tiberto P. Temperature-dependent heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in precision nanomedicine. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6360-6377. [PMID: 32134414 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09503a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The power released by magnetic nanoparticles submitted to an alternating driving field is temperature dependent owing to the variation of the fundamental magnetic properties. Therefore, the heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles for applications in precision nanomedicine (such as magnetic hyperthermia or heat-assisted drug delivery) can be significantly affected by the local instantaneous temperature of the host medium. A rate equation approach is used to determine the hysteretic properties and the power released by magnetite nanoparticles, and the heat transport equation is solved in a simple geometry with boundary conditions appropriate to both in-lab experiments and in vivo applications. Size plays a fundamental role in determining the heating efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles; above a critical size, nanoparticles remain inactive, although they can undergo secondary activation. The experimental conditions for optimal thermal efficiency are expressed by a thermal activity diagram for nanoparticles. In the light of the model's results, features, methods, advantages and dangers of magnetic-particle assisted precision nanomedicine ought to be reconsidered. In vivo antitumor applications should take into account the hazards arising from the heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles that diffuse into the neighboring healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Barrera
- INRIM, Advanced Materials Metrology and Life Sciences, Strada delle Cacce 91, I-10135 Torino, Italy.
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Mertz D, Harlepp S, Goetz J, Bégin D, Schlatter G, Bégin‐Colin S, Hébraud A. Nanocomposite Polymer Scaffolds Responding under External Stimuli for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Mertz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)UMR‐7504 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 34 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Sébastien Harlepp
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, StrasbourgUniversité de Strasbourg Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jacky Goetz
- INSERM UMR_S1109, Tumor Biomechanics, StrasbourgUniversité de Strasbourg Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Dominique Bégin
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES)UMR‐7515 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Guy Schlatter
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES)UMR‐7515 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Sylvie Bégin‐Colin
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS)UMR‐7504 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg 23 rue du Loess, BP 34 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Anne Hébraud
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES)UMR‐7515 CNRS‐Université de Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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Palanisamy S, Wang YM. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticulate system: synthesis, targeting, drug delivery and therapy in cancer. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9490-9515. [PMID: 31211303 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00459a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global epidemic and is considered a leading cause of death. Various cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy are available for the cure but those are generally associated with poor long-term survival rates. Consequently, more advanced and selective methods that have better outcomes, fewer side effects, and high efficacies are highly in demand. Among these is the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) which act as an innovative kit for battling cancer. Low cost, magnetic properties and toxicity properties enable SPIONs to be widely utilized in biomedical applications. For example, magnetite and maghemite (Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3) exhibit superparamagnetic properties and are widely used in drug delivery, diagnosis, and therapy. These materials are termed SPIONs when their size is smaller than 20 nm. This review article aims to provide a brief introduction on SPIONs, focusing on their fundamental magnetism and biological applications. The quality and surface chemistry of SPIONs are crucial in biomedical applications; therefore an in-depth survey of synthetic approaches and surface modifications of SPIONs is provided along with their biological applications such as targeting, site-specific drug delivery and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathyadevi Palanisamy
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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